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Topic: S orbital

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	NOAA Paleoclimatology Program - Orbital Variations and Milankovitch Theory
		Orbital changes occur over thousands of years, and the climate system may also take thousands of years to respond to orbital forcing.
		Recent Calculations of Earth Orbital Parameters and Insolation by A. Berger are archived at the WDC Paleo.
		If the earth's axis were "straight up and down" relative to the orbital plane, as in the right-hand image, there would be no seasons, since every point on the earth would receive the same amount of sun each day of the year.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /paleo/milankovitch.html (862 words)

	SparkNotes: Organic Atomic Structure: Atoms and Atomic Orbitals
		Atomic orbitals are classified according to a set of four quantum numbers which describe the energy, shape, and orientation of the orbital.
		s orbitals are spherical, whereas p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped.
		Orbitals with identical energies are said to be degenerate (not in the moral sense!).
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/organic1/atomicstructure/section1.html (1025 words)

	Orbital (band) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Orbital was an English techno duo formed in 1989, consisting of brothers Paul and Phil Hartnoll.
		Orbital took its name from the raves that occurred in the late 1980s near the M25 orbital motorway that circles London.
		Orbital is sometimes confused with The Orb, a similarly named band that has also been very influential in the realm of electronic music.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orbital_(band) (509 words)

	Planetary orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Orbital decay can also occur due to tidal forces for objects below the synchronous orbit for the body they're orbiting.
		The gravity of the orbiting object raises tidal bulges in the primary, and since below the synchronous orbit the orbiting object is moving faster than the body's surface the bulges lag a short angle behind it.
		When atomic structure was first probed experimentally early in the twentieth century, an early picture of the atom portrayed it as a miniature solar system bound by the coulomb force rather than by gravity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orbit (2511 words)

	[No title]
		Like the s orbitals, the p orbitals increase in size as the number of the principal energy level increases; thus a 4p orbital is larger than a 3p orbital.
		For instance, the energy associated with a 3p orbital is always higher than that associated with a 2p orbital, and the energy of a 4d orbital is always higher than that associated with a 3d orbital.
		Notice that the energy of a 3d orbital is slightly higher than that of a 4s orbital, and that of a 4d orbital is a little higher than that of a 5s orbital.
	genchem.chem.wisc.edu /sstutorial/Text5/Tx53/tx53.html (1774 words)

	Atoms
		Orbitals are regions of space at a specific energy level that an electron can be in.
		The s orbital is a sphere shaped region surrouding the nucleus.
		The forth shell has a s orbital (4s) and may also have a p orbital (4p), a d orbital (4d) and a f orbital (4f).
	home.earthlink.net /~bishopdave/hcsses/documentation/03_atoms.html (1296 words)

	Orbitals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		s orbitals are spherically symmetric around the nucleus - in each case, like a hollow ball made of rather chunky material with the nucleus at its centre.
		In addition to s and p orbitals, there are two other sets of orbitals which become available for electrons to inhabit at higher energy levels.
		Notice that the s orbital always has a slightly lower energy than the p orbitals at the same energy level, so the s orbital always fills with electrons before the corresponding p orbitals.
	sps.k12.ar.us /massengale/orbitals.htm (671 words)

	IB Chemistry higher level notes: Hybridisation
		When a sigma bond is formed by direct orbital overlap and this brings two parallel 'p' orbitals into close proximity then these can overlap sideways (laterally) to form a region of electron density that is not directly between the two nuclear centres but which nevertheless contributes to bonding.
		The 's' orbital is spherical about the nucleus and the 'p' orbitals are like double headed balloons arranged along the axis of (imaginary) three dimensional coordinates.
		The 'p' orbitals are oriented at 90º to one another and yet there are few molecules that show a bond angle of 90º (in fact the bond angle 90º does appear in some of the larger moolecules but that is due to different reasons).
	ibchem.com /IB/ibnotes/full/bon_htm/14.2.htm (2040 words)

	IB Chemistry higher level notes: The electronic structure of atoms
		The is called the "p" sub-shell and consists of three orbitals (px py and pz) each shaped like a figure of eight, and arranged along the axes of a three dimensional graph.
		Atomic orbitals are the regions of space in which there is a 99% probability of finding a particular electron.
		If there are two or more degenerate orbitals (meaning that they have the same energy) then the electrons will singly occupy the degenerate orbitals until the orbitals are all singly occupied, after which they will pair up one at a time.
	ibchem.com /IB/ibnotes/full/ato_htm/12.2.htm (1777 words)

	Electron Orbits
		The orbitals occupied by electrons in different subshells differ from each other with regard to their size, shape, and orientation in space.
		An s orbital still presents the same appearance to an outside observer since its shape is that of a sphere.
		The drawings are oriented so that the lobes of the orbitals designated dz2 and dx2-y2 lie along the axes and the lobes of the dxz, dyz, and dxy lie in between the axes.
	www.corrosionsource.com /handbook/periodic/e_orbits.htm (290 words)

	Atomic Orbitals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For s orbitals with various principal quantum numbers, radial distribution, electron density, and isosurface plots are examined to determine the number and shapes of nodal surfaces and the region where the electron is most likely to be found.
		For d orbitals with various principal quantum numbers, radial distribution, electron density, and isosurface plots are examined to determine the number and shapes of nodal surfaces.
		and an s orbital of a multi-electron atom.
	www.chm.davidson.edu /ChemistryApplets/AtomicOrbitals/index.html (420 words)

	hybrid orbitals
		Both of these facts are difficult to immediately rationalize given the spatial arrangement of the valence orbitals in C (the 2s and the three 2p orbitals), and the fact that the 2s orbital is filled in the ground state of the carbon atom.
		The fundamental tenet of the HOM is that the atomic orbitals of differing energies will mix to form a new set of hybrid orbitals with energies determined by a weighted average of the atomic orbitals that combined.
		The hybrid orbital model is often used to explain the delocalized structures that arise when it is possible to draw multiple resonance structures for a molecule.
	www.wellesley.edu /Chemistry/chem120/hybrids.html (848 words)

	Molecular Orbital Theory
		Molecular orbitals are obtained by combining the atomic orbitals on the atoms in the molecule.
		To sort out the relative energies of the six molecular orbitals formed when the 2p atomic orbitals on a pair of atoms are combined, we need to understand the relationship between the strength of the interaction between a pair of orbitals and the relative energies of the molecular orbitals they form.
		In molecular orbital theory, we calculate bond orders by assuming that two electrons in a bonding molecular orbital contribute one net bond and that two electrons in an antibonding molecular orbital cancel the effect of one bond.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/mo.html (1304 words)

	Untitled
		The electron density associated with a 2s electron orbital is zero at the very center, rises to a small peak at about radius=1, then drops to zero again, and rises to a maximum at about 5.
		orbitals on the central atom are hybrized into the two sp orbitals.
		At the end of the animation, c is equal to 1.0 and we have the two hybridized sp orbitals.
	www.cofc.edu /~kdk/Research/hybrids/hybrids.htm (487 words)

	Erik's Chemistry: Covalent Bonding Orbitals
		In molecules, the orbitals occupied by electron pairs are seldom "pure" s or p orbitals.
		When a bond consists of an electron pair in a hybrid orbital, the electron density is concentrated along the bond axis and is symmetrical about it.
		's between the nuclei of the bonding atoms.
	members.tripod.com /~EppE/covbond.htm (375 words)

	Shells and orbitals (General Chemistry) - Wikibooks
		The simplest orbital in the atom is the 1s orbital.
		The s orbital can hold two electrons, as long as they have different spin quantum numbers.
		D orbitals are sometimes involved in bonding, especially in inorganic chemistry.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Shells_and_orbitals_(General_Chemistry) (738 words)

	Orbitals.and.Bonding
		The orbitals we must consider are those of the valence shell, which are the s and p orbitals for our interests.
		Molecular orbitals with cylindrical symmetry are called [[sigma]] orbitals; those with a different phase on the top than on the bottom are called [[pi]] orbitals.
		Hybridization of orbitals occurs when different orbitals on the same atom are combined and then repartitioned to give orbitals that have characteristics of each of the contributing orbitals.
	www.sdsc.edu /~jss/Orbitals.and.Bonding.html (558 words)

	VSEPR and HYBRID ORBITALS
		It is important to note that the number of atomic orbitals that go into a hybrid orbital scheme is equal to the number of resulting hybrid orbitals, whether or not the hybrid orbitals contain bonding or non-bonding electron pairs.
		For a trigonal planar XY3 molecule with sp2 hybrid orbitals it is convenient to choose the two p orbitals to be px and pV and to choose one of the X-Y bonds to lie along the positive X axis.
		For the case of a sn3 hybrid orbital scheme it is convenient to orient the coordinate system at the center of a cube with x, y and z axes coming out of the face centers.
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /gerald.kokoszka/che430/vsepr_and_hybrid_orbitals.htm (1591 words)

	Orbital hybridisation Summary
		An s orbital has a spherical shape, a p orbital has the shape of a dumbbell, while the d and f orbitals have extremely complicated shapes (too complex, in fact, to describe visually).
		In chemistry, hybridisation is the concept the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for the qualitative description of atomic bonding properties.
		Hydrogen orbitals are used as a basis for simple schemes of hybridisation because it is one of the few examples of orbitals for which an exact analytic solution to its Schrödinger equation is known.
	www.bookrags.com /Orbital_hybridisation (2276 words)

	[No title]
		The first orbital with the lowest amount of energy is an s orbital.
		The next highest in energy is the d orbital, and the highest in energy is the f orbital.
		s orbitals would have ___________ electrons p orbitals would have ___________ electrons d orbitals would have ___________ electrons f orbitals would have ___________ electrons Information: Each atom has an outer layer of electrons that occupy the outermost energy level.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~mockusma/moderntheoryatoms.doc (545 words)

	Orbital motion Summary
		Orbitals are described by a set of quantum numbers that describe their location shape and electron capacity.
		In physics, orbital motion is the either a motion of a planet in a planetary orbit, or a motion of an electron around the nucleus of an atom, or any other motion of parts of a bound system.
		In quantum mechanics, orbital motion contributes to the angular momentum, but there are also other contributions such as spin.
	www.bookrags.com /Orbital_motion (832 words)

	NASA Orbital Debris FAQs
		Orbital debris is any man-made object in orbit about the Earth which no longer serves a useful purpose.
		Our ability to detect orbital debris at such heights is limited, but studies indicate that the orbital debris population is probably less severe there than in low Earth orbit.
		An excellent primer on the many aspects of orbital debris is the Interagency Report on Orbital Debris (Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, 1995).
	www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov /faqs.html (1616 words)

	Orbital Oddities: Why Mars will be So Close to Earth in August
		Anyone who had a Spirograph drawing toy as a kid has a head start in grasping why Earth and Mars will be closer to each other this August than ever in recorded history.
		The orbital dalliance is complex, but it's not so hard to envision when broken down into parts and sprinkled with sports analogies.
		These orbital points slowly change their directions in space over thousands of years.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/mars_orbit_030121-1.html (1319 words)

	Many-Electron Atoms - The Magnetic Properties of the Electron
		Whether or not an electron in an s orbital does possess a magnetic moment may be determined by means of an atomic beam experiment similar to the one previously described (Fig.
		Since the orbital angular momentum for an electron in the ground state of hydrogen is zero, we are forced to assume that the electron possesses some internal motion which has associated with it an angular momentum.
		In the case of the electron's orbital motion, we found that as l and hence the orbital angular momentum was increased, the number of possible values for the component of the orbital magnetic moment along a given axis was increased, the number being equal to (2l + 1).
	www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca /esam/Chapter_4/section_2.html (2222 words)

	HYBRIDIZATION of ATOMIC ORBITALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Orbital hybridization was proposed in the 1930's to explain the geometry of polyatomic molecules.
		The rationale was that by expending energy to "reshuffle" electrons away from their normal atomic orbitals into hybridized orbitals prior to bonding, bonding could occur at less hindered angles.
		The two unaffected p orbitals are still present, located perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the line of the sp-hybrid orbitals.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~ggray/tutorial/orbitals/descrip2.htm (390 words)

	molecular orbital II
		However, the actual molecular orbitals are somewhat different (and become more different as the two elements in the heteronuclear molecule differ more in orbital energy).
		Remember that the square of the coefficient of a particular AO in a given MO is the percentage of the MO derived from that AO.
		Thus we say that this orbital is predominately O s orbital in character (and is predominately a lone pair of electrons located on the oxygen atom).
	www.wellesley.edu /Chemistry/chem120/mo2.html (269 words)

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