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Topic: SIGSALY

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	SIGSALY - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, SIGSALY (also known as the X System, Project X, Ciphony I, and the Green Hornet) was a secure speech system used in World War II for the highest-level Allied communications.
		SIGSALY used a random noise mask to encrypt voice conversations which had been encoded by a vocoder.
		The records were effectively the SIGSALY "one-time pad", and distribution was very strictly controlled (although had one been seized, it would have been of little import, since only one pair of each was ever produced).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/SIGSALY (1221 words)

	SIGSALY -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		SIGSALY used a (Click link for more info and facts about random) random (Sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound)) noise mask to (Click link for more info and facts about encrypt) encrypt voice conversations which had been encoded by a (Click link for more info and facts about vocoder) vocoder.
		The records were played on (A circular horizontal platform that rotates a phonograph record while it is being played) turntables, but since the timing between the two SIGSALY terminals had to be precise, the turntables were by no means just ordinary record-players.
		One was installed in a ship and followed General (United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II; he accepted the surrender of Japan (1880-1964)) Douglas MacArthur during his (That part of the Pacific Ocean south of the equator) South Pacific campaigns.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/si/sigsaly6.htm (1435 words)

	SIGSALY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		SIGSALY entró servicio en 1943 y permanecía en servicio hasta 1946.
		SIGSALY utilizó una máscara al azar del ruido para cifrar conversaciones de la voz.
		El SIGSALY de recepción leyó los valores de la frecuencia, los convirtió en las muestras, adicionales los valores al azar de nuevo a ellas para descifrarlas, y convertidas les en una forma de onda de la voz.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/si/SIGSALY.htm (1050 words)

	SIGSALY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In cryptography, SIGSALY (also GreenHornet) was a telephone scrambler used in World War II for the highest-level Allied communications.
		The name SIGSALY was not an acronym; it was just a cover name that looks like an acronym -- the SIG part was common in ArmySignal Corps names (eg, SIGABA).
		The voice conversation was sampled for its amplitude once every 20 milliseconds, with theamplitude converted into one of six amplitude levels, with values from 0 through 5.
	www.therfcc.org /sigsaly-176359.html (819 words)

	"Sigsaly" or "The Green Hornet" - a high security voice communications system used in GHQ, SWPA, ...
		high security voice communication system known as "Sigsaly", was used by General Douglas MacArthur and his staff at his General Headquarters in the AMP building in Queen Street in Brisbane during WW2.
		"Sigsaly" was located in the basement of the AMP building.
		All of the "Sigsaly" equipment was returned to the USA after the war and destroyed.
	www.ozatwar.com /sigint/sigsaly.htm (197 words)

	The Start of the Digital Revolution: SIGSALY Secure Digital Voice Communications in World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This was accomplished for SIGSALY by using the output of large (four-inch diameter, fourteen-inch high) mercury-vapor rectifier vacuum tubes to generate wideband thermal noise.
		In London, the bulk of the SIGSALY equipment was housed in the basement of an annex to Selfridge's Department Store while the actual instrument used by Churchill and his staff was about a mile away in the War Rooms under the Admiralty Building and near the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street.
		SIGSALY and similar names given to portions of the system are simply "cover" names, not acronyms.
	purl.access.gpo.gov /GPO/LPS23354 (4332 words)

	SIGSALY
		Sigsaly was U.S.'s ultra-secret WW II secure radiotelephone conferencing system.
		The creation of SIGSALY was only part of the challenge required to construct a secure worldwide voice system.
		Their mission was to maintain and operate the SIGSALY communications secure network between army headquarters in Washington and overseas locations throughout the world.
	e.wa.home.mindspring.com /sigsaly.htm (386 words)

	Talk:SIGSALY - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		James Ellis' non-secret encryption for which SIGSALY or something simliar seems to have been the stimulus
		Regarding the name: I don't have strong feelings either way, but a few minutes with Google suggests that SIGSALY is the more common name on the Web.
		That is, something like "Bennett (1983) suggests that SIGSALY can be thought of as being one of the very first successful applications of spread spectrum technology".
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:SIGSALY (394 words)

	BletchleyPark.net - Sigsaly
		Furthermore, each SIGSALY consisted of various electromechanical equipment such as turntables, relays, vacuum tubes and synchronous motors, along with large cooling systems for managing generated heat.
		The SIGSALY found its home in various places throughout the war, such as Australia, North Africa, Manila, Guam, Hawaii, Paris and in London and Washington, D.C. London's SIGSALY was located in an annex to Selfridges Department store.
		On the other end of the Atlantic, Washington's SIGSALY was located at the Pentagon which was just built in 1943.
	www.bletchleypark.net /stationx/sigsaly.html (655 words)

	The Cabinet War Rooms and Churchill Museum Home : Highlights of the War Rooms
		The Transatlantic Telephone Room, to which the computer sized scrambler 'Sigsaly' was connected, created the original hot-line allowing Churchill and the American president to conduct their vital strategic discussions in complete security.
		'Sigsaly' was the code name assigned to the equipment which was developed by the American Bell Telephone Laboratories.
		'Sigsaly' was a new version of the relatively easily tapped telephone scrambler.
	cwr.iwm.org.uk /server/show/ConWebDoc.826/setPaginate/No (722 words)

	Exploring 'Sigsaly'.
		If you wish to search for the term sigsaly, exploring the Connected Earth website should be rewarding.
		This is a totally multi-media presentation, allowing you to switch between clearly-written stories, more detailed study, images of exhibits in 3D, spoken or written material from people who worked in the telecommunications industry in former times, short movies, and interactive animations or simple explanations of the way in which things work.
		Connected Earth is the place to continue your exploration of the term sigsaly.
	connected-earth.com /content/sigsaly_online.html (276 words)

	SIGSALY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		SIGSALY began operation in World War II as a digital encrypted voice telephone system connecting London and the Pentagon.
		Each SIGSALY installation was maintained by the 805th Signal Service Company and members of the Women's Army Corps.
		SIGSALY is considered to represent the first digital quantization of speech and the first transmission of speech by PCM.
	history.acusd.edu /gen/recording/sigsaly.html (461 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hebern Rotor Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Speech Security Equipment (VINSON), TSEC/KY-57, is a portable, tactical cryptographic device in the VINSON family, designed to provide voice encryption for a range of military communication devices such as radio or telephone.
		SIGSALY exhibit at the National Cryptologic Museum In cryptography, SIGSALY (also Green Hornet) was a telephone scrambler used in World War II for the highest-level Allied communications.
		The STU-III secure telephone STU-III is a family of secure telephones introduced in 1987 by the NSA for use by the United States Government, its allies and its contractors.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hebern-Rotor-Machine (2233 words)

	SIGSALY - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The prototype was called the "Green Hornet" after the popular radio show The Green Hornet, because it sounded like a buzzing hornet — resembling the show's theme tune — to anyone trying to eavesdrop on the conversation.
		This page was last modified 00:04, 4 May 2005.
		The article about SIGSALY contains information related to SIGSALY, Development, Operation, Usage, Significance, See also, Further reading, References and External links.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/SIGSALY (1267 words)

	[CTRL] NSA Monographs -- The Start of the Digital Revolution
		Overview of the SIGSALY system Each complete SIGSALY terminal consisted of about forty racks of equipment and was very heavy.
		A SIGSALY installation Each installation was unique, but this photograph conveys the complexity and size of the system.
		Contents Conclusions The ability to use truly secure voice communications at high organizational levels was a great advantage to the Allies in the conduct of the war and in the critical activities which followed it.
	www.mail-archive.com /ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg53411.html (4311 words)

	Cryptologia: SIGSALY
		But the technical groundwork for a solution was already in place at Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) where they were exploring a technique to transform voice signals into digital data.
		SIGSALY is totally secure because it uses non-repeating digital signals, which are completely random.
		It was an extraordinary achievement for BTL and most of its patents were kept secret for more than 30 years before released in 1976.
	newssearch.looksmart.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200401/ai_n9362067 (344 words)

	Single-sideband modulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In fact, the signals could be understood directly by trained operators.
		Largely to allow secure communications between Roosevelt and Churchill, the SIGSALY system of digital encryption was devised.
		Today, such simple inversion-based speech encryption techniques are easily decrypted using simple techniques and are no longer regarded as secure.
	www.wikipedia.com /wiki/single+sideband+modulation (1110 words)

	One-time pad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One time pads for use with its overseas agents were introduced late in the war.
		The World War II voice scrambler SIGSALY was a one-time pad system.
		It added (analog) noise to the signal at one end and removed it at the other end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/One-time_pad (4881 words)

	SIGSALY
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		[[Image Link]]]] In cryptography, SIGSALY (also Green Hornet) was a telephone scrambler used in World War II for the highest-level Allied communications.
		The machine also pioneered digitial communications, including the first transmission of speech using pulse code modulation.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/sigsaly (912 words)

	Pulse-code modulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		PCM was invented by the British engineer Alec Reeves in 1937 while working for the International Telephone and Telegraph in France.
		The first transmission of speech by pulse code modulation was the SIGSALY voice encryption equipment used for high-level Allied communications during World War II.
		This page was last modified 18:30, 21 October 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ADPCM (809 words)

	Audio scrambler using gnuradio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I was suprised this worked but gnuradio tools made it easy.
		The idea is based on the SIGSALY system used by the US and British governments during WWII to protect transatlantic voice communications.
		Here we simply multiply the audio stream by a gaussian noise source, and record both the noise and product to two seperate files.
	webpages.charter.net /cswiger/audio_scrambler.html (83 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Evolution of Untethered Communications (1997)
		Source coding technologies have often been shared by the commercial and defense sectors.
		An early example was Sigsaly, a World War II voice communications system that relied on a tractor trailer full of security equipment (which today would be referred to as a channel bank "vocoder").
		After the war, ATandT explored many commercial spin-offs of this technology, leading to the spectrograph and several technologies for voice coding.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309059461/html/132.html (609 words)

	Top Secret Communications of World War II by Donald Mehl
		Donald worked for the Army General Staff operating two secret systems (Sigsaly and Sigtot) that both remained secret for decades after the war ended.
		The story of SIGSALY and SIGTOT is told in
		The book also contains information on several other crypto systems such as the Sigaba and the M-209.
	www.ozatwar.com /books/greenhornet.htm (140 words)

	Shop A&E and The History Channel : Churchill and the President VHS
		CHURCHILL AND THE PRESIDENT reveals how the two men constantly kept in touch through a communications system so secret that word of its existence was not released until 1978.
		One former soldier recalls teaching the British Prime Minister how to use SIGSALY, while Churchill's daughter, Mary Soames, offers an intimate view of the relationship that formed between Churchill and Roosevelt during the war.
		This is a story of friendship, courage and of great innovation in the face of adversity, told through the eyes of those who witnessed some of the most important conversations of the twentieth century.
	store.aetv.com /html/catalog/vp02.jhtml?id=42620 (231 words)

	Alan Turing Scrapbook - Alan Turing, the UK and the USA
		Alan Turing's work in the United States also required him to report on the secret speech encipherment system that was being built at Bell Laboratories in New York for high-level transatlantic communication.
		The system is described by the National Security Agency on these SIGSALY pages.
		Turing also met Claude Shannon, the founder of modern communication theory, on this visit.
	www.turing.org.uk /turing/scrapbook/ukusa.html (557 words)

	Army Ships -- Signal Corps
		A reader, John Richards, reports (19 Jan 2000) "Geoanna is in Manila and slowly being renovated." I've also found an article, "Schooner G. (Naval History magazine; September/October 1997 Volume 11 Number 5) dealing with service aboard Geoanna.
		Eventually a dozen SIGSALY terminals were distributed to the far corners of the globe, to include Washington; London; Algiers; Australia; Hawaii; Oakland, California; Paris (after liberation); Guam; and, after VE Day, in Frankfurt and Berlin.
		Most interesting perhaps was the installation of the device on a 250-ton ship, an ocean lighter dubbed OL-31.
	patriot.net /~eastlnd2/army-sc.htm (2414 words)

	Schneier on Security: 1959 RNG
		Hard as this was, it is a heck of a site easier than correctly using the output, which I think even Bruce will admit is a hard problem ;)
		Posted by: Clive Robinson at December 20, 2004 05:06 AM Another data point in the history of hardware RNG, especially for crypto, was SIGSALY, an early (1943) voice encryption system using one-time pads:
		"Key generation was a major problem...This was accomplished for SIGSALY by using the output of large (four-inch diameter, fourteen-inch high) mercury-vapor rectifier vacuum tubes to generate wideband thermal noise.
	www.schneier.com /blog/archives/2004/12/1959_rng.html (813 words)

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