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	Effects of Smad on Xenopus Development
		The effects of both of these signaling pathways are mediated by the SMAD family of signal transducing proteins, which include the Drosophila gene Mothers against dpp (Mad), sma-2, sma-3, and sma-4 from C.
		Smad-2 and Smad-3 are involved in TGF-B receptor pathway transduction; whereas Smads 1 and 5 are utilized in the BMP pathway.
		Phosphorylation of the serine residues at the carboxy terminal is thus essential to Smad activity, as it relieves autoinhibition by the N-terminal domain (1, 2, 3).
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/smad.html (687 words)

	Effect of Wound Type on Smad 2 and 4 Translocation -- Hutcheon et al. 46 (7): 2362 -- Investigative Ophthalmology & ...
		In unwounded corneas (inset), Smad 2 was primarily cytoplasmic.
		In unwounded cornea (A), Smad 4 was primarily cytoplasmic.
		Smad 3 was nuclear in unwounded corneal epithelium.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/46/7/2362 (4417 words)

	SMAD Core Page
		During the semester in which students are enrolled in SMAD 101, they may apply for admission to the major.
		Current students with a declared minor in SMAD or Advertising are not affected by this policy.
		The SMAD STEP test has to be taken and passed by all students who are enrolled in either SMAD 210, SMAD 231,SMAD 250, and SMAD 220.
	falcon.jmu.edu /~johnsogc (721 words)

	InterPro: IPR008984 SMAD/FHA
		FHA and SMAD (MH2) domains share a common structure consisting of a sandwich of eleven beta strands in two sheets with Greek key topology.
		SMAD domain proteins are found in a range of species from nematodes to humans.
		SMAD proteins mediate signalling by the TGF-beta/activin/BMP-2/4 cytokines from receptor Ser/Thr protein kinases at the cell surface to the nucleus.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR008984 (3024 words)

	Autocrine Stimulatory Mechanism by Transforming Growth Factor {beta} in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma -- Matsuzaki et ...
		4, induction of antagonistic Smads (Smad 6 and Smad 7), and
		Smad 2 is localized in the nucleus because of the activation of TGF-ß receptor by endogenous TGF-ß in HCC-M cells.
		6 and Smad 7 inhibited the endogenous TGF-ß-induced phosphorylation
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/60/5/1394 (5863 words)

	Stopping smad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the March 15th issue of G&D, Dr. Lan Xu and colleagues (UMASS Medical School) identify the long sought-after phosphatase for Smad in the BMP signal transduction pathway.
		In organisms as diverse as worms, fruit flies and humans, the Smad family of intracellular messenger proteins are activated upon phosphorylation by TGFbeta and BMP signaling pathways.
		Xu emphasizes that, "we are excited now that we have a new entry point to the bigger question of how BMP signals can be downregulated in various physiological contexts".
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-02/cshl-ss022406.php (147 words)

	Decreased Smad 7 expression contributes to cardiac fibrosis in the infarcted rat heart -- Wang et al. 282 (5): 1685 -- ...
		Smad 7 in transfected cells was investigated in the presence of
		Smad 2 was assayed in 2 and 4 wk (Fig.
		I-Smad 7 to the cytoplasm with the onset of TGF-
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/5/H1685 (6355 words)

	Smad transcription factors -- Massagué et al. 19 (23): 2783 -- Genes and Development
		In RSmads and I-Smads, the linker region contains a PY motif for recognition by the WW domains in Smurf ubiquitin ligases.
		The schematic depicts a hetero-trimeric Smad complex consisting of two RSmad molecules and one Smad4 (only the MH2 domains are shown).
		in the cytoplasm and accumulates in the nucleus with the Smads
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/19/23/2783 (6322 words)

	The Integral Inner Nuclear Membrane Protein MAN1 Physically Interacts with the R-Smad Proteins to Repress Signaling by ...
		FLAG-tagged Smads were co-transfected in 293T cells together with HA-tagged MAN1 in the presence or absence of constitutively active receptors.
		MAN1 that associated with Smads was isolated by immunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG and detected by Western blotting with anti-HA.
		Smads was as potent as WT MAN1 in inducing cell death (Fig.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/280/16/15992 (6785 words)

	The Smad Transcriptional Corepressor TGIF Recruits mSin3 -- Wotton et al. 12 (9): 457 -- Cell Growth & Differentiation
		Smad complex is able to participate in the activation of transcription,
		Smads, thereby regulating the transcriptional output of the
		Melhuish T. A., Wotton D. The interaction of C-terminal binding protein with the Smad corepressor TG-interacting factor is disrupted by a holoprosencephaly mutation in TGIF.
	cgd.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/9/457 (4998 words)

	E1A Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling through Binding to Smad Proteins -- Nishihara et al. 274 (40): ...
		Smads form a recently identified family of proteins that mediate intracellular signaling of the transforming growth factor
		B, the interaction of three Smad interaction domains of p300 with Smad3 was compared, as in A.
		Lysates of COS cells transfected with the indicated combinations of plasmids were mixed with biotinylated oligonucleotides with the Smad binding motif (3xCAGA).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/40/28716 (4801 words)

	A distinct nuclear localization signal in the N terminus of Smad 3 determines its ligand-induced nuclear translocation ...
		A distinct nuclear localization signal in the N terminus of Smad 3 determines its ligand-induced nuclear translocation -- Xiao et al.
		A distinct nuclear localization signal in the N terminus of Smad 3 determines its ligand-induced nuclear translocation
		Smad proteins are intracellular mediators of transforming growth factor
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/97/14/7853 (1218 words)

	CREB binding protein is a required coactivator for Smad-dependent, transforming growth factor beta transcriptional ...
		Certain signaling or receptor-associated Smads, such as Smad1 and Smad2, have a series of serine residues (termed the SSXS motif) present in their carboxyl termini, which are the sites of type 1 receptor-mediated phosphorylation.
		The full-length or carboxyl-terminal domains (C) of Smads 2, 4, 6, and 7 were fused to the DNA binding domain of Gal4 (e.g., pM, Gal4BD alone; pM2, full-length SMad2-Gal4BD fusion; pM2C, C terminus of Smad2-Gal4BD fusion).
		Smads 2 and 4 with CBP is absent (compare lanes 3 and 4).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/16/9506 (5431 words)

	Smad proteins regulate transcriptional induction of the SM22{alpha} gene by TGF-{beta} -- Chen et al. 31 (4): 1302 -- ...
		Smad proteins regulate transcriptional induction of the SM22{alpha} gene by TGF-{beta} -- Chen et al.
		Smad complexes and antibody supershifted complexes are indicated.
		Ishida,W., Hamamoto,T., Kusanagi,K., Yagi,K., Kawabata,M., Takehara,K., Sampath,T.K., Kato,M. and Miyazono,K. (2000) Smad6 is a Smad1/5-induced smad inhibitor.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/4/1302 (4954 words)

	A novel Smad nuclear interacting protein, SNIP1, suppresses p300-dependent TGF-beta signal transduction -- Kim et al. ...
		Smad 3 and Smad4 were unable to activate the assay indicating
		The presence of SNIP1 and Smads in these cells were monitored by direct immunoblotting using antibodies against SNIP1 and Smads.
		Smad signaling activity by competing with Smad4 for binding to
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/14/13/1605 (6372 words)

	Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}-Induced Inhibition of Myogenesis Is Mediated Through Smad Pathway and Is Modulated by ...
		Cells from Smad7-transfected clone 19 show extensive myotube formation even when cultured in GM (D), and such myotube formation is further increased when switched to DM (E), a phenomenon that cannot be inhibited by TGF-ß (F).
		Smad phosphorylation is detected in cells treated with TGF-ß regardless of culture media (G).
		Both the Smad and p38 MAPK pathways play a crucial role in Runx2 expression following induction by transforming growth factor-ß and bone morphogenetic protein.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/94/5/617 (4570 words)

	Activation of TGF-{beta}-Smad signaling pathway following polyamine depletion in intestinal epithelial cells -- Liu et ...
		Smads (I-Smads) Smad6 and Smad7 (10, 12, 24, 29).
		Smad target genes in a variety of cell types (10, 29, 52).
		The activated Smads in the nucleus bind to the specific DNA site and cooperate with Smad DNA-binding partners (DBP) such as some activating protein-1 proteins to activate or repress transcription of specific target genes, thus leading to the inhibition of normal intestinal epithelial cell proliferation following polyamine depletion.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/5/G1056 (6203 words)

	James Madison University - School of Media Arts and Design
		As PRE-SMAD students may take SMAD 101 but are restricted from other SMAD courses until accepted into the major.
		Completion of SMAD Competency Test with sections on English grammar and usage, timed writing samples, basic computer knowledge and basic multimedia design concepts.
		The student will present the required information in a manila folder to the main SMAD office with the studentÕs last name, first name and student identification number on the tab of the folder.
	www.jmu.edu /catalog/03/cal/SMAD/index.shtml (1634 words)

	Identification and Characterization of Constitutively Active Smad2 Mutants: Evaluation of Formation of Smad Complex and ...
		Luciferase activity was normalized to ß-galactosidase activity, and luciferase activity in the cell lysates in the absence of exogenous Smads and FAST1 for each reporter was set to 1.
		Whitman M 1998 Smads and early developmental signaling by the TGFß superfamily.
		Huang HC, Murtaugh LC, Vize PD, Whitman M 1995 Identification of a potential regulator of early transcriptional responses to mesoderm inducers in the frog embryo.
	mend.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/14/10/1583 (4314 words)

	Smad 3 May Regulate Follicular Growth in the Mouse Ovary -- Tomic et al. 66 (4): 917 -- Biology of Reproduction
		Smad 2 and Smad 4 in early embryonic development [19–22].
		exon 8 of the Smad 3 gene [25].
		Phosphorylation of Ser465 and Ser467 in the C terminus of Smad2 mediates interaction with Smad4 and is required for transforming growth factor-beta signaling.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/66/4/917 (4740 words)

	Recognition of Phosphorylated-Smad2-Containing Complexes by a Novel Smad Interaction Motif -- Randall et al. 24 (3): ...
		Smad heterotrimer comprising two Smad2s and one Smad4.
		The FM is necessary and sufficient to bind active Smad2/Smad4 complexes.
		Schmierer, B., Hill, C. Kinetic Analysis of Smad Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Reveals a Mechanism for Transforming Growth Factor {beta}-Dependent Nuclear Accumulation of Smads.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/24/3/1106 (528 words)

	Smad 3 May Regulate Follicular Growth in the Mouse Ovary -- Tomic et al. 66 (4): 917 -- Biology of Reproduction
		Smad 3 May Regulate Follicular Growth in the Mouse Ovary -- Tomic et al.
		Smad 3 May Regulate Follicular Growth in the Mouse Ovary
		Although Smad 3 is known to serve as a signaling intermediate
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/abstract/66/4/917 (797 words)

	Smicl is a novel Smad interacting protein and cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor associated protein -- ...
		Smicl is a novel Smad interacting protein and cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor associated protein -- Collart et al.
		In the hypothetical model shown here, Smicl is recruited to the promoter of specific genes by Smad proteins during the transcription initiation process in TGF-ß stimulated cells.
		Jonk, L.J., Itoh, S., Heldin, C.H., ten Dijke, P. and Kruijer, W. (1998) Identification and functional characterization of a Smad binding element (SBE) in the JunB promoter that acts as a transforming growth factor-beta, activin, and bone morphogenetic protein-inducible enhancer.
	www.genestocellsonline.org /cgi/content/full/10/9/897 (4697 words)

	GeneCard for SMAD6
		Osawa H....Kuwano H. Bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor beta inhibitory Smads6 and 7 are expressed in human adult normal and osteoarthritic cartilage in vivo and are differentiallyregulated in vitro by interleukin-1beta.
		Kaiser M....Aigner T. Expressions of inhibitory Smads, Smad6 and Smad7, are differentially regulatedby TPA in human lung fibroblast cells.
		Lin X....Feng X.H. Inhibitory smads and tgf-Beta signaling in glomerular cells.
	www.genecards.org /cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=SMAD6 (751 words)

	Transgenic Analysis of the Smad Family of TGF-{beta} Signal Transducers in Drosophila melanogaster Suggests New Roles ...
		Transgenic Analysis of the Smad Family of TGF-{beta} Signal Transducers in Drosophila melanogaster Suggests New Roles and New Interactions Between Family Members -- Marquez et al.
		There are seven known Smad proteins in humans (hSmads).
		, X., Z., and M., 1998 Smad proteins act in combination with synergystic and antagonistic regulators to target Dpp responses to the Drosophila mesoderm.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/157/4/1639 (4253 words)

	Smad proteins function as co-modulators for MEF2 transcriptional regulatory proteins -- Quinn et al. 29 (3): 732 -- ...
		Smad proteins function as co-modulators for MEF2 transcriptional regulatory proteins -- Quinn et al.
		R-Smads (Smads 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8), of which Smads 2 and 3 are
		49 Janknecht,R., Wells,N.J. and Hunter,T. (1998) TGF-beta-stimulated cooperation of smad proteins with the coactivators CBP/p300.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/29/3/732 (6691 words)

	Space Mission Analysis and Design, Third Edition
		The book is a comprehensive presentation of theory and practice, drawing on the insight and practical knowledge of leading experts from all segments of the aerospace community.
		SMAD III both updates the technology and provides a greater emphasis on the design of smaller spacecraft and the process of reducing cost.* It has been expanded to include more detail on multi-satellite manufacturing and the design and selection of constellation parameters.
		The discussion of space computers has been expanded and revised.
	www.smad.com /about/smad3.html (300 words)

	CHIP Mediates Degradation of Smad Proteins and Potentially Regulates Smad-Induced Transcription -- Li et al. 24 (2): ...
		CHIP Mediates Degradation of Smad Proteins and Potentially Regulates Smad-Induced Transcription -- Li et al.
		CHIP Mediates Degradation of Smad Proteins and Potentially Regulates Smad-Induced Transcription
		Tsinghua Institute of Genome Research, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China,
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/24/2/856 (451 words)

	Oncogene - Abstract of article: Selective inhibition of TGF-[beta] responsive genes by Smad-interacting peptide ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To determine if disruption of specific Smad protein–protein interactions would selectively inhibit responses to TGF-
		or generally interfere with Smad-dependent signaling, we developed three Smad-binding peptide aptamers by introducing Smad interaction motifs from Smad-binding proteins CBP, FoxH1 and Lef1 into the scaffold protein E. coli thioredoxin A (Trx).
		All three classes of aptamers bound to Smads by GST pulldown assays and co-immunoprecipitation from mammalian cells.
	www.nature.com /onc/journal/v24/n24/abs/1208556a.html (262 words)

	GeneCard for SMAD9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Takahashi E. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.
		Wrana J.L. and Attisano L. TGF-beta signaling by Smad proteins.
		Miyazono K. Remarkable versatility of Smad proteins in the nucleus of transforming growth factor-beta activated cells.
	www.genecards.org /cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=SMAD9 (614 words)

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