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Topic: SNCC

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Civil rights movement

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

US civil rights movement

Ella Baker

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Black Panther Party

American Civil Rights Movement

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

James Lawson

Freedom rides

Black Power

Stokely Carmichael

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

David Horowitz

In the News (Sun 29 Nov 09)

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	SNCC-Issues
		SNCC's original statement of purpose established nonviolence as the driving philosophy behind the organization.
		Vietnam: SNCC formally came out against the Vietnam War in the beginning of 1966 as a result of pressure from northern supporters and from members working on the southern projects.
		Feminism: Many people feel that SNCC opened the door for the feminist movement, as it first established many of the principles later use by feminists.
	www.ibiblio.org /sncc/issues.html (282 words)

	King Encyclopedia
		SNCC workers became role models for a generation of young activists, both inside and outside the South, who challenged many of the assumptions that perpetuated injustice and oppression in American society.
		SNCC's emergence as a force in the southern civil rights movement came largely through the involvement of students in the 1961 Freedom Rides, which were designed to confront southern segregation policies.
		During the fall of 1961, SNCC worker Charles Sherrod developed ties to local students and older fl residents and formed the Albany Movement, an organization which invited King and other SCLC officials to participate in major protests during December 1961 and the summer of 1962.
	www.stanford.edu /group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/enc_SNCC.htm (1386 words)

	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SNCC had begun organizing citizens to register to vote in Selma, but was forced to cede a larger role to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference later that year.
		SNCC disagreed with SCLC over tactical and strategic issues, including the decision not to attempt to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge a second time after county sheriffs and state troopers attacked them on “Bloody Sunday” on March 7, 1965.
		SNCC is recognized today as one of the primary influences on the modern youth activism movement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee (1956 words)

	SNCC 1960-1966: Six years of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
		The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC (pronounced "snick"), was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh two months later to coordinate these sit-ins, support their leaders, and publicize their activities.
		In this violently changing political climate, SNCC struggled to define its purpose as it fought white oppression.
		Out of SNCC came some of today's fl leaders, such as former Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry, Congressman John Lewis and NAACP chairman Julian Bond.
	www.ibiblio.org /sncc (227 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
		SNCC members played an integral role in sit-ins, "freedom rides," the 1963 March on Washington, and such voter education projects as the Mississippi Freedom Summer.
		In October 1961 SNCC field secretaries Charles Sherrod and Cordell Reagon arrived in Albany to establish a voter registration office and to test local compliance with the Interstate Commerce Commission's ruling, which barred segregation in interstate transportation terminals.
		A reapportionment election was held on June 16, 1965, and Julian Bond, the longtime SNCC communications director, was elected to the 136th district, defeating a local minister and the dean of Atlanta University (later Clark Atlanta University).
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3482 (1093 words)

	African American Registry: SNCC, political organization formed
		SNCC was a United States political organization formed on February 1, 1960, by Black college students dedicated to overturning segregation in the South and giving young Blacks a stronger voice in the civil rights movement in America.
		SNCC members joined with activists from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), in the 1961 Freedom Rides in heavily Black, rural counties of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia.
		Carmichael was expelled from SNCC in August 1968 due to his support of guerrilla tactics and the use of violence in urban areas.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/1228/SNCC_political_organization_formed (234 words)

	Charles McDew
		SNCC opted to become an activist organization, sending organizers out into the cities and towns of the South to extend the reach of the protests into fl communities beyond the colleges.
		SNCC also believed that in order to have a long term effect on the communities they organized, that they had to develop local leaders who would remain in the community to continue the work after the organizers left.
		SNCC also made the decision to sponsor Freedom Summer, when hundreds of white college students from the North would come South to teach in "Freedom Schools," work on voter registration projects and assist the SNCC organizers in their work.
	www.charlesmcdew.com /sncc/index.html (2002 words)

	History of SNCC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SNCC was organized to advance the "sit-in" movement, a protest technique that became prominent after February 1, 1960, when four young fl men sat at a segregated "whites only" lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave when ordered to do so.
		SNCC organizers recruited teachers, clergy, artists, and lawyers to staff freedom schools and community centers in an effort to educate and mobilize fl citizens.
		SNCC and the Black Panthers cooperated on various levels in the late 1960s, organizing rallies and sharing offices in certain cities, but the relationship between the groups was often shaky, with SNCC members often disagreeing with the Black Panther's advocacy of violent confrontation.
	www.ncsu.edu /chass/mds/sncchist.html (1454 words)

	Stokely Carmichael and SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
		Although SNCC was created in 1960 as a nonviolent civil rights organization concentrating on Negro voter registration campaigns in the South, by 1965 SNCC had renounced its policy of non-violence and integration to advocate political and economic power for the Negro and to agitate against the United States involvement in Vietnam.
		SNCC then stated that its general principle was to be a continued policy of non-violent pressure to force desegregation.
		SNCC has always Claimed that it does not concern itself with the outside interests of its workers, nor does it care if a member is a communist.
	www.aavw.org /protest/carmichael_sncc_abstract06_full.html (7809 words)

	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
		In 1963 John Lewis replaced Charles McDew as chairman of SNCC and was one of the main speakers at the the famous March on Washington.
		In 1966 Stokely Carmichael was elected chairman of the SNCC.
		SNCC had long understood that one of the major obstacles to helping fl people organize structures which could effectively fight institutional racism was fear.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAsncc.htm (4072 words)

	White Antiracist.org - SNCC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SNCC participated in the 1961 Freedom Rides (which challenged segregation in restrooms, restaurants, and waiting rooms in interstate bus facilities), facing beatings and imprisonment.
		SNCC helped to organize Freedom Summer in Mississippi, which brought 600 young people (many white college students) to the South.
		Two fundamental principles of SNCC's racial ideology were: “one, that Blacks and whites could stand together to oppose racism and support integration; and two, that such a project of integration depended upon Black leadership at every level of integration” (Thompson, 2001, p.42).
	www.whiteantiracist.org /SNCC.html (237 words)

	SNCC
		It was advantageous for SNCC to have this type of membership because it allowed for the members to interact on a personal level with the people of the area whose lives they were trying to improve.
		The membership of SNCC more or less shared common attitudes as they were forced to confront the hardships that their protests, sit ins, or field work.
		SNCC membership consistently pushed the envelope of Civil Rights by returning to and continuing an initiative in spite of the use of violence by their opposition.
	www.tcnj.edu /~mcelwee2/Essay.htm (1673 words)

	Ella Baker and SNCC
		SNCC exerted little control over the ad hoc protest groups throughout the South whose activities it was supposed to coordinate.
		SNCC's founding conference, held on April 16-18, 1960, in Raleigh, North Carolina, was called by Ella Baker, executive director of SCLC [The Southern Christian Leadership Conference].
		SNCC's founding was an important step in the transformation of a limited student movement to desegregate lunch counters into a broad and sustained movement to achieve major social reforms.
	hierographics.org /ellabakersncc.htm (570 words)

	SNCC POSITION PAPER WOMEN IN THE MOVEMENT
		One of SNCC's main administrative officers apologizes for appointment of a woman as interim project director in a key Mississippi project area.
		Any woman in SNCC, no matter what her position or experience, has been asked to take minutes in a meeting when she and other women are outnumbered by men.
		Consider why it is in SNCC that women who are competent, qualified, and experienced, are automatically assigned to the "female" kinds of jobs such as typing, desk work, telephone work, filing, library work, cooking, and the "assistant kind" of administrative work but rarely the "executive" kind.
	www.stolaf.edu /people/fitz/COURSES/SNCCWomen.htm (931 words)

	Irene Dispatch
		SNCC made the decision to recruit white students from elite colleges in America to join the movement down in Mississippi.
		Even though it was SNCC workers who were putting their lives on the line everyday in the Deep South, whenever King came to town, all the media attention would focus on him.
		SNCC may have devoured itself, but the revolution they put into place is felt everywhere I turn in Mississippi.
	www.ustrek.org /odyssey/semester2/031701/031701irenesncc.html (1574 words)

	Kwame Ture: Pan-Afrikan Organizer
		As a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, SNCC (pronounced SNICK), Kwame was arrested 26 times between 1964 and 1966 because of his work to register Africans in Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, to vote.
		Kwame's election as SNCC Chairperson signaled the growing militancy within SNCC, and the movement, and a desire on behalf of many in the membership to take a more militant and uncompromising stance on African liberation.
		SNCC was also the first African organization to take a position against the zionist state of israel.
	www.thetalkingdrum.com /kwame.html (1057 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . SNCC \| PBS
		SNCC was characterized by its Gandhian theories of nonviolent direct action.
		Members of SNCC participated in the Freedom Rides and gained national attention for their organization of the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project in 1964.
		Later, SNCC members established the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, a political party that represented fl in the state.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/sncc.html (189 words)

	SNCC - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), United States political organization formed in 1960 by fl college students dedicated to...
		Black Power as a political idea originated in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the mid-1960s.
		In April 1960 the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina, to help organize and direct the student...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /SNCC.html (66 words)

	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
		Women who were active in the lunch counter sit-in movement of 1960 led in the transformation of SNCC from a coordinating office into a cadre of militant activists dedicated to expanding the civil rights movement throughout the South.
		During the period from 1961 to 1964, as SNCC established a staff of full-time office workers and field secretaries, women continued to play a central role in the organization.
		In 1962, after attending a SNCC meeting, Hamer attempted to register to vote and was promptly evicted from the plantation where she worked.
	www.stanford.edu /group/King/about_the_project/ccarson/articles/black_women_3.htm (1038 words)

	Anthropology Review Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Forman asserts that he and other members of SNCC were merely trying to provide ideological guidance for a dissatisfied African American population at the bottom of an urban social order.
		SNCC strove to be a group-centered or people-oriented organization while others are leader- centered...
		By the end of 1964, Forman felt that SNCC, " had reached the point where it had become necessary to become a revolutionary organization in every sense." (412) However, Forman says there were inherent contradictions within SNCC that he failed to recognize.
	wings.buffalo.edu /ARD/showme.cgi?keycode=180 (1748 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Civil Rights Activist James Forman Dies at 76; Key Organizer of SNCC
		SNCC in those years was the edgier, more aggressive organization, pushing the South specifically and the nation generally toward change.
		Forman joined SNCC in 1961, it was a loose federation of student organizations housed in a grubby, windowless room in Atlanta, across the street from the offices of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on Auburn Avenue.
		Forman's early challenges was to referee an internal dispute between SNCC activists who believed in direct action -- sit-ins, demonstrations and other forms of confrontation -- and those who believed voter registration was the most effective path to political empowerment.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A2403-2005Jan11?language=printer (1477 words)

	SNCC: Basis of Black Power
		Black people cannot relate to SNCC because of its unrealistic, nonracial atmosphere; denying their experience of America as a racist society.
		SNCC, by allowing the whites to remain in the organization, can have its efforts subverted in much the same manner, i.e., through having them play important roles such as community organizers, etc. Indigenous leadership cannot be built with whites in the positions they now hold.
		Again we feel that SNCC and the civil rights movement in general is in many aspects similar to the anticolonial situations in the African and Asian countries.
	afgen.com /sncc.html (2680 words)

	Black Folk Music
		SNCC activist member Cordell Reagon, one of the leaders of the Albany Movement, explained it this way: "Without these songs, you know we wouldn't be anywhere.
		The SNCC Freedom Singers were also responsible for two of the most moving songs about the struggle for equality.
		As discussed earlier, they contributed to the spread of freedom songs around the country but also, through their tours, helped bring the attention back on grass roots efforts that their organizations were sponsoring even as the media tended to focus more on better-known leaders and massive demonstrations (Reagon, 26).
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~jscamal/civilrights/BlackFolk.htm (2182 words)

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