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Topic: SOSUS

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: SOSUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		SOSUS, an acronym for SOund SUrveillance System, was a chain of underwater listening posts located for the most part across the northern Atlantic Ocean near Greenland, Iceland and the United Kingdom -- the so-called GIUK gap.
		SOSUS development was started by the Committee for Undersea Warfare in 1949, a panel formed by the Navy, in order to further research into anti-submarine warfare.
		SOSUS in the North Pacific is currently being analyzed for low-frequency vocalizations from marine mammals living in the open ocean.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/SOSUS (869 words)

	SOSUS
		SOSUS development was started by the Committee for Undersea Warfare in 1949, a panel formed by the U.S. Navy in order to further research into anti-submarine warfare.
		In 1961 SOSUS tracked the USS George Washington from the United States all the way to the UK.
		Most of the system in the Atlantic is now turned off, although some of the chains are being used to track the vocalizations of whales in various study projects.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/s/so/sosus.html (657 words)

	Assessments: Sudan, Towards a baseline: Best estimates of social indicators for southern Sudan
		SOSUS has a high fertility rate (the total fertility rate is at 6.7) and a high crude birth rate (50.5 per 1,000 people).
		The maternal mortality ratio in SOSUS (1,700) is almost three times that of the rest Sudan and the lifetime risk of dying in pregnancy or childbirth (one in nine) is among almost four times that of the rest of Sudan.
		The prevalence of diarrhea among under fives in SOSUS (45%) is exceptionally high and the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) (30%) and fever (malaria) (61%) are the highest rates among the peer countries.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6365Q7?OpenDocument (2255 words)

	Acoustics Monitoring Program
		Installation of SOSUS was begun in the mid 1950s by the U.S. Navy for use in antisubmarine warfare.
		A brief history of the development of SOSUS can be found here.
		SOSUS consists of bottom mounted hydrophone arrays connected by undersea communication cables to facilities on shore.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /vents/acoustics/sosus.html (142 words)

	History for Naval Facility, Keflavik, Iceland
		SOSUS consists of high-gain long fixed arrays in the deep ocean basins BEAM accesses form beams from multiple hydrophone arrays trained on the seafloor to provide signal gain obtained through beam forming.
		As technology of the time progressed, it was recognized that shore-based monitoring stations were the answer to the problem since they could be made basically impervious to destruction, foul weather, and ambient self-generated noise.
		SOSUS has transitioned from single-beam paper displays to computer-based workstations for acoustic data analysis.
	www.military.com /HomePage/UnitPageHistory/1,13506,712425\|813820,00.html (1563 words)

	article_weir_sosus_aug06.htm
		SOSUS, as the sound surveillance system became known, gradually made it impossible for the Soviets to sortie a submarine anywhere in the world without detection.
		SOSUS also encouraged competition among increasingly expert OTs, and the entire community became consumed by a hunger to dominate the object of the hunt.
		SOSUS historically emphasizes the importance of the environmental factor in understanding naval professional communities as well.
	www.ijnhonline.org /volume5_number2_august06/article_weir_sosus_aug06.htm (5590 words)

	CARC - Northern Perspectives (Volume 22, Number 4, Winter 1994-95) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Over the years (SOSUS was conceived in the 1950s) it was inevitable that the network gradually expanded as increments were added to enlarge the coverage.
		In the SOSUS the raw data are passed to local centres for initial processing and thence to regional centres.
		It is understood that the Canadian government is considering the installation of a similar system to SOSUS to detect submarines beneath the ice cap and in Canadian territorial waters.
	www.carc.org /pubs/v22no4/subsurf.htm (273 words)

	Navy League of the United States - Citizens in Support of the Sea Services
		The Navy is beginning to use SOSUS “in a very appropriate way with just a little bit of additional investment for the global war on terror,” he said.
		The service is assessing the feasibility of updating SOSUS with faster processing units to expedite sorting through the volume of data that needs to be assessed, higher storage capacity and improved, “cleaner” computer codes.
		Information from SOSUS would be combined with data from other sources, such as space-based surveillance systems and the existing Automatic Identification System, which every merchant vessel is supposed to use to identify itself.
	www.navyleague.org /sea_power/jul_05_10.php (1486 words)

	Dive and Discover : Hot Topics : Autonomous Hydrophone Array
		SOSUS was installed by the US Navy beginning in the mid-1950s for classified antisubmarine warfare and surveillance during the Cold War.
		SOSUS consists of groups of hydrophones that “hear” and record sound waves generated by seismic events, submarines, or whales, for example.
		This is the nation’s primary facility for continuously monitoring low-level seismicity in the northeast Pacific and for detecting volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge, as it is happening.
	www.divediscover.whoi.edu /hottopics/aha.html (601 words)

	CapeGazette.com - Covering Delaware's Cape Region
		SOSUS operated out of a terminal building at Herring Point from 1962 to 1981, when the base closed.
		SOSUS was a long-range, early-warning listening system protecting the United States against the threat of Soviet ballistic missile submarines.
		Manthorpe said the SOSUS program was so successful at the outset that it stymied the Soviet submarine program and gave a decisive edge to the West.
	www.beachpaper.com /storiescurrent/200612/fortmiles122206.html (1167 words)

	Whale Song (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Since the end of the Cold War, the Navy has found a new use for its high-tech Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS): it is sharing it with scientists for research in tracking and studying whales and other marine mammals.
		With multiple hydrophones in each SOSUS location, Navy specialists could pinpoint the location of submarines anywhere in the ocean, and they could determine not just whether it was a submarine, but also what kind of submarine, how fast it was moving, and in what direction.
		SOSUS is now one of the essential research tools used by the National Marine Mammals Laboratory.
	acfnewsource.org /science/whale_song.html (544 words)

	Sounding Out the Ocean's ... - Listening to the Ocean
		In 1990, Christopher Fox and his colleagues from the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory were part of the military's initial evaluation of this dual civilian-military use for SOSUS.
		The realization that SOSUS could be used to listen to whales also was made by Christopher Clark, a biological acoustician at Cornell University, when he first visited a SOSUS station in 1992.
		Using a SOSUS receiver in the West Indies he could hear whales that were 1,770 kilometers (1,100 miles) away.
	www.beyonddiscovery.org /content/view.page.asp?I=225 (598 words)

	SOSUS array in subcommand - SUBSIM Radio Room Forums
		If you are in a "blue" sub, and a "blue" SOSUS sensor detects an enemy, there is no way, within the parameters of the mission designer, to notify you of any contacts the SOSUS sensor detects.
		What I did was plant a few SOSUS arrays, and also a couple of allied subs, in the patrol sector.
		I created some goals so that, if an allied boat recieves SOSUS information about a contact, and then leaves it's assigned patrol area to engage, a message goal is triggered to inform you of the target's approximate location.
	www.subsim.com /radioroom/showthread.php?t=88293 (542 words)

	Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS): Technology Gallery for Discovery of Sound in the Sea
		SOSUS consists of bottom mounted hydrophone arrays connected by undersea communication cables to facilities on shore, such as a remote Naval Facility (NAVFAC) and a Naval Ocean Processing Facility and Meteorology Center (NOPF/MEC).
		At the end of the Cold War, the Navy decided to allow this system to be used by scientific researchers with suitable security clearances, in what was called "dual-use." SOSUS is now used to study
		By measuring the travel time of sound waves, the SOSUS system is able record average ocean temperature changes over an ocean basin.
	www.dosits.org /gallery/tech/pt/sosus1.htm (274 words)

	Sounding Out the Ocean's Secrets - Text View
		After the cold war ended, the Navy permitted civilian use of this device and scientists were able to learn a great deal about the geology and biology of the ocean, including the movement of whales around the world (see Listening to the Ocean).
		SOSUS also has enabled scientists to make ocean temperature measurements on a global scale, which has provided some evidence for global warming (see Probing the Ocean Interior with Sound).
		The realization that SOSUS could be used to listen to whales also was made by Christopher Clark, a biological acoustician at Cornell University, when he first visited a SOSUS station in 1992.
	www.beyonddiscovery.org /content/view.txt.asp?a=219 (4922 words)

	SOSUS The "Secret Weapon" of Undersea Surveillance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The year 1957 also saw the extension of SOSUS to the Eastern Pacific, with the installation of NAVFACs and associated arrays at – from south to north – San Nicholas Island, Point Sur, and Centerville Beach, California; Coos Bay, Oregon; and Pacific Beach, Washington.
		The primary threat against which SOSUS was originally designed was snorkeling Soviet diesel submarines at the surface, and the system’s key technical characteristics – such as frequency coverage – were established accordingly.
		In a 1961 demonstration of the capabilities of the system, SOSUS tracked the USS George Washington (SSBN-598) across the North Atlantic on her first transit from the United States to the United Kingdom.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_25/sosus2.htm (2238 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Ocean Acoustic Monitoring
		The range of the system is such that volcanic tremors from south of Japan have been successfully detected and located using SOSUS arrays deployed off the coasts of Oregon and Washington.
		Access to SOSUS is restricted, both in the sense that the data are classified and can only be used in a secure facility.
		The cabled nature of SOSUS allows real-time acquisition of the acoustic data, but at a high cost; the total investment in SOSUS is estimated at more than $16 billion.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /technology/tools/acoustics/acoustics.html (1171 words)

	NORLC Appendix 6
		A more complete assessment of the value of SOSUS data to users outside the Anti-Submarine Warfare community will only be possible after a representative long-term data set is made available at the unclassified level.
		A small number of investigators is making use of classified SOSUS data for research and associated graduate education, but such uses are limited to scientists with appropriate security clearances.
		The goal is to determine the feasibility of providing routine access to declassified SOSUS data in such a way that it does not adversely impact national security activities.
	www.coreocean.org /app6.html (1195 words)

	SOSUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		SOSUS is a fixed surveillance system that is anchored to the sea bed a various locations around the world.
		One example of a choke point is the gap between Iceland and Greenland, this is shown on this map.
		The one disadvantage of this SOSUS system is that it is fixed - the RAF has an answer to this limitation and has a system that is air deployable around the world.
	www.btinternet.com /~grizly/Pages/sosus/sosus.htm (265 words)

	BRP IUSS Research on Whales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		SOSUS was designed for monitoring the movements of submarines and surface ships throughout vast areas of the Atantic and Pacific oceans by detecting and tracking the vessels' low-frequency sounds (<1000 Hz).
		SOSUS is part of the larger Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS).
		The long, patterned sequences of blue and fin whale sounds can sometimes be detected by SOSUS at distances in excess of 1500 nautical miles (approximately 3000 km).
	www.birds.cornell.edu /brp/IUSS.html (665 words)

	Dangerous Waters - The latest modern naval game from Sonalysts Combat Sims
		A contact was deteced by SOSUS Trip Wire “Charlie” and classified as an Akula class submarine yesterday evening at 2000 hours.
		Intelligence estimates are that the Akula will next cross SOSUS Trip Wire “Delta” or “Tango” depending on its destination.
		Standby for the next SOSUS detection report, then ', 'popup1')" onmouseout=Kill(popup1) href="javascript:newWindow=window.open('missions/sm_sosus/prosecute.jpg','GameDetails','scrollbars=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,toolbar=no,locationbar=no,dependant=yes,status=no,width=820,height=620');newWindow.focus();">prosecute the Akula submarine.
	www.scs-dangerouswaters.com /misn_sosus.html (189 words)

	SOSUS The "Secret Weapon" of Undersea Surveillance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The basic physical phenomena subsequently exploited in SOSUS to achieve longer-range submarine tracking were only discovered in the late 1930s and not adequately understood until mid-way through the 1939-1945 war.
		The first prototype of a full-size SOSUS installation – a 1,000-foot-long line array of 40 hydrophone elements in 240 fathoms of water – was deployed on the bottom off Eleuthera by a British cable layer in January 1952.
		These early SOSUS line arrays were positioned on the sea floor at locations that accessed the deep sound channel and oriented at right angles to the expected threat axis.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_25/sosus.htm (2116 words)

	The Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS)
		SOSUS consists of high-gain long fixed arrays in the deep ocean basins
		With the end of the Cold War, SOSUS hydrophone arrays in both the Atlantic and Pacific face an uncertain future of shutdowns and closings.
		Consolidation of SOSUS by array retermination, remoting, or closure will be complete by FY97.
	www.fas.org /irp/program/collect/sosus.htm (673 words)

	News: SOSUS Update [Ridge 2000 Time Critical Studies]
		I wanted to update you all on a few milestones that occurred in the past year to the North Pacific SOSUS hydrophone system we maintain here at PMEL-Newport.
		First, the Navy has for now completed their repairs to the three coastal arrays (of the six total) we use to monitor Juan de Fuca Ridge earthquakes.
		In addition, we have upgraded all three SOSUS processing workstations, upgraded the servers that transfer, beamform, and backup hydrophone data from Whidbey, added a 2-Terabyte hard-disk for temporary data storage (holds ~2 years of data), and added a gigabit network, all of which have significantly increased our data processing speed.
	www.ridge2000.org /science/tcs/news_sosus.html (389 words)

	WHALES: SOSUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On the bottom of the ocean, the United States Navy has a global array of underwater microphones to listen for submarines and other vessels.
		It's called the Sound Surveillance System, or SOSUS, and it enables listeners to monitor sounds of an entire ocean at once.
		He's one of the few scientists invited by the Navy to put SOSUS to non-military use -- in his case, to listen for whales.
	www.pulseplanet.com /archive/Oct97/1468.html (318 words)

	Far West Bulletin - Millennium Issue 1999/2000
		This agreement will allow SERF to use deactivated U.S. Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) stations as a data source for oceanographic research and educational efforts intended to create an awareness of the importance of the oceans to the environment.
		NOEMS will use the deactivated SOSUS stations to collect ocean acoustic data for use by scientific investigators, educators and U.S. Navy researchers.
		The surplus SOSUS assets will permit scientists to do research in fields of science that relate to oceanography.
	www.zyn.com /flcfw/fwnews/fwarch/fw9902e.htm (448 words)

	Brooke's Cryptography page
		SOSUS is the Navy underwater sonar listening system that hears most subs in all the world's oceans.
		We later discovered the SOSUS indications that the sub had gone down at 180.0 Lon x 40.0 Lat (about 2,000 miles NW of Hawaii) a point more than 300 miles off the course the Russians were searching.
		Doing underwater explosions as part of the research related to the Scorpion sinking led John to speculate that the explosion recorded at 180x40 had to be very loud, not something caused by an air tank imploding.
	www.pacificsites.com /~brooke/crypto.shtml (5132 words)

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