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Topic: START II

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	CNS - START II Ratification: More Than Meets the Eye
		Ratification of START II attests to the political capacity of President-elect Vladimir Putin, who was able to muster the necessary votes despite anti-Western sentiment in the Duma generated by strong Western criticism of the war in Chechnya.
		START II has been severely criticized in Russia since it was signed in 1993, primarily because it entails deep restructuring of the strategic triad, which Russia simply cannot afford.
		To summarize the essence of what transpired on April 14, the ratification of START II is not the end of a four-year-long road toward a new stage in nuclear arms reductions.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/reports/start2.htm (682 words)

	START II
		START II is an equitable and effectively verifiable agreement that reduces the number of strategic nuclear delivery vehicles and the warheads on them.
		The START II Treaty was negotiatied by the United States and Russia between 1991 and 1992 and submitted to the Senate by President George Bush following signature on January 3, 1993.
		In addition, START II will include some new verification measures, such as observation of SS-18 silo conversion and missile elimination procedures, exhibitions and inspections of all heavy bombers to confirm weapon loads, and exhibitions of heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional role to confirm their observable differences.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/start2/docs/strtrat.htm (1134 words)

	Yorkshire CND - START II News
		START II was signed in January 1993 amidst the honeymoon of post-Cold War relations between the United States and Russia.
		START II, which was signed in 1993 by the Russian and US presidents, "failed to reflect the growing imbalance of the two countries' nuclear missile potential to the advantage of the United States," the source said.
		START II would set limits of 3,500 to 3,000 warheads for each side, down from 6,000 under START I. The tentative goals for START III, set earlier by Clinton and Yeltsin, are between 2,500 and 2,000 warheads for each side.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /news/ysnewinf.htm (7732 words)

	Russia
		START II allows each side to download two existing types of missile by up to four warheads per missile, with no limit on the total number of missiles or warheads affected.
		START II missile system elimination rules are generally similar to those of START I in that they require that the missile's silo be eliminated or converted to carry a treaty-permitted missile type.
		START II allows 90 R-36M silos to be converted for use by single-warhead missiles, however, which means that Russian elimination quota is 64 out of 154 R-36M silos.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/treaties/s2descr.htm (954 words)

	CNS - Current Prospects For START II Ratification and START III Talks
		Early in 1998, the Duma appeared poised to ratify START II, but in March 1998, Boris Yeltsin unexpectedly appointed a new Prime Minister, Sergei Kiriyenko, and forced the Duma to approve the nomination by threatening to dissolve the lower house of the parliament.
		Having decided to postpone the debate on START II ratification until the fall, the Duma once again has a new Prime Minister to consider: the veteran Viktor Chernomyrdin, who was abruptly nominated by President Yeltsin on 22 August 1998.
		It could, however, be used by the opposition in the Duma to shift the blame for the failure of START II to the United States, while simultaneously ensuring that the treaty never formally enters into force.
	cns.miis.edu /research/summit/sokov.htm (1530 words)

	Physicians for Social Responsibility
		The START II treaty would reduce the strategic arsenals of the U.S. and Russia to 3,000-3,500 warheads, a long overdue step which sets the stage for real deep cuts in nuclear forces to begin.
		START II has taken seven years to ratify, and all further negotiations for deeper nuclear weapons cuts have been held up by this lack of progress.
		Further, the Duma has made implementation of START II conditional on maintenance of the ABM Treaty, which is threatened by U.S. plans to deploy a National Missile Defense system.
	www.commondreams.org /news2000/0414-04.htm (546 words)

	WorldNetDaily: What does START II signify?
		START was therefore denounced by Leslie Gelb, President Carter's Director of Political-Military Affairs.
		START was also criticized by the president of the left-of-center Arms Control Association, Herbert Scoville.
		According to Felgenhauer, Russia's Duma was urged by the Kremlin to ratify START II as a propaganda ploy "to expose the evil Americans." One Kremlin official, said Felgenhauer, fully acknowledged that the provisions of START II would never be implemented by Russia.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=19818 (1258 words)

	FRAMEWORK FOR START II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		START II objectives are another key link in the framework needed to develop an effective strategic nuclear arms agreement.
		A key ingredient to a START II treaty is the reduction of strategic nuclear weapons, but not at the expense of stability with the USSR and third-world nuclear nations.
		START II negotiations present a forum that the United States and the USSR should use to enhance understanding and cooperation.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/tircuit.html (4113 words)

	The False Choice: START II or National Missile Defense
		The Duma's conditions on the implementation of START II are unacceptable.
		START II will reduce--if not eliminate--Russia's current advantage over the United States in the number of deployed warheads on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
		It may try to intimidate the Senate by arguing that refusing to meet the conditions is tantamount to opposing START II and jeopardizing a new round of arms control negotiations on START III.
	www.heritage.org /Research/MissileDefense/EM671.cfm (1106 words)

	Arms Control Association: Fact Sheets: START II and Its Extension Protocol at a Glance
		START II's ratification process began after U.S. President George H. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the agreement on January 3, 1993.
		The START II extension protocol shifted the deadline for completion of START II reductions from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2007.
		Unlike START I, which substantially undercounts weapons deployed on bombers, the number of weapons counted for bombers would be the number they are actually equipped to carry.
	www.armscontrol.org /factsheets/start2.asp (659 words)

	START II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		START II, the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was signed by George H. Bush and Boris Yeltsin in January 1993, which banned the use of MIRVs on ICBMs and hence often cited as De-MIRV-ing Agreement.
		The historic agreement started on June 17, 1992 with the signing of a 'Joint Understanding' by the presidents.
		The treaty was officially bypassed by SORT treaty, agreed to by presidents George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin at their summit meeting in November, 2001, and signed at Moscow Summit on May 24, 2002.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/START_II (534 words)

	Global Network - START II and the ABM Treaty
		But it hardly matters, since the Duma during the START II debate made it very clear that preserving the ABM Treaty in its current form is one of the key conditions of the ratification and the subsequent implementation of START II.
		Since this number is less than half of the START II level, the government has been pushing the ratification arguing that it is the only way to move on to the next stage of disarmament talks, which could begin only after START II enters into force.
		As we can see, regardless of whether the START II Treaty is ratified or not, Russia will be entering into a long period of uncertainty over the future of the next steps of the strategic arms reductions and over the future of the missile defense deployment and the ABM Treaty.
	www.space4peace.org /ethics/abm.htm (1928 words)

	Magog Positioning: False START? - Chuck Missler - Koinonia House
		The approval of START II also means the elimination of the large Peacekeeper (MX) missile and the reduction of warheads in the Minuteman missile from three to one.
		As the Russian General Staff has stated publicly, the START II Treaty would enhance the Russian counterforce advantage over the U.S. because they can exploit loopholes in the treaty to restore their MIRV capabilities quickly and because the number of U.S. targets is much reduced.
		The Senate approved START II despite the fact that Russia has national ballistic missile defenses in violation of the ABM Treaty, a strengthening Russian Triad, and other preparations aimed at establishing a strategic nuclear imbalance.
	www.khouse.org /articles/1996/83 (1061 words)

	Accept No Russian Conditions to Start II Treaty
		ALTER START II Any new conditions imposed by the Duma on implementation of START II would not be modifications to the treaty that would require Senate approval.
		The Duma conditions in and of themselves are tantamount to START II opposition; one way to defeat a treaty is to attach unrealistic or unacceptable conditions to its ratification or implementation.
		The Senate approved START II in 1996, and it is free to approve ratification of the 1997 protocol modifying the treaty without considering any conditions.
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/em561.cfm (906 words)

	Russia’s Duma Ratifies START II Treaty
		START II would reduce U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals to about 3,000-3,500 warheads each by the end of 2007 and enable both nations to step up efforts to work out an additional treaty, START III, for even deeper cuts.
		The START II pact was signed in 1993 by Presidents Bush and Yeltsin.
		The START II treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1996.
	www.spaceandtech.com /digest/sd2000-06/sd2000-06-003.shtml (624 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Russia Declares Itself No Longer Bound by START II
		According to a U.S. official, the collapse of START II has not upset the Bush administration because the United States and Russia have already “moved beyond” the accord with the May 24 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty.
		Russia had long complained that START II was unfair because Moscow deploys a greater proportion of its strategic warheads on MIRVed ICBMs than the United States.
		When Russia finally ratified START II in May 2000—seven years after the treaty was signed and four years after the Senate approved the accord—it conditioned the treaty’s entry into force on U.S. approval of a 1997 package of several arms control agreements, including measures to clarify the terms of the ABM Treaty.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2002_07-08/start2jul_aug02.asp (668 words)

	Russia Tears Up START II Treaty
		The START II treaty, signed in January 1993 by Boris Yeltsin and George Bush, provided for a two-thirds reduction in the two countries' nuclear arsenals to no more than 3,500 for the United States and 3,000 for Russia.
		"The START II treaty has been dead in the water for at least two or three years, and its implementation was always a non-starter," he told AFP.
		Putin has said on several occasions that Russia would withdraw from START II if Washington withdrew from the ABM treaty, "and he is simply keeping his promise," Safranchuk said.
	www.rense.com /general26/russiatearsupSTART.htm (575 words)

	START III: Opportunities and Consequences for Nuclear Disarmament
		Thus, START III may be reached even by the end of this year, but its implementation is still in question.
		Table 1 clearly shows that Russia is unable to sustain a strategic force at START II levels and thus is interested in deeper nuclear reductions.
		START III is unlikely impose any constraints on Russian strategic forces, but may force the United States to carry out "premature" nuclear cuts.
	www.armscontrol.ru /start/publications/em0509.htm (2071 words)

	CNN.com - Russian lawmakers ratify START II arms reduction treaty - April 14, 2000
		MOSCOW -- Russia's lower house of parliament on Friday approved the START II arms limitation agreement, which would cut in half the current number of nuclear warheads in Russia and the United States.
		START II was passed by the U.S. Senate in 1996.
		START II would reduce the number of U.S. and Russian nuclear warheads to about 3,000-3,500 each by the end of 2007.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/04/14/russia.startii.02 (731 words)

	DTIRP Treaty Information Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Subsequently, however, a START II Protocol was signed in 1997 requiring the Treaty to be resubmitted to the Senate.
		The START II Protocol and the ABM Demarcation Agreement were signed by the United States and Russia on September 26, 1997.
		The Protocol also extended the final deadline for START II limitations and reductions to December 31, 2007, but required half of all reductions and limitations to be completed by December 31, 2004.
	dtirp.dtra.mil /tic/tic_st2.htm (516 words)

	START II Factsheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		START II The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) II is the most recent product of the bilateral arms control track between the United States and the Russian Federation.
		It was signed by Presidents George Bush and Boris Yeltsin on January 3, 1993, during the summit in Moscow, and The United States Senate ratified the START II treaty on January 26, 1996.
		START II By December 31, 2003, each side shall deploy no more than 3,000-3,500 strategic nuclear warheads.
	www.ceip.org /programs/npp/factsheet1.htm (639 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Russia Ratifies START II - 14/4/00
		The U.S. Senate, which approved an earlier version of START II, must agree to a 1997 agreement to extend the deadline for START II and agreements related to the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty before START II can be implemented.
		Even after START II, both countries will retain thousands of nuclear weapons on hair-trigger alert, poised for mass attack, with decision-makers having just minutes to decide whether to launch thousands of nuclear- armed missiles.
		"START II ratification is helpful, but the Cold War nuclear doomsday machine is still on-line," said Ira Schorr, Coordinator of Back from the Brink, which is pursuing a web-based citizens' signature campaign to ‘de-alert' nuclear arsenals.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /news/articles/start21.htm (814 words)

	START II: Executive Summary
		Under START II, the Russians have agreed to eliminate all SS-18 missiles, both deployed and non-deployed.
		Under START II, heavy bombers will be counted using the number of nuclear weapons -- whether long-range nuclear ALCMs, short-range missiles or gravity bombs -- for which they are actually equipped.
		With the ratification of the Moscow Treaty on June 1, 2003, the United States and the Russian Federation have moved beyond START II to a new partnership on the reduction of strategic offensive weapons.
	www.defenselink.mil /acq/acic/treaties/start2/execsum.htm (314 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Don't Stop START II
		After coming within a hairbreadth of Russian ratification, START II is now in serious jeopardy because of the U.S. bombing of Iraq and provocative U.S. statements on the deployment of a national missile defense (NMD).
		If, as a consequence, the Russian Duma fails to act soon on START II, there will be little prospect of further progress on nuclear arms reductions during the remainder of the Clinton administration and quite possibly the loss of past arms control accomplishments as well.
		The Duma postponment of the vote on START II reflects the strong disapproval across the spectrum of Russian political opinion of the U.S. actions, which were perceived as being taken in disdainful disregard of strong Russian objections.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/1998_11-12/focnd98.asp (827 words)

	STADIUM 64 - Reviews Archive: Kik Start II - Commodore 128 Version
		The sound of the starting gun startles you but within half a second you are pulling back on the throttle and roaring towards the first jump.
		Kik Start II is an extended version of the original 64 program which boasts twenty seven tracks (three in memory and the others loaded in from disk eight at a time) along with extra course features, new hazards and a record table for each track (which unfortunelately can't be saved.
		When the starting gun sounds pushing right on ye olde joysticke accelerates the bike causing the landscape to scroll from right to left.
	s64.emuunlim.com /reviews/kikstart2128.htm (963 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - Russian Ratification of START II
		Russian Ratification of START II Note: on April 14, the lower house of the Russian Parliament, the Duma, approved ratification legislation for the START II Treaty by 288 votes to 131 with 4 abstentions and 27 deputies absent.
		The Russian Federation fulfils its obligations, provided for in the START II Treaty, in compliance with this Federal Law and other legal documents of the Russian Federation regulating measures and procedures relating to the implementation of the START II Treaty.
		Note: on April 14, the lower house of the Russian Parliament, the Duma, approved ratification legislation for the START II Treaty by 288 votes to 131 with 4 abstentions and 27 deputies absent.
	www.acronym.org.uk /45start.htm (4227 words)

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