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Topic: STR multiplex systems

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	Science of Identity
		As in the case of the VNTR systems, the sizes (i.e., number of DNA bases) of the STR fragments detected are used to characterize the sample DNA.
		STR loci that have been selected for forensic uses generally have 7 to 30 different alleles.
		Discrete alleles from STR systems may be obtained due to their smaller size, which puts them in the size range where DNA fragments differing by a single basepair in size may be differentiated.
	genetic-identity.com /Science_of_Identity/science_of_identity.html (1429 words)

	STR multiplex systems
		An STR multiplex system is used to quickly identify specific short tandem repeats.
		STR polymorphisms are genetic markers that may be used to geneticially identify a DNA sequence.
		The FBI uses 13 specific STR loci in their database.
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Biotechnology/STR_multiplex_systems.php (85 words)

	Dg600 Str (Site not responding. Last check: )
		STR multiplex systems - An STR multiplex system is used to quickly identify specific short tandem repeats.
		STR polymorphisms are genetic markers that may be used to identify a DNA sequence.
		STR analysis - Short tandem repeat or STR technology is a forensic analysis that evaluates specific regions (loci) that are found on nuclear DNA.
	coding.vvvvvv3.com /dg600str.html (100 words)

	Forensic Biology » Articles » DNA Profiling » "STR Multiplex Systems Help Solve ...
		STR (short tandem repeats) multiplex systems can produce reliable results to link a suspect to a crime with 1 nanogram or less of evidence.
		Using STR multiplex amplification systems, typing specific regions of the ten genetic markers was possible while consuming only five nanograms of the sample DNA.
		STRs are also being used for the development of criminal databases in some European countries to link suspects to crime scenes and similar crimes to one another.
	www.bxscience.edu /publications/forensics/articles/dna/h-dna11.htm (233 words)

	[No title]
		Polymorphisms of 6 STR loci on chromosome 22 in Chinese population (J.P. Tang et al.).
		Genotyping of 9 STR systems in combination with 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the Y-chromosome by fragment analysis and minisequencing (K. Bender et al.) Y-chromosome short tandem repeat polymorphisms: a comparison between humans and chimpanzees L.
		Validation of multiplex STR systems and population databases for the investigation of immigration cases (H.Sippel, M.Hedman, A.Sajantila).
	www.elsevier.com /framework_products/NFP_csv/nfp-2003mar.csv (9718 words)

	People v. Shreck
		When STR loci are amplified through the PCR process separately and run on a separate gel, the system is called "monoplex." Multiplex systems add more than one set of PCR primers to a reaction so as to be able to amplify several loci together and run them simultaneously.
		The court, however, ruled that because the multiplex system at issue in this case involves a combination nineplex and sixplex system using new loci and primers, it differs from previous STR tests in a critical way, thus triggering a new Frye analysis.
		Thus, the court concluded that the multiplex technique employed by the Profiler Plus and Cofiler systems is not generally accepted and that the DNA evidence resulting from its use is therefore inadmissible.
	www.law.du.edu /hyatt/Evidence/Shreck.htm (4496 words)

	Science of Identity
		STR loci are very numerous in the genome and many appropriate loci have already been identified.
		Discrete alleles from STR systems may be obtained due to their smaller size, which puts them in the size range where DNA fragments differing by a single basepair in size may be differentiated.
		STR loci commonly used in DNA typing: There are literally hundreds of STR systems which have been mapped throughout the human genome.
	www.dnatesting.biz /Science_of_Identity/science_of_identity.html (1429 words)

	DISTRICT COURT, COUNTY OF BOULDER, STATE OF COLORADO
		STR’s are multiple copies of an identical DNA sequence arranged in direct succession in a particular region of a chromosome.
		Multiplex systems that amplify and run three loci, or "triplex" systems, have been available commercially since 1993, and both monoplex and triplex systems have been in use for many years.
		Laboratories which choose to begin using such systems before appropriate validation has occurred, or systems which make adherence to TWGDAM difficult, as PE did by refusing to release its primer sequences and developmental data, must live with the possibility that their testing results may not be admissible in court.
	www.scientific.org /distribution/archive/Shreck.html (9481 words)

	STRBase
		Core Loci: FBI CODIS Core STR Loci and European Core Loci
		Please send comments or suggestions for this database to John Butler at john.butler@nist.gov.
		All users agree that all access and use of this web site and on any site linked to this one and the content thereof is at their own risk.
	www.cstl.nist.gov /biotech/strbase (340 words)

	DNA Paternity Testing Experts
		As in the case of the VNTR systems, the sizes (i.e., number of DNA bases) of the STR fragments detected are used to characterize the sample DNA.
		STR loci are very numerous in the genome and many appropriate loci have already been identified.
		Discrete alleles from STR systems may be obtained due to their smaller size, which puts them in the size range where DNA fragments differing by a single basepair in size may be differentiated.
	www.paternityexperts.com /str.html (1463 words)

	DNA Extraction from Whole Blood (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Multiplex STR analysis by PCR is an interesting approach as it allows reduced amount of DNA to be used for amplification while analyzing multiple systems.
		Alleles from 3 STR systems are clearly visible by CE (heterozygote for systems D18 and D12, homozygote for system D3), after this amplification from 25% of the DNA extracted from 10 µl of Blood.
		System D18 alleles are between 93 and 133 bp, System D3 alleles are between 150 and 182 bp, System D12 alleles are between 212 and 306 bp.
	www.beckman.com /resourcecenter/labresources/automatedsolutions/page1.asp (3664 words)

	:: Gene Print ::
		STR Analyses performed using the GenePrint® Fluorescent STR Systems and the Hitachi FMBIO® or the Molecular Dynamics FluorImager® Fluorescent Scanners.
		For each system, six DNA samples were amplified (lanes 1-6) and are shown with allelic ladders for the corresponding loci (lanes L).
		The amelogenin locus may be co-amplified and co-analized with a compatible multiplex system by mixing the amelogenin primers with those of the appropiate multiplex system prior to use.
	www.dczogbi.com /genetic4.html (905 words)

	Genelex: The Paternity DNA Testing Site
		STR analysis is performed using the GenePrint PowerPlex 1 and 2 Fluorescent STR systems from Promega Corporation, customized for the Hitachi FMBIO II Fluorescent Scanner.
		STR data were much less informative in this case, with the cumulative likelihood ratio for 14 STR loci falling below 60.
		STR testing is reserved for cases involving unusual and degraded samples such as decomposed bone and tissue, amniotic fluid, where turnaround is crucial, and in cases requiring extended typing as a result of mutations.
	www.genelex.com /paternitytesting/PromegaKin.html (1721 words)

	NIST Office of Law Enforcement Standards Standard Reference Materials
		The development of high-level multiplex PCR reactions for typing STRs located on the Y chromosome for human identification purposes is receiving a high level of attention in the forensic community.
		The multiplexes being developed are the first to include all of the European 11-locus "extended haplotype" in a single reaction.
		NIST is assisting the National Cancer Institute in the creation of a robust multiplex STR assay for cats and the development of population databases for various cat breeds.
	www.eeel.nist.gov /oles/forensics.html (2553 words)

	ARPANET - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Previously, data communications was based on the idea of circuit switching, as in the old typical telephone circuit, where a dedicated circuit is tied up for the duration of the call and communication is only possible with the single party on the other end of the circuit.
		With packet switching, a system could use one communication link to communicate with more than one machine by assembling data into packets.
		To build such a system was clearly a major military need, but it was not ARPA's mission to do this; in fact, we would have been severely criticized had we tried.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ARPANET (2955 words)

	DNA Consulting: learn about dna: articles & references: M. Population Studies Used for OmniPop :
		Allele Frequencies of 13 STR Loci and the D1S80 Locus in a Tamil Population from Madras, India.
		STR data for the PowerPlex 16 loci for the Chinese population in Hong Kong.
		STR polymorphisms of “forensic loci” in the northern Han Chinese population.
	dnaconsultants.com /Detailed/345.html (5061 words)

	Student Projects
		As the process of DNA degradation continues, STR typing decreases in usefulness, as primers may not be able to find an intact piece of the length base marker to prime in order to generate the exact length fragment.
		STR's are short sequences of DNA that are repeated one after another and the number of times the sequence is repeated varies from person to person.
		Furthermore, an in-house equine multiplex STR kit will be developed using published primers in order to be more independent of Applied Biosystems and to reduce costs of equine profiling services.
	www.fiu.edu /~ifri/FDPF/studentprojects.htm (2285 words)

	Overview of DNA Typing Systems
		The loci involved in this system are all sequence polymorphisms that are detected/delineated by hybridization to allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes.
		The discriminatory power of this system is much more limited than RFLP analysis (approximately 1:2000) because only a limited number of alleles (and therefore, a limited number of genotypes) exist in the population.
		Nevertheless, the system is useful when evidence samples yield limited amounts of DNA and/or DNA that is too degraded for RFLP analysis.
	science.kennesaw.edu /~rrascati/forensicpolymorphs.html (2402 words)

	Official Plymouth County District Attorney's Office Web Site
		PCR is a technique used in multiplex systems in which several areas of interest, or loci, are amplified at one time.
		By using repeated chemical reactions in which the strands of DNA bind together and come apart using one compromise temperature, multiplex systems are able to amplify the DNA at more than one loci at the same time.
		The STR CTT system is a multiplex system that tests for length differences at three loci.
	www.mass.gov /daplymouth/forensics/testingdes.htm (1292 words)

	ENFSI Abstracts
		STR profiles were the same for the DNA recovered from the hairs and for the DNA recovered from the femoral bone of decomposed body.
		The use of multiplex PCR and fluorescent dye in the analysis of short tandem repeat loci provides quick the generation of data based on population and reduces time of the genetic analyses.
		STR loci are also being used for paternity and for immigration testing.
	www.ies.krakow.pl /conferences/enfsi/data/_dna.htm (3796 words)

	Casework: A Y-STR Triplex for Use After Autosomal Multiplexes, Chang Yuet Meng, Forensic Science Communications, April ...
		Complementing existing STR analysis with validated Y-STR systems appears to be the current as well as future approach in forensic casework involving mixtures of body fluids.
		Whereas new, larger multiplexes such as Y-megaplexes certainly have advantages in studying the evolution of human Y-chromosomes, small Y-multiplexes consisting of three to five loci might be much more practical and robust.
		The system is also able to detect and characterize very limited numbers of male cells in a stain that is too weak to yield any autosomal result.
	www.fbi.gov /hq/lab/fsc/backissu/april2003/chang.htm (3701 words)

	GeneKinR Y-STR Systems
		These STR sequences represent a significant fraction of eukaryote (e.g., human) genomes and are detected mostly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis (5-8).
		Y-STR Systems will be of great benefit in analyzing mixed DNA samples, in investigating sexual assaults, as well as in paternity testing (paternal kinship test) where the alleged father is not available but other patrilineal relatives are (19).
		These systems are guaranteed for at least 6 months from date of purchase.
	www.genekotech.com /dnatype/kit/protocol.htm (433 words)

	NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service
		Rigorous performance checks on the optimized systems and an evaluation of the systems' abilities to discriminate between unrelated males demonstrated their potential utility in forensic casework.
		The three Y chromosome STR multiplex systems that allow for the co-amplification of 8 (+YAP) (MPIII), 21 (MPIV), and 13 (MPV) "noncore" Y-STRs, respectively, underwent a full developmental validation according to revised guidelines proposed by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods.
		One of the reasons why it may be necessary to use additional Y chromosome markers beyond the core set is to provide additional discriminatory power in an attempt to distinguish between two male suspects who share the same core loci haplotype.
	www.ncjrs.gov /App/Publications/Abstract.aspx?id=238421 (421 words)

	Comprehensive annotated STR physical map of the human y chromosome
		The derived information should be useful for workers who are designing novel Y-STR multiplexes to ensure the presence of non-synonymous loci and, if so desired, to avoid loci that lie within structural genes.
		It may also be useful for forensic casework practitioners (or molecular anthropologist) to aid in distinguishing between chromosomal rearrangements (such as duplications and deletions) and bona fide DNA admixtures or null alleles caused by primer binding site mutations.
		Hanson, E.K., and Ballantyne, J. Comprehensive annotated STR physical map of the human Y chromosome: Forensic Implications.
	ncfs.ucf.edu /ystar/ystar.html (781 words)

	NimbleGen Systems, Inc.
		NimbleGen is pleased to announce the availability of multiplex arrays for gene expression analysis, offering the ability to hybridize multiple samples in replicate high-density arrays on a single slide.
		Multiplex hybridizations are performed using a MAUI Hybridization System.
		Our multiplex arrays are sufficiently cost-effective that you can now analyze statistically meaningful populations for alterations in expression levels of annotated genes.
	nimblegen.com /multiplex/index.html (439 words)

	Klein, Wallin, and Buoncristiani, "Addressing Ambient Temperature Variation Effects on Sizing Precision of ...
		Although these STRs are tetranucleotide repeats, one-base microvariant alleles do occur at some loci; therefore, single-base sizing precision is desirable.
		STR sizing precision is dependent on ambient temperature control when using the 310 Genetic Analyzer with the internal standard GS-500.
		This method should also be considered for other STR multiplexes analyzed with GS-500 on the 310 Genetic Analyzer.
	www.fbi.gov /hq/lab/fsc/backissu/jan2003/klein.htm (3513 words)

	VA DFS - Abstracts
		The small size of the STR's facilitates their simultaneous amplification in a multiplex PCR, in which two or more loci are amplified in one reaction from a single DNA sample.
		The fluorescent STR technology itself is very amenable to the analysis of convicted offender samples because it is easily automated and adapted for high throughput.
		Currently the CODIS system in Virginia consists of a networked computer system in the Central Laboratory, where DNA (RFLP) profiles from subject cases, unsub cases, and convicted felons are indexed and searched using the CODIS system.
	www.dfs.virginia.gov /pubs/abstracts.cfm (9335 words)

	DNA 101
		STRs are short sequences of DNA, (usually 2, 3, 4, or 5 base pairs long), that are repeated numerous times in a head-tail manner.
		For STR markers, each allele is the number of repeats of the short base sequence.
		At present, virtually all the DYS designations are given to STR markers (a class often used in genetic genealogy).
	blairgenealogy.com /dna/dna101.html (2602 words)

	18th International Symposium on Human Identification
		To demonstrate the program structure, consisting of theoretical knowledge presented in multi-media self-paced modules, a practical skills manual for use in the student's laboratory, and a trainer guidance module
		Provide an overview of the individual subject areas of Forensic Biology, DNA Extraction and Quantitation, DNA Amplification, Amplified DNA Product Separation, STR Data Analysis and Interpretation, Population Genetics and Statistics, Communicating Results, and Other DNA Markers and Technologies
		Illustrate how Technical Leaders can use the program to train new analysts
	www.promega.com /geneticsymp18 (2205 words)

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