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	South-West Africa People's Organisation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SWAPO was founded, along with a number of other groups, as a liberation organisation: following the First World War, South-West Africa — formerly a German colony — was turned over to South Africa to rule as a League of Nations mandate territory for the British.
		SWAPO was essentially a military organisation, using guerrilla tactics to fight the South African military.
		It was based in Zambia and then after 1975, in Angola, where SWAPO was allied with their fellow Marxists in the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South-West_Africa_People's_Organisation (417 words)

	Standing by Swapo - British Campaigning for Namibia
		SWAPO nevertheless sent a strong delegation to the ‘International Conference on South West Africa’ sponsored by the AntiApartheid Movement and the Africa Bureau, held in Oxford in 1965 and chaired by the then Swedish education minister Olof Palme.
		SWAPO’s move from Lusaka to Luanda and their respective rural bases, its closer association with the Soviet bloc after the non-alignment of earlier years, and the hardening of UN positions towards the South African occupation since the 1971 Advisory Opinion all meant a change of gear in our work.
		After the massacre of SWAPO exiles by South African paratroops in the transit camp of Kassinga in southern Angola on 9 May 1978, £8000 worth of aid was immediately airfreighted, in co-operation with sympathetic organizations, to the 600 injured in the raid.
	www.anc.org.za /un/conference/rvigne.html (3943 words)

	Swapo sorry about 'infighting'
		Swapo's almost military-like discipline took a nosedive when Namibia's founding president Sam Nujoma fired his foreign minister Hidipo Hamutenya in May, a few days before a party congress picked a presidential candidate.
		Swapo won 75.1% of the vote in the elections in the southern African country, its third victory since Namibia's independence from apartheid South Africa in 1990.
		Swapo won 55 of the 72 seats in the new assembly whose members were scheduled to be sworn in on March 18.
	www.news24.com /News24/Africa/Features/0,,2-11-37_1674585,00.html (505 words)

	AfricaFiles \| Heavy handed democracy: SWAPO's victory in Namibia
		SWAPO in Namibia is found to be reverting to its old tricks of launching scurrilous ad hominem attacks on opponents and wrapping itself in the flag to crush the fledgling Congress of Democrats (CoD) at the polls.
		SWAPO also emerged as the victor in the Caprivi region, hitherto dominated by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance which suffered from the association of its former leadership with August's abortive secessionist rebellion.
		In fairness to SWAPO, the bad-tempered tone of the campaign was almost inevitable, given the emergence of the CoD as an opposition party with a difference in that its formation was prompted by the resignation of a heavyweight SWAPO leader.
	www.africafiles.org /article.asp?ID=3665 (2308 words)

	Green Left - Tensions grow between Namibian unions and SWAPO
		SWAPO and the National Union of Namibian Workers (NUNW) were close allies during the struggle for liberation.
		SWAPO argued that, as a new government with limited control over the economy, it was not in a position to guarantee such rights.
		The delay was caused by SWAPO's insistence on bringing both unions and employers on board, and by what the NUNW perceived as the undue influence of employers on the contents of the act.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/1996/247/247p18.htm (1227 words)

	OJPCR 5.1 -- Truth and Reconciliation: The Road Not Taken in Namibia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		SWAPO leaders tended to suppress dissent and to squelch dissenters but because of the wartime struggle against an evil enemy known to be ruthless, such behavior was typically ignored or disregarded by many outsiders.
		SWAPO politicians constantly (and not so subtly) attempt to discredit most of their critics by suggesting they were on the wrong side in the struggle against apartheid (as the DTA was but most other parties were not).
		The acronym SWAPO (for South West African Peoples Organization) based on the name of the colony prior to the 1970s, became a misnomer when the official name of the territory, and later the country, was changed to Namibia with the imprimatur of the United Nations.
	www.trinstitute.org /ojpcr/5_1conway.htm (5269 words)

	Timothy Dauth, Review of Siegfried Groth's Namibia - the Wall of Silence: the Dark Days of the Liberation Struggle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although Swapo has made remonstrations to the contrary, Groth's background appears to be that of an active friend of the liberation struggle, and in many ways a supporter of Swapo itself, who decided to break a long standing taboo against criticising the movement.
		For Swapo, to "call for confessions and apologies is to denounce reconciliation." (Peter Kavaongelwa, Secretary For Labour and Economic Affairs, Swapo Youth League, in a letter to the editor, The Namibian, 29/3/96.) So far this has suited all parties concerned except for a section of the innocent and aggrieved on either side.
		Some Swapo activists are privately eager that the detainee issue be cleared up, not least for the reason that their own friends or relatives had suffered under detention and still carried the stigma of being accused as spies.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/37/054.html (4182 words)

	AEGiS-Reuters: SWAPO Declared Winner in Namibia Election
		Pohamba, 69, who spent three decades in exile as Nujoma's confidant before Namibia won independence from apartheid South Africa in 1990, has made redistribution of land from white farmers to fls a key plank of his campaign.
		While he promises to cut poverty, critics say the election of another liberation veteran will do little to show that SWAPO is moving on from that struggle, or change the picture for foreigners who have been slow to invest in Namibia.
		SWAPO, which turned from guerrilla movement to political party after independence, also won 55 out of 72 parliamentary seats, according to official results released on Sunday.
	www.aegis.com /news/re/2004/RE041141.html (611 words)

	NamibWeb.com - The online guide to Namibia: Death in the Desert: The Namibian Tragedy: SWAPO: A Marxist-Leninist ...
		SWAPO's terror campaign was launched in February 1966 at Ondumbashe in Owamboland near the Angolan border.
		SWAPO cadres also were taught the fine arts of murder, terror and intimidation by scores of Soviet Bloc trainers and advisors.
		Soviet support is still continuing to SWAPO in spite of the phony atmosphere of glasnost being used by the Gorbachev regime to hoodwink the West.
	www.namibweb.com /chap6.htm (2989 words)

	Into Angola - Operation REINDEER - Death in the Desert: The Namibian Tragedy by Morgan Norval
		Even though SWAPO claimed the complex was a refugee camp, the large amount of war materiel captured and destroyed, the documentary proof seized proving its military nature, and aerial photographs of the network of defensive trenches and fortifications, showed that SWAPO's claim was an outright lie.
		In addition, the attack was coming under heavy fire from the SWAPO defensive positions who were wildly shooting at any movement in the bush and maize fields caused by the passage of the South Africans.
		SWAPO also moved their bases closer to those of the Angolan Army, hoping that the FAPLA presence nearby would act as a deterrent to future South African attacks.
	www.geocities.com /odjobman/norch13.htm (5170 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Namibia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Prior to the 1999 elections, SWAPO took advantage of its 3/4 majority in the legislature to amend the Constitution so as to permit Nujoma to run for a third presidential term.
		SWAPO dominance of the executive continues with the election of Hifikepunye Pohamba, the SWAPO candidate, in presidential elections held in November 2004.
		SWAPO remains the party of the Ovambo majority.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Nam1.htm (552 words)

	COUNTERREVOLUTION IN NAMIBA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		SWAPO's origins lie in the Ovambo People's Organization, which was formed in the late 1950s to provide social support and political representation for the Ovambo people of Namibia.
		SWAPO camps attacked during the SADF's Operation Daisy were found laid out as much for defense against UNITA as for defense against the SADF.
		The dogged survival of the moderate movement suggests SWAPO is not the shootin for political power that the movement and its supporters assert it to be.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj87/owen.html (4032 words)

	INTERNATIONAL ACTION FOR NAMIBIA’S INDEPENDENCE
		SWAPO did not achieve the status of the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people because of any resolutions by the United Nations or OAU but because it sprang from the people and has been led by men and women of great integrity.
		India's decision to grant diplomatic status to SWAPO is not only a culmination of forty years of solidarity with the Namibian people but has great international significance at this time when the racist regime in South Africa and its friends are intensifying manoeuvres to complicate the situation in the whole of Southern Africa.
		India has shown, by granting diplomatic status to SWAPO and by offering increased material assistance to it, that she will continue to make a major contribution both as Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement and after her term ends later this year.
	www.anc.org.za /un/reddy/struggle4.html (7963 words)

	Military Chronicle of South-West Africa
		In January 1987 SWAPO terrorists were active in white farming areas for the first time since 1983, but their activities were effectively neutralised by the security forces' counter insurgency-operations.
		Confrontations and ambushes with terrorist gangs of SWAPO for example decreased from 206 in 1987 to 132 in 1988, whilst landmine incidents decreased from 97 in 1987 to 89 in 1988.
		The price SWAPO had to pay for its failed revolutionary onslaught of 22 years was high: since the skirmish on 26 August 1966, to the end of 1988, 11,335 terrorists were killed in battles with the security forces.
	www.rhodesia.nl /swatf.htm (8484 words)

	Into Angola - Operation PROTEA - Death in the Desert: The Namibian Tragedy by Morgan Norval
		Xangongo was the headquarters of SWAPO's "northwestern front." The headquarters planned and directed SWAPO terrorist elements whose area of operations were primarily in the Kaokoland, and western and central Owamboland.
		As long as SWAPO continued its terrorist activities in Namibia it could expect to be on the receiving end of further security force operations in Angola.
		SWAPO, as a result of REINDEER, had adopted a strategy of moving its bases closer to FAPLA bases in an effort to discourage attacks by the South Africans.
	www.geocities.com /odjobman/norch14.htm (2978 words)

	Films on Namibia by Michael Mercer
		The 20-year history of SWAPO is limited to its main features: its non-violent beginnings, a false hope in UN resolutions (a brave admission in a film by the UN), then the guerrilla war.
		For example, we watch SWAPO organizers squeeze together atop a makeshift platform to address a large gathering of Africans dressed in their simple but brightly colored clothing, some sitting on parked cars for a better view, others in trees to get some relief from the sun.
		This was the birth of the movement, SWAPO.
	www.ejumpcut.org /archive/onlinessays/JC21folder/NamibiaDocs.html (1537 words)

	Nine Days of War and South Africa’s Final days in Namibia
		SWAPO's main intention was to be in a position to influence and subvert the elections by intimidating the voters with the presence of armed groups spread throughout the country.
		Thatcher, then on a visit to Namibia, that she emphasize the fact that SWAPO was "flouting the authority of the UN", not that of South Africa, since resolution 435 had been implemented under the auspices of the UN.
		SWAPO's track record of intimidation is also given close scrutiny by the author, including details of schoolchildren being forced to attend SWAPO meetings to shout slogans and shake clenched fists (the traditional Communist salute) - those who refused were expelled from school.
	www.booksofzimbabwe.com /nine_days_of_war.html (1550 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Swapo poised for Namibia win
		The candidate of Namibia's ruling Swapo party appears to be heading for an easy victory in the presidential election.
		Swapo is also leading the race to elect members of the 72-seat National Assembly with 83% of the votes counted so far.
		Mr Nujoma and Mr Pohamba are both founding members of Swapo, which led an armed struggle against apartheid South African rule for more than three decades.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/4026823.stm (267 words)

	1996 Human Rights Report: Namibia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		President Nujoma and the SWAPO party received just over 70 percent of the vote in the December 1994 Presidential and National Assembly elections, which, despite some irregularities, were generally regarded as free and fair.
		SWAPO was viewed widely as having failed, once again, to deal forthrightly with the missing detainee issue.
		The ruling SWAPO party won 53 of the 72 elected National Assembly seats, the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, the major opposition party) secured 15 seats, and three smaller parties obtained a total of 4 seats.
	www.usemb.se /human/1996/africa/namibia.html (4347 words)

	Volume TWO Chapter TWO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Were SWAPO to succeed in establishing a permanent foothold in the south of Angola, both the South African government and the administration in Windhoek feared that its capacity to disrupt the election would be enhanced.
		SWAPO had also installed two anti-aircraft guns in the centre of the village, and the camp contained a self-defence unit of approximately 300 male and female PLAN cadres.
		SWAPO established camps and bases in the south of Angola after Angola became independent in 1975 and began operations along the Angola–South West Africa border.
	www.stanford.edu /class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/2chap2.htm (20706 words)

	IFEX :: Political party joins government in advertising and purchasing ban against independent newspaper
		SWAPO Secretary General Hifikepunye Pohamba sent letters to the party's regional co-ordinators on Wednesday 13 June 2001, telling them not to use the party's funds on "The Namibian".
		"The Secretary General of SWAPO party hereby directs all party regional co-ordinators as well as party functionaries at the district, branch and section levels not to advertise in or procure 'The Namibian' newspaper with party funds," wrote Pohamba.
		SWAPO Chief Administrator Andre Hashiyana said the party's businesses are also expected to follow suit.
	www.ifex.org /en/content/view/full/13785 (769 words)

	H-Net Review: Timothy Dauth on The Question of Namibia
		Crucially, for example, no significant attention is given to implications of the UN General Assembly's 1973 decision to accord SWAPO the status of "sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people." [1] There is also little mention of the role of the United Nations Institute for Namibia.
		Kaela's assertion that the intent of SWAPO was to "boost [its] presence before the cease-fire as a calculated move to safeguard its electoral prospects" (p.122) is not entirely unlikely.
		SWAPO felt that in this instance it was not bound by the Geneva protocols, and could refer to 435, which it considered the overriding document.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=20817873843551 (1474 words)

	Namibia - political parties
		The flag with blue red green horizontal stripes on the Namibia page is the flag of SWAPO (one of Namibia's main political parties) as illustrated on p.
		According to a Danish encyclopedia, SWANU was established in 1959 and SWAPO in 1960.
		SWAPO in Namibia represents the major Ovambo group (47% of the Namibian population), while SWANU (is that now Congress of Democrats?) represents the Herero (7%) and Damara (7%).
	flagspot.net /flags/na}.html (1034 words)

	afrol News - Swapo on track to boost majority in Namibia
		If the trends emerging in the early results are repeated countrywide, SWAPO is likely to increase its two-thirds majority in parliament, while Mr Pohamba might receive an even more popular mandate than President Sam Nujoma.
		Although it was difficult to predict the outcome because of the limited results available, initial indications appear to point to both the DTA of Namibia and the Congress of Democrats (CoD) losing a number of seats in the National Assembly.
		SWAPO was always expected to win, and to win by a landslide, but if pattern of the early results holds firm, the party should increase its two-thirds majority in the National Assembly.
	www.afrol.com /articles/14836 (948 words)

	Online NewsHour -- Land Redistribution in Southern Africa: Namibian Land History
		SWAPO begins a struggle to free Namibia from South African rule.
		The Constituent Assembly, led by SWAPO and which later became the National Assembly, drafts and adopts a constitution.
		Attendants at the conference urge that land owned by absentees should be expropriated and that ownership of very large farms or several farms by one owner should not be allowed.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/africa/land/ct_namibia.html (760 words)

	Namibia News Online (3) - 3/8/98
		Under President Nujoma, SWAPO has governed the country with a two-thirds majority in the national assembly since 1994, holding also a clear majority in the national council, the upper chamber of parliament, and most of the regional councils.
		SWAPO had promised during the liberation struggle that it would provide jobs which never materialised, development which so far remains centralised and equal distribution of wealth, which is largely controlled by a few whites.
		Soiri replies: "For SWAPO supporters, its either SWAPO or nothing else." She says the reasons for this attitude are historical.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Newsletters/nano3.html (4214 words)

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