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Topic: SYN (TCP)

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	Transmission Control Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		TCP checks to make sure that no packets are lost by giving each packet a sequence number, which is also used to make sure that the data are delivered to the entity at the other end in the correct order.
		The TCP checks that no bytes are damaged by using a checksum; one is computed at the sender for each block of data before it is sent, and checked at the receiver.
		The TCP length field is the length of the TCP header and data.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol (3288 words)

	RFC 761 (rfc761) - DoD standard Transmission Control Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The TCP specification describes an interface to the higher level protocols which appears to be implementable even for the front-end case, as long as a suitable host-to-front end protocol is implemented.
		TCP also provides a means to communicate to the receiver of data that at some point further along in the data stream than the receiver is currently reading there is urgent data.
		TCP does not attempt to define what the user specifically does upon being notified of pending urgent data, but the general notion is that the receiving process should take action to read through the end urgent data quickly.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc761.html (16170 words)

	SYN (TCP) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SYN (synchronize) is a type of packet used by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) when initiating a new connection to synchronize the sequence numbers on two connecting computers.
		The SYN is acknowledged by a SYN/ACK by the responding computer.
		A type of denial of service attack known as a SYN flood involves sending large numbers of SYN packets and ignoring the return, thereby forcing the server to keep track of a large number of half-open connections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/SYN_(TCP) (108 words)

	RFC 793 (rfc793) - Transmission Control Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		TCP also provides a means to communicate to the receiver of data that at some point further along in the data stream than the receiver is [Page 12] September 1981 Transmission Control Protocol Philosophy currently reading there is urgent data.
		TCP does not attempt to define what the user specifically does upon being notified of pending urgent data, but the general notion is that the receiving process will take action to process the urgent data quickly.
		TCP implementors may violate the "quiet time" restriction, but only at the risk of causing some old data to be accepted as new or new data rejected as old duplicated by some receivers in the internet system.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc793.html (16066 words)

	TCP Connection Open
		TCP states represent the state AFTER the departure or arrival of the segment (whose contents are shown in the center of each line).
		In line 3, TCP B sends a SYN and acknowledges the SYN it received from TCP A. Note that the acknowledgment field indicates TCP B is now expecting to hear sequence 101, acknowledging the SYN which occupied sequence 100.
		TCP A detects that the ACK field is incorrect and returns a RST (reset) with its SEQ field selected to make the segment believable.
	www.freesoft.org /CIE/Course/Section4/10.htm (1662 words)

	TCP/IP Security
		TCP is run over an unreliable IP, and IP does not guarantee delivery of packets, and does not necessarily deliver the packets in sequence.
		In all other cases (when the SYN bit is not set), the 32-bit sequence number identifies the sequence number of the first data byte contained in that segment.
		For example, with TCP wrappers in place, when a user attempts to rlogin, the standard rlogin program is not run directly; first, the tiny wrapper program is run, which performs some security functions, and then, assuming everything checks out, the actual rlogin program is run.
	www.linuxsecurity.com /resource_files/documentation/tcpip-security.html (10596 words)

	Feature: Understanding TCP Reset Attacks, Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		TCP is an abbreviation for the Transmission Control Protocol, defined in RFC 793 which was released in September of 1981.
		The SYN bit is used in establishing a TCP connection to synchronize the sequence numbers between both endpoints.
		When a TCP connection is made, the combination of the source port and IP address and the destination port and IP address results in a unique fingerprint that can be used to differentiate between all active TCP connections.
	kerneltrap.org /node/view/3072 (5956 words)

	Hardening the TCP/IP stack to SYN attacks
		The SYN RECEIVED state is created when the victim host receives a connection request (a packet with SYN flag set) and allocates for it some memory resources.
		SYN cookies protection is especially useful when the system is under a SYN flood attack and source IP addresses of SYN packets are also forged (a SYN spoofing attack).
		During a SYN attack the system generates a response by sending back a packet with a cookie, instead of rejecting the connection when the SYN queue is full.
	www.securityfocus.com /infocus/1729 (3117 words)

	CERT Advisory CA-1996-21 TCP SYN Flooding and IP Spoofing Attacks
		The consequences of the attack may vary depending on the system; however, the attack itself is fundamental to the TCP protocol used by all systems.
		The attacking system sends SYN messages to the victim server system; these appear to be legitimate but in fact reference a client system that is unable to respond to the SYN-ACK messages.
		This patch adds a TCP SYN cache which reduces and/or eliminates the effects of SYN-type denial of service attacks such as those discussed in CERT advisory CA 96.21.
	www.cert.org /advisories/CA-1996-21.html (2736 words)

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