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Topic: Saccharin

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	Saccharin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Saccharin is the oldest artificial sweetener; it was discovered in 1879 by Ira Remsen and Constantin Fahlberg of Johns Hopkins University.
		Saccharin is about 300 times as sweet as sucrose, but has an unpleasant bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations.
		Saccharin's sweetness was accidentally discovered by Ira Remsen, a professor at Johns Hopkins University, and Constantin Fahlberg, a research fellow working in Remsen's lab.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saccharin (876 words)

	791. Saccharin and its salts (WHO Food Additives Series 32)
		SACCHARIN AND ITS SALTS First draft prepared by Ms E. Vavasour Toxicological Evaluation Division Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate Health and Welfare Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1 EXPLANATION Saccharin was evaluated by the Committee at its eleventh, eighteenth, twenty-first, twenty-fourth, twenty-sixth and twenty-eighth meetings (Annex 1, references 14, 35, 44, 53, 59, and 66).
		Measurement of the extent of faecal excretion of orally administered saccharin indicated that gastrointestinal absorption was incomplete and variable in the rat, with the percentage of the administered dose recovered in the faeces ranging from 3-39% (Renwick 1985).
		The Committee concluded from the long-term feeding studies that the dose-related carcinogenic activity of sodium saccharin on the urinary bladder was specific to the male rat and that exposure during the neonatal period was critical for the subsequent development of these tumours in the absence of an initiator or stimulus such as freeze ulceration.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v32je09.htm (10988 words)

	Saccharin
		Saccharin was discovered in 1879 by Constantine Fahlberg, while working in the laboratory of Ira Remsen, quite by accident as were most other sweeteners.
		By 1907, saccharin was used as a replacement for sugar in foods for diabetics.
		Saccharin also is one of the most studied food ingredients.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/549saccharin.html (450 words)

	Comments on Saccharin
		The authors summarized their study overall by stating, "sodium saccharin induced a decrease in time to tumor as observed in dead and moribund animals." They further noted that no changes in urinary composition "were associated with increasing levels of sodium saccharin in the diet.
		In sharp contrast, human consumers of saccharin are exposed to a wide range of environmental and occupational toxins, suffer diseases ranging from alcoholism to malnutrition, and often consume for many years diverse legal (tobacco and alcohol) and illegal drugs.
		If a dose of 0.1% saccharin were, arguendo, considered the no-effect level, that is equivalent to just 50 mg/kg bw/day, or just four times higher than a 90th percentile adult consumer and just twice as high as a child in the 90th percentile of consumption.
	www.cspinet.org /reports/saccomnt.htm (2531 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It has been a part of our daily lives for more than 100 years and is used by millions of people to stay in better overall health and control weight.
		Saccharin also has been the subject of controversy almost since it was discovered, but now it is one of the most thoroughly tested food ingredients.
		In fact, saccharin’s safety is supported by 30 human studies, a century of use, the approval of the World Health Organization and 100 countries around the world, as well as leading health groups.
	www.saccharin.org (112 words)

	NIEHS Press Release - Panel Recommends That Saccharin Remain on U.S. List of Carcinogens - October 31, 1997
		Saccharin has never been listed as a "known" human carcinogen but, since 1981, has been in a lesser category as "anticipated" to be a carcinogen (or "likely to be") based on evidence that included testing in animals.
		Saccharin, which provides a sweet taste without the calories of sugar, became the first artificial sweetener after it was discovered by two chemists in 1879.
		Saccharin became widely used by diabetics and was used in drugs in which sugar might lead to spoilage.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /oc/news/advfri.htm (1298 words)

	545. Saccharin (WHO Food Additives Series 17)
		Feeding male rats diets containing 1-10% saccharin for 22 days resulted in tissue concentrations of saccharin in the kidney and bladder which were greater than the concentration of saccharin in the plasma, while the concentrations of saccharin in the liver, lungs, spleen, adrenal, fat and muscle were less than in the plasma.
		C-saccharin was excreted in the bile as unchanged saccharin.
		C-labelled saccharin (Byard et al., 1974) demonstrated that the reduced recovery was an artifact thought to be due to the binding of a portion of the urinary saccharin to unidentified urinary constituents.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v17je25.htm (9207 words)

	Calorie Control Council \| Low-Calorie Sweeteners: Saccharin
		Saccharin is not metabolized (it passes through the body unchanged) and does not react with DNA (nucleic acid present in all living cells), meaning that saccharin lacks two of the major characteristics of a classical carcinogen.
		In summary, the case against saccharin was based primarily on controversial high-dose rat studies in which a sensitive strain was fed the human equivalent of the sodium saccharin in hundreds of cans of diet soft drink a day for a lifetime.
		Saccharin's effects on the rat bladder relate to the salt form (sodium saccharin), diet, urine pH and sodium levels, protein concentrations and types of proteins, and the sex, age and strain of the rats fed sodium saccharin.
	www.caloriecontrol.org /sacchar.html (1754 words)

	Last eval.: Saccharin and its Salts (last eval.:Vol73) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sodium saccharin was not carcinogenic for the urinary bladder in several one-generation studies in male and female rats or in mice.
		Saccharin (acid form) did not produce tumours in one study in male and female mice, in one study in male rats or in one study in female rats.
		Sodium saccharin was mutagenic in host-mediated and body fluid assays and caused DNA single-strand breaks in hepatic and renal cells of mice; however, bile from rats exposed to sodium saccharin was not mutagenic.
	monographs.iarc.fr /htdocs/monographs/vol73/73-19.html (1433 words)

	Saccharin May Be Delisted From NIH's Carcinogen List
		The case for clearing saccharin's name "is pretty good, I must say," says Arnold Brown, chairman of the nine-member advisory panel to the NIH and dean emeritus of the University of Wisconsin Medical School in Madison.
		Saccharin was added to the government's Report on Carcinogens in 1981 and is one of 169 substances, including chloroform, that can be "reasonably anticipated" to cause cancer in humans, according to the government.
		Saccharin consumption in the U.S. peaked in 1984, at an annual 10 pounds per person, figured on a sugar-sweetness equivalent basis, and is now about seven pounds.
	www.junkscience.com /news/saccharin.html (1935 words)

	Sugar Substitutes: Americans Opt for Sweetness and Lite
		The granddaddy of all sugar substitutes is saccharin.
		Saccharin has remained on the market and continues to have a fairly large appeal as a tabletop sweetener, particularly in restaurants, where it is available in single-serving packets under trade names such as Sweet 'n Low.
		While questions about saccharin may persist, the safety of another artificial sweetener, aspartame, is clear cut, say FDA officials.
	www.fda.gov /fdac/features/1999/699_sugar.html (2669 words)

	Saccharin (Suppl7) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In rats, oral administration sodium saccharin significantly increased the incidence of bladder neoplasms induced by ulceration of bladder mucosa [ref: 27,28].
		Additionally, when it is reported that 'saccharin' (presumably sodium saccharin) causes a positive response, primarily in assays for chromosomal effects, the effect is seen only with very high concentrations, at which simple salts also give responses [ref: 29].
		Treatment of mice with saccharin did not induce micronuclei or chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells or spermatocytes; conflicting results were obtained for the induction of dominant lethal mutations.
	monographs.iarc.fr /htdocs/monographs/suppl7/saccharin.html (2259 words)

	Saccharin Still Poses Cancer Risk, Scientists Tell Federal Agency
		Saying that numerous studies indicate that saccharin may cause cancer, a group of scientists is urging the government to keep that artificial sweetener on its list of cancer-causing chemicals.
		Samuel Epstein, M.D., another co-signer, said, "In light of the many animal and human studies clearly demonstrating that saccharin is carcinogenic, it is astonishing that the NTP is even considering delisting saccharin." Dr. Epstein is a professor of environmental medicine at the School of Public Health, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago.
		Industry acknowledges that saccharin causes bladder cancer in rats, but says its research shows that those cancers result from physiologic changes that only occur when rats ingest large doses of saccharin and are not relevant to humans.
	www.cspinet.org /new/saccharn.htm (676 words)

	Bid to Absolve Saccharin Is Rebuffed by U.S. Panel
		WASHINGTON -- The artificial sweetener saccharin, which for 20 years has been dogged by suspicion that it causes cancer, was denied the scientific equivalent of parole Friday when a board of independent experts recommended that it remain on the government's list of suspected carcinogens.
		Most scientists had expected the panel to decide that saccharin, perhaps the most studied food additive ever, should become the first substance ever to be struck from the carcinogen roster.
		Although saccharin in high doses has been shown to cause bladder cancer in rats, recent research has suggested that the rat studies are not applicable to humans, whose urinary functions are different.
	www.junkscience.com /news/sac2.html (694 words)

	Saccharin
		Saccharin was discovered in 1879 by researchers at Johns Hopkins University.
		Saccharin is between 300 and 500 times sweeter than sugar and is found in all sorts of consumer products from foods to vitamins and pharmaceuticals.
		Since the 1970s, products containing Saccharin (except for over-the-counter drugs) had to include a warning label because of tests which showed it to be a carcinogenic substance.
	www.innvista.com /HEALTH/nutrition/diet/sacchar.htm (410 words)

	Saccharin Dropped From Cancer List
		Saccharin previously had received a clean bill of health from such groups as the American Cancer Society, the American Medical Association, the American Dietetic Association and the American Diabetes Association.
		Congress did pass legislation requiring all saccharin products to carry a label warning that the sweetener "may be hazardous to your health" because it caused cancer in lab animals.
		Saccharin is the oldest of the common artificial sweeteners.
	implants.clic.net /tony/Corner/K/0708.html (638 words)

	CNN - There may be sweet news for saccharin - July 18, 1997
		Saccharin is an artifical sweetener that is 200 to 500 times sweeter than sugar.
		Since 1981, saccharin has been listed in an "anticipated" human carcinogen category, based on evidence that included a Canadian study on rats.
		If saccharin is removed from the carcinogen list, its warning label could be dropped as well.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/9707/18/saccharin (290 words)

	Saccharin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The case of the artificial sweetner saccharin is a classic example of how regulators are quick to create health scares and stick with them long after the evidence is in that they were wrong.
		In studies rats given very high doses of saccharin developed bladder cancer, so the FDA required saccharin to be labeled as a possible carcinogen.
		Later research demonstrated that saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats through a mechanism that was not present in human beings.
	www.skepticism.net /faq/health_scares/saccharin (151 words)

	Saccharin - the sugar substitute we've all heard about - but how bad is it really?
		The warnings were the result of studies conducted by the FDA that showed long-term use of saccharin was related to bladder cancer.
		In 1978 and 1979, the National Cancer Institute conducted a study that concluded that heavy use of saccharin was related to cancer of the bladder.
		Unfortunately, the substitutes for saccharin are worse than anything the studies revealed about saccharin.
	www.foodanddiet.com /NewFiles/saccharin.html (280 words)

	CNN - Expert panel suggests keeping warning on saccharin - October 31, 1997
		In a reflection of the extent of the enduring controversy, the panel's conclusion was by a narrow 4-to-3 margin.
		"The case against saccharin still rests primarily on controversial high-dose rate studies in which the animals were fed the human equivalent of hundreds of cans of diet soft drink per day for their entire lifetime," Keeney said.
		But Hooper and the three other panel members who voted not to change the saccharin warning argued that there was clear evidence of increase cancer risk among male rats fed saccharin.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/9710/31/saccharin.cancer (421 words)

	ChemCases: NutraSweet - 1e. Sweeteners
		Saccharin’s sweetness was noted in 1879 by a Johns Hopkins worker who inadvertently licked his fingers after spilling the chemical on his hands.
		For example, the structures of fructose, saccharin, and aspartame are quite different.
		Acesulfame is approximately 200 times as sweet as sugar, but, like saccharin, is reported to have some bitter aftertaste.
	science.kennesaw.edu /~mhermes/nutra/nutra1e.htm (1620 words)

	Saccharin - Authors' Opinion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Saccharin is the stable alternative to aspartame when it comes to artificial sweeteners in products like toothpastes and mouthwashes.
		Saccharin offers sweetness in candies and baked goods to those who need to reduce their sugar consumption such as diabetics.
		“Saccharin” still raises a flag of caution to many people who are familiar with its history – the public consumer and the working population.
	enhs.umn.edu /saccharin/authop.html (306 words)

	Saccharin (Group 2B - Possible Carcinogen) IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Taylor, J.M., Weinberger, M.A. and Friedman, L. (1980) Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of the urinary bladder of sodium saccharin in the in utero-exposed rat.
		Schoenig, G.P., Goldenthal, E.I., Geil, R.G., Frith, C.H., Richter, W.R. and Carlborg, F.W. (1985) Evaluation of the dose response and in utero exposure to saccharin in the rat.
		Schmähl, D. and Habs, M. (1984) Investigations on the carcinogenicity of the artificial sweeteners sodium cyclamate and sodium saccharin in rats in a two-generation experiment.
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Saccharin-Carcinogen-IARC30sep99.htm (2449 words)

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