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Topic: Sacral

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	eMedicine - Congenital Spinal Deformity : Article by Robert Mervyn Letts, MD, FRCSC, FACSC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Sacral agenesis is the term commonly applied to a group of disorders characterized by absence of the variable portion of the caudal portion of the spine.
		Sacral agenesis is an uncommon congenital deformity of the spine occurring in approximately 1 of 25,000 live births.
		Type II is partial sacral agenesis with a bilaterally symmetrical defect, a normal or hypoplastic sacral vertebra, and a stable articulation between the ilia and the first sacral vertebra.
	www.emedicine.com /orthoped/topic618.htm (11264 words)

	Sacral dimples
		Seven of the 94 cases (7%) had an abnormality on ultrasound, but the skin lesions were swellings, tags, or nevi or a pit with a hair growing out of it.
		Sacral pits, dimples or hairiness are not indicative of abnormal vertebrae or cord.
		Delayed recognition of sacral anomalies may occur in children with occult spinal dysraphism The newborn exam may be normal, but be alert later on for bowel or bladder dysfunction in th setting of maternal diabetes (either gestational or permanent).
	www.mgh.harvard.edu /children/prof/nicu/sacral_dimples.htm (249 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal System: Sacrum and Coccyx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Accessory articular facets may occur on the lateral sacral crest at the level of the first or second dorsal sacral foramen; these have been found to be unpaired or bilateral and to articulate with appropriate facets on the ilium.
		The subdural and subarachnoid spaces extend into the sacral canal as far as the middle third of the body of the second sacral vertebra; however, in 46% of 56 cadavers, these spaces extend caudal to this level.
		The average sacral index in British males is 112; in the female, 116.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Text/SacrumCoccyx.html (1216 words)

	Autosomal dominant sacral agenesis: Currarino syndrome -- Lynch et al. 37 (8): 561 -- Journal of Medical Genetics
		Sacral agenesis is defined as the congenital absence of the whole or part of the sacrum.
		Hereditary sacral agenesis with presacral mass and anorectal stenosis: the Currarino triad.
		Anterior sacral meningocele as a cause of urinary retention.
	www.jmedgenet.com /cgi/content/full/37/8/561 (3332 words)

	[No title]
		Sacral agenesis is a rare disorder with reported incidence varying between 0.01 and 0.05 per 1000 live births.
		Patients with sacral agenesis can be variably affected with associated abnormalities including deformities of the lower extremities, genitourinary abnormalities, lower gastrointestinal tract anomalies, and congenital scoliosis.
		Sample Based on the incidence rate of sacral agenesis and the number of past years available for a UMHS medical records search, approximately forty patients are expected to meet criteria for study enrollment.
	www.orl.med.umich.edu /orl/clin/c5.htm (572 words)

	Anomalies of the lumbosacral nerve roots. An anatomic investigation - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		Therefore, to gain greater medical insight into these anomalies, an investigation of the lumbar and sacral nerve roots of 60 fresh cadavers was performed.
		Wide deroofing of the T10 to S5 spinal segment exposed the spinal canal for thorough investigation of every lumbar and sacral nerve root, including a detailed examination of their intradural and extradural anastomosis.
		The incidence of anomalies of L4 to sacral nerve roots was 13.3%, comparable to statistics reported elsewhere.
	www.wheelessonline.com /j1/262.htm (152 words)

	SOX10 is abnormally expressed in aganglionic bowel of Hirschsprung's disease infants -- Sham et al. 49 (2): 220 -- Gut
		ganglia from the sacral neural crest in the distal gut.
		A single rostrocaudal colonization of the rodent intestine by enteric neuron precursors is revealed by the expression of Phox2b, Ret, and p75 and by explants grown under the kidney capsule or in organ culture.
		Sacral neural crest cell migration to the gut is dependent upon the migratory environment and not cell-autonomous migratory properties.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/49/2/220 (4083 words)

	News - Sacral Spinal Nerve Stimulation Has Benefit for Treatment of Faecal Incontinence
		Sacral nerve stimulation can reduce episodes of incontinence and improve quality of life in patients with an intact or repaired anal sphincter, according to findings from a multicentre, prospective, non-randomised study.
		To test the efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation, the researchers enrolled 37 patients mean age of 54.3 years reporting faecal incontinence at least once weekly for a mean of 5.9 years.
		Patients underwent a staged diagnostic screening procedure to establish the integrity of their sacral spinal nerves and to identify the optimal site of stimulation.
	www.docguide.com /news/content.nsf/news/731663ABEE8C7ED585256E770069C3C7 (574 words)

	Embryology and development of the enteric nervous system -- Young et al. 47 (Supplement 4): 12 -- Gut
		Pomeranz HD, Rothman TP, Gershon MD. Colonization of the post-umbilical bowel by cells derived from the sacral neural crest: direct tracing of cell migration using an intercalating probe and a replication-deficient retrovirus.
		Vital dye labelling demonstrates a sacral neural crest contribution to the enteric nervous system of chick and mouse embryos.
		The sacral neural crest contributes neurons and glia to the post-umbilical gut: spatiotemporal analysis of the development of the enteric nervous system.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/47/suppl_4/iv12 (1936 words)

	Gluteal V-Y Flaps for restoration of Sacral, Ischial and Trochanteric without Transection or Sacrifice of the Gluteus ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Twenty-two patients were operated, totalizing 24 ulcers, from which 12 were sacral, 7 ischial and 5 trochanteric; 26 flaps were employed, all of them showing to be feasible with no suffering or significant complication.
		Even though these authors have employed it for restoration of sacral lesions only, the great tegument mobility of gluteal region, even in patients that grew thin, makes feasible a large and easy advance of these flaps to several directions, making it possible to reach also ischial and trochanteric regions as a fasciocutaneous block.
		Gluteus maximus island musculocutaneous flap for closure of sacral and ischial ulcers.
	www.cirurgiaplastica.org.br /revista/indice/vol14_n2/maciel/english.html (1812 words)

	Pediatric Spine
		A mass of tissue composed of notochord, mesenchyme and neural tissue divides into somites to form the sacral and coccygeal levels.
		Sacral anomalies are found in 50% of patients and include confluent foramina and partial sacral dysgenesis.
		The degree of spinal agenesis is variable, ranging from partial sacral agenesis to complete agenesis of the lumbar and sacral spine.
	spinwarp.ucsd.edu /NeuroWeb/Text/sp-140.htm (4303 words)

	Human - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The strong bonding power of such experiences may sometimes also lead to fanatism or aggression towards humans not belonging to the own group, resulting in schisms or even war.
		Theocracies are societies that are dominantly structured by religion, governed by a sacral leader or by a clergy.
		Religion can also serve as a means of influencing and transmitting cultural norms of world-view and acceptable behaviour.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Human (4489 words)

	PSU Vol 16, 2001
		Congenital caudal anomalies that include anorectal malformation, sacral bony abnormality and a presacral mass is known as the Currarino Triad (CT); an autosomic dominant hereditary syndrome described in 1981 caused by abnormal separation of neuroectoderm from endoderm.
		The anorectal malformation associated with CT is stenosis (or agenesis) of the distal rectum causing intractable constipation (chief complaint of this triad) or intestinal obstruction.
		Sacral agenesis and abnormalities of the os sacrum (scimitar sacrum, hemisacrum with preserved first sacral vertebra) are the most common bony anomalies identified.
	home.coqui.net /titolugo/PSU16.htm (5824 words)

	Sacroplasty: A Treatment for Sacral Insufficiency Fractures -- Pommersheim et al. 24 (5): 1003 -- American Journal of ...
		Sacral insufficiency fractures are a relatively common and debilitating
		A and B, Preoperative sacral MR images show low-T1 (A[TR/TE, 450/14]) and high-T2 (B[4000/99]) signal intensity, consistent with the edema from a sacral insufficiency fracture.
		Lourie H. Spontaneous osteoporotic fracture of the sacrum an unrecognized syndrome of the elderly.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/24/5/1003 (1918 words)

	Sacral Nerve Stimulation
		This means that, in the event of an unsatisfactory functional outcome despite a positive pelvic floor response during acute testing, the patient would be a candidate for dynamic graciloplasty, which could be applied by using the previously implanted pulse generator.
		Although a longer follow-up is mandatory to assess the long-term efficacy of this method, the initial promising results warrant further clinical studies focusing on this new modality.
		Bosch JLHR, Groen J. Sacral (S3) segmental nerve stimulation as a treatment for urge incontinence in patients with detrusor instability: results of chronic electrical stimulation using an implantable neural prosthesis.
	www.neuromodulation.at /publicat/faecal_incont_b.htm (1950 words)

	PANDA background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Specifically, all pregnant women, shortly after the confirmation of their pregnancy using an ELISA for HCG, are routinely tested for diabetogenic levels of blood glucose, which might indicate a transient hyperketotic state later in pregnancy.
		This state is associated with an increased a risk of cardiac defects, neural tube defects, and sacral agenesis during pregnancy (see ACOG and AAP joint committee guidelines).
		In order to minimize risk and maximize the appropriateness of prenatal care, efforts are made to interview prospective patients in detail concerning their risk of familial or acquired disease which might result in a disabling and/or life-threatening illness to the developing fetus.
	smi-web.stanford.edu /projects/panda/background.html (805 words)

	Cranial Sacral Program at the New Mexico Academy of Healing Arts
		Cranial Sacral training at the Academy incorporates three key concepts which interface the healing potential of somatic awareness with the specialized techniques of cranial sacral work.
		Cranial Sacral training at the Academy incorporates techniques and insights from several cranial sacral lineages and applies them to address a broad spectrum of specific concerns.
		Training modules focus on different ways of working with the bone, membrane, neurological and fluid components of the cranial sacral system and their interaction with the other systems of the body.
	www.nmhealingarts.org /programs/cranial.html (631 words)

	L'hyperreflexie autonome induite par la stimulation des racines sacrees est detectee par l'analyse spectrale de l'ECG : ...
		L'hyperreflexie autonome induite par la stimulation des racines sacrees est detectee par l'analyse spectrale de l'ECG : [Autonomic hyperreflexia induced by sacral root stimulation is detected by spectral analysis of the EEG] -- Sesay et al.
		[Autonomic hyperreflexia induced by sacral root stimulation is detected by spectral analysis of the EEG]
		of a sacral root stimulator for bladder retention were included.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/abstract/49/9/936 (384 words)

	VATER Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We found that patients with a sacral ratio lower than.35 do not have bowel control in more than 800 patients operated on at our center.
		In patients with persistent cloacas (female patients who are born with imperforate anus and a single perineal orifice) there is another prognostic factor which is the "length of the common channel." That is something the surgeo n has to measure during the operation.
		In general, patients with imperforate anus, even with sacral defects (except absent sacrums), will have urinary control if they receive a good operation for the repair of their imperforate anus.
	www.pullthrough.org /ptnn5.html (1125 words)

	V. Genes, lineages, and tissue interactions in the development of the enteric nervous system -- Gershon 275 (5): 869 -- ...
		The enteric nervous system is derived from the vagal, rostral-truncal, and sacral levels of the neural crest.
		for the survival of the vagal and sacral crest-derived cells that
		Colonization of the post-umbilical bowel by cells derived from the sacral neural crest: direct tracing of cell migration using an intercalating probe and a replication-deficient retrovirus.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/5/G869 (3688 words)

	Anorectal malformations
		The procedure also provided clear visualization and precise identification of the puborectalis sling with the advantage of obviating the need to change the position of the patient during surgery in cases where the abdomen had to be opened.
		This operation was easier and safer than the sacral approach and soon had many surgeons using the technique with variable modifications.
		In their opinion, the prognosis was determined by other factors than the type of operation, notably the presence or absence of sacral defects.
	www.rcsed.ac.uk /journal/vol45_3/4530005.htm (3640 words)

	eMedicine - Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal Period : Article by Richard G Ellenbogen, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The most common ventral variant is an anterior sacral meningocele, which most often is discovered in females as a pelvic mass.
		The neural plate is formed at stage 8 (days 17-19), the neural fold occurs at stage 9 (days 19-21), and the fusion of the neural folds occurs at stage 10 (days 22-23).
		A routine MRI reveals a spinal cord that ends in the lumbar or sacral regions in almost all patients with myelomeningocele (see Image 3).
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2805.htm (10692 words)

	In ovo transplantation of enteric nervous system precursors from vagal to sacral neural crest results in extensive ...
		In ovo transplantation of enteric nervous system precursors from vagal to sacral neural crest results in extensive hindgut colonisation -- Burns et al.
		tract, whereas sacral NCC migrate in an opposing caudorostral
		transplanted to the sacral region of the neuraxis, to colonise
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/129/12/2785 (437 words)

	II. Disorders of enteric neuronal development: insights from transgenic mice -- Gershon 277 (2): 262 -- AJP - ...
		is colonized by cells from the sacral as well as the vagal crest
		Sacral precursors migrate in a distal to proximal
		The sacral crest contributes neurons and glia to the post-umbilical gut: spatiotemporal analysis of the development of the enteric nervous system.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/2/G262 (3651 words)

	Caudal Regression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Caudal regression syndrome describes a spectrum of congenital malformations that range from simple anal atresia to absence of the sacral, lumbar and possibly lower thoracic vertebrae, to the most severe form with fusion of the lower extremities, also known as sirenomelia, or "mermaid syndrome".
		In sacral agenesis, absence of the body of the sacrum may result in a flattening of the buttocks, shortening of the intergluteal cleft, and a dimpling of the buttocks.
		If agenesis of the lumbar spine is also present, there may be a marked disproportion between the transverse diameter of the thorax and pelvis.
	www.pullthrough.org /ptnn24.html (782 words)

	Activation of presynaptic glycine receptors facilitates glycine release from presynaptic terminals synapsing onto rat ...
		Activation of presynaptic glycine receptors facilitates glycine release from presynaptic terminals synapsing onto rat spinal sacral dorsal commissural nucleus neurons -- Jeong et al.
		In the present study, we have investigated the presence and actions of presynaptic glycine receptors on small, glycinergic nerve terminals projecting onto rat spinal sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) neurons.
		Visceral and somatic afferent convergence onto neurons near the central canal in the sacral spinal cord of the cat.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/550/2/373 (6653 words)

	Caudal Regression Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Etiology is unknown, but maternal diabetes, genetic predisposition, and vascular hypoperfusion have been suggested as possible causative factors.
		The most common deformities involve sacral agenesis (often used synonymous with CRS), but this may extend as far as the lower thoracic region.
		Signs include lumbar and/or sacral agenesis, flattening of the buttocks, shortening of the gluteal cleft, and kyphoscoliosis or scoliosis.
	www.dpo.uab.edu /~birmie/crs.htm (287 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Herniated nucleus pulposus (slipped disk)
		These bones protect nerves as they exit the brain and travel down the back and then to the entire body.
		The spinal column is divided into several segments -- the cervical spine (the neck), the thoracic spine (the part of the back behind the chest), the lumbar spine (lower back), and sacral spine (the part connected to the pelvis that does not move).
		The spinal vertebrae are separated by cartilage disks filled with a gelatinous substance, which provide cushioning to the spinal column.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000442.htm (1459 words)

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