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	II. Osteology. 3a. 4. The Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebræ. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The laminæ of the fifth sacral vertebra, and sometimes those of the fourth, fail to meet behind, and thus a hiatus or deficiency occurs in the posterior wall of the sacral canal.
		The articular processes of the first sacral vertebra are large and oval in shape; their facets are concave from side to side, look backward and medialward, and articulate with the facets on the inferior processes of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
		They are attached to the body of the first sacral vertebra and to the alæ by short thick pedicles; on the upper surface of each pedicle is a vertebral notch, which forms the lower part of the foramen between the last lumbar and first sacral vertebræ.
	www.bartleby.com /107/24.html (3023 words)

	Sacral vertebrae - Health Encyclopedia
		What was not known at the time was that the number of sacral vertebrae is related to age: as the animal got older two additional vertebrae fused to the original three sacral vertebrae.
		The superior surface of the first sacral vertebrae is called the promontoryand articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebrae.
		The number of lumbal vertebrae is reduced, the number of sacral vertebrae is enlarged, and an external tail is absent (Table 1.
	www.steadyhealth.com /encyclopedia/Sacral_vertebrae (170 words)

	Chapter 39: The vertebral column
		The thoracic and sacral curvatures, termed primary, appear during the embryonic period proper, whereas the cervical and lumbar curvatures, termed secondary, appear later (although before birth) and are accentuated in infancy by support of the head and by the adoption of an upright posture.
		The fifth lumbar vertebra, usually the largest vertebra, is mainly responsible for the lumbosacral angle (between the lumbar part of the column and the sacrum).
		The cornua articulate with corresponding horns on the coccyx.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_7/chapter_39.html (3148 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		(vər”tə-bro-il´e-ak) pertaining to the vertebrae and the ilium.
		(vər”tə-bro-sa´krəl) pertaining to the vertebrae and the sacrum.
		(vər”tə-bro-stər´nəl) pertaining to the vertebrae and the sternum.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_v_07zPzhtm (3053 words)

	Dr.Sarvotham
		The cervical (neck) vertebrae are the upper 7 vertebrae in the spinal column (the vertebral column).
		The lumbar vertebrae are situated between the thoracic vertebrae and the sacral vertebrae in the spinal column.
		The large, heavy bone at the base of the spine, which is made up of fused sacral vertebrae, the sacrum is located in the vertebral column, between the lumbar vertebrae and the coccyx.
	www.drsarvotham.com /glossaryofacupressureist.php (1226 words)

	The Sacral Spine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The five sacral vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum, and the four coccygeal vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx.
		The transverse processes of the first three sacral vertebrae are fused to form wide lateral wings, or alae, and articulate with the centre-back portions of the blades of the ilia to complete the pelvic girdle.
		A sacral canal running down through the centre of the sacrum represents the end of the vertebral canal; the functional spinal cord ends at about the level of the first sacral vertebra, but its continuation, the filum terminale, can be traced through the sacrum to the first coccygeal vertebra.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /ebookprint.php?id=805 (421 words)

	SACRUM
		The transverse processes of the first three sacral vertebrae are fused to form wide lateral wings.
		Between the fused transverse processes of the lower sacral vertebrae, on each side, are a series of four openings (sacral foramina); the sacral nerves and blood vessels pass through these openings.
		A sacral canal running down through the centre of the sacrum represents the end of the vertebral canal: the functional spinal cord ends at about the level of the first sacral vertebra.
	library.thinkquest.org /10030/sacrum.htm (179 words)

	The Vertebrae
		In adults, the five sacral vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum and the four coccygeal vertebrae are fused to form the
		The vertebral foramen is large in the cervical vertebrae as it houses the cervical enlargement for the spinal cord.
		The reason that C1 and C2 vertebrae are so atypical is because part of the body of C1 is incorporated into the body of C2 The part of the body that remains with C1 is represented by the anterior arch.
	download.videohelp.com /vitualis/med/vertbrae.htm (1291 words)

	Sacral region
		Vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine
		The sacral region (sacrum) is at the bottom of the spine and lies between the fifth lumbar segment (L5) and the coccyx (tailbone).
		Unlike the individual vertebrae in other regions of the spine, the vertebrae in the sacral region as well as the coccyx are fused.
	www.spine-health.com /topics/anat/a06.html (572 words)

	AFRMA - Rat Genetics - Taillessness in the Rat (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The objects of this paper are to describe skeletal conditions in the region posterior to the thoracic vertebrae of several tailless rats, and to correct the existing impression that a tailless rat occurs through the accidental loss after birth of a once existing tail.
		Thus one sacral vertebra and all of the caudal vertebrae are missing.
		An examination of the vertebrae of three tailless rats showed that all of them lacked all of the caudal vertebrae; and besides, the first lacked one sacral vertebra; the second, two sacral vertebrae, and the third lacked one (and perhaps two) lumbar vertebra and all four of the sacral vertebrae.
	www.afrma.org /gen_tailessness.htm (2412 words)

	The Vertebrae (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The 1st, 10th, 11th and 12th vertebrae have a complete costal facet for articulation with the head of the same numbered rib, lying close to where the pedicle and body meet.
		The sacral vertebrae are fused in the adult to form the sacrum.
		On the posterior surface of the sacrum lies the sacral hiatus, a space formed during the fusion of the sacral vertebrae.
	www.med.mun.ca /anatomyts/msk/vertebra.htm (513 words)

	Caudal Block
		Sacral Hiatus is more difficult to identify and the caudal space is more difficult to enter with increasing age as the sacral bones begin to fuse.
		It articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra and the coccyx.
		In an adult, the distance from the tip of the coccyx to the sacral hiatus is approximately the same as the distance from the tip of the index finger to the proximal inter- phalangeal joint.
	www.pitt.edu /~regional/Caudal/caudal_block.htm (1032 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Sacrum
		The base projects forward as the sacral promontory internally, and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle.
		The vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal) runs throughout the greater part of the bone; above, it is triangular in form; below, its posterior wall is incomplete, from the non-development of the laminae and spinous processes.
		Sometimes the uppermost transverse tubercles are not joined to the rest of the ala on one or both sides, or the sacral canal may be open throughout a considerable part of its length, in consequence of the imperfect development of the laminae and spinous processes.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Sacral_vertebrae (593 words)

	Possible Symbolism in the Numbers of Bones in the Human Spinal Column
		The sacral and coccyx vertebrae are all separate entities at birth, but fuse together as we grow up.
		This would take us to a total of either 34 (skull plus 33 vertebrae), or 27 (skull plus 26) if we consider the fused vertebrae together, which would be medically logical if we are taking the skull as one unit.
		The root power of water (mem) labels the path from Justice to Glory, so is founded on the hips, thus could relate indirectly to the fused sacral vertebrae taken as one entity.
	www.asiact.org /archive/numerology/14bones.asp (1261 words)

	Living With a Spinal Cord Injury - Quest Diagnostics Patient Health Library (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When the nerve cells are damaged, messages cannot travel back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body, resulting in complete or partial loss of movement (paralysis) and feeling.
		The first thoracic vertebra, T1, is the vertebra where the top rib attaches to the spine.
		The sacral area (from the pelvis to the end of the spine) contains 5 sacral vertebrae (S1 through S5) and 5 sacral nerves (S1 through S5).
	www.questdiagnostics.com /kbase/topic/special/ug2580/sec3.htm (1004 words)

	Sacrum - WikiHealth
		The laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra, and sometimes those of the fourth, fail to meet behind, and thus a hiatus or deficiency occurs in the posterior wall of the sacral canal.
		On the lateral side of the posterior sacral foramina is a series of tubercles, which represent the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae, and form the lateral crests of the sacrum.
		They are attached to the body of the first sacral vertebra and to the alae by short thick pedicles; on the upper surface of each pedicle is a vertebral notch, which forms the lower part of the foramen between the last lumbar and first sacral vertebrae.
	www.wikihealth.com /Sacrum (1423 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Transitional lumbosacral vertebrae
		Vertebrae are bones that form an opening in which the spinal cord passes.
		Normally, when the vertebrae develop, they are clearly formed to represent different sections (for example, lumbar vertebrae or sacral vertebrae).
		In transitional lumbosacral vertebrae, one of the vertebrae does not form as part of the lumbar or sacral area.
	www.medfriendly.com /transitionallumbosacral.html (408 words)

	IDS -- Sacral Region
		Illium: The illium forms the broad, flat sheet at the top of the hips and is where the sacral vertebrae are attached.
		In dinosaurs it is highly expanded to allow for strength, muscle attachment and it allows the fusion of more sacral vertebrae.
		Sacral Vertebrae (Sacrum): These vertebrae fuse together to form the core of the hip structure.
	members.aol.com /ncanvas2/NCWeb/InterSacral.html (275 words)

	GlobalSpine - Advanced Anatomy - Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebrae
		The Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebras consist, at an early period of life, of nine separate pieces, which are united in the adult so as to form two bones, five entering into the formation of the sacrum, four into that of the coccyx.
		On the outer side of the posterior sacral foramina is a series of tubercles, the rudimentary transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae.
		Occasionally the upper pair of transverse tubercles are not joined to the rest of the bone on one or both sides; and, lastly, the sacral canal may be open for nearly the lower half of the bone, in consequence of the imperfect development of the laminae and spinous processes.
	www.globalspine.net /sacral_coccygeal_vertebrae.html (1448 words)

	Surgical sacral anchor implant - Patent 4047523
		If one were to work from the lumbar vertebrae upward to the thoracic vertebrae, instrumentation would be very difficult --the top screws would be difficult to apply and the tensioner would be awkward to use.
		It is generally inserted with the bridge portion over the body of a sacral vertebra S1 and with the two prongs extending into the disc space S1/S2.
		In use, the sacral anchor is put in position with the two prongs 11, 11' in the disc space between two sacral vertebrae, generally in the disc space S1/S2, and with the bridge portion 13 over the body of the upper of the two sacral vertebrae, which will generally be sacral vertebra S1.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4047523.html (1997 words)

	NeurosurgeryToday.org \| Media Center \| Fact Sheets \| Spinal Cord Injury FAQ
		The vertebrae are named according to their location on the spinal column and are called the Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral vertebrae.
		The Sacral Vertebrae are the five vertebrae that run from the pelvis to the end of the spinal column.
		Sacral level injuries generally damage the nerves emanating from the distal spinal cord conus and typically cause lower motor neuron flaccid paralysis type lesions involving some loss of function in the legs and difficulty with bowel, bladder and sexual control.
	www.neurosurgerytoday.org /media/fact/spinal.asp (662 words)

	Spinal Cord Injury Lawyers - Spinal Cord Injury Attorneys
		The eight vertebrae in the neck are the Cervical Vertebrae.
		The twelve vertebra in the chest are the Thoracic Vertebrae.
		The vertebrae in the lower back between the thoracic vertebrae, where the ribs attach, and the pelvis (hip bone), are the Lumbar Vertebrae.
	www.lawinfo.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/Client.lawarea/categoryid/1185 (1112 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Sacral vertebrae
		It articulates with the hip bone at two sacroiliac joints.
		It is actually formed from the fusion of five vertebrae, and sits below L5, and above the coccyx.
		Inferiorly, the sacral canal opens at the sacral hiatus.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/sa/Sacral_vertebrae (96 words)

	The Vertebral Column
		The vertebrae are refered to by their name and number, counting down from the top of the spinal column as follows:
		A typical vertebra consists of two essential parts—viz., an anterior segment, the body, and a posterior part, the vertebral or neural arch; these enclose a foramen, the vertebral foramen.
		The concavities above and below the pedicles are named the vertebral notches; and when the vertebrae are articulated, the notches of each contiguous pair of bones form the intervertebral foramina, already referred to.
	www.apparelyzed.com /spine.html (741 words)

	Re: sacral vertebrae (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Yep, more or less as expected - two sacrals is the ancestral condition for archosaurs.
		Dinosaurs generally have at least three sacrals as an adult (I think this was originally one of the defining characteristics).
		this shows that some variation in sacral number is quite normal in archosaurs, and suggests how the increase in number in dinosaurs started to evolve.
	dml.cmnh.org /1998Jun/msg00339.html (112 words)

	www.similima.com - virtual medical world of postgraduate homoeopaths
		In adults, the sacral vertebrae fuse to form sacrum and the four coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form coccyx.
		Spine of the seventh cervical vertebra can be felt in the neck because of it prominence and is the most important land mark for counting the spines.
		Clinical diagnosis should be confirmed by radiological studies of spine, X-ray taken in the lateral view with the neck in straight, flexed, and extended positions and oblique views reveal the abnormalities well radiological changes include narrowing and irregularity of the inter vertebral spaces, osteophytes and encroachement of the inter vertebral foramina.
	www.similima.com /pm73.html (1465 words)

	AllRefer Health - Lumbosacral Spine X-Ray: Pictures & Images (Myelography, X-Ray - Lumbosacral Spine)
		The sacral vertebrae are caged within the bones of the pelvis, and the coccyx represents the terminal vertebrae or vestigial tail.
		The last vertebra (on the upper left of the picture) attaches to the sacrum, and the top vertebra (on the right of the picture) attaches to the thoracic section of the back.
		The vertebra are numbered from one to five and are labeled L1, L2, L3 etc. from the higher bones to the lower.
	health.allrefer.com /health/lumbosacral-spine-x-ray-pictures-images.html (643 words)

	The Sacrum, Sacriliac, and Hip Joints
		The sacrum is often wider in proportion to the length in the female than in the male, but the body of the first sacral vertebra is usually larger in males.
		The intermediate sacral crests represent the fused articular processes, and the lateral sacral crests are the tips of the transverse processes of the fused sacral vertebrae.
		The clinically important features of the dorsal surface of the sacrum are the inverted U-shaped sacral hiatus (L. aperture) and the sacral cornua (L. horns).
	www.videohelp.com /~vitualis/med/hipbnjnt.htm (2035 words)

	Living With a Spinal Cord Injury
		When the nerve cells are damaged, messages cannot travel back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body, resulting in complete or partial loss of movement (paralysis) and feeling.
		The first thoracic vertebra, T1, is the vertebra where the top rib attaches to the spine.
		The sacral area (from the pelvis to the end of the spine) contains 5 sacral vertebrae (S1 through S5) and 5 sacral nerves (S1 through S5).
	www.everettclinic.com /kbase/topic/special/ug2580/sec3.htm (992 words)

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