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	History of Iran: Safavid Empire 1502 - 1736
		Safavids went on and conquered rest of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Khorasan; They became the strongest force in Iran, and their leader, Esma'il, now fifteen, was declared Shah (King) on 11 March 1502.
		Safavid's power over various tribes was not strong enough to consolidate an absolute supremacy; tribal leaders remained those who had been tribal chieftains and consider their tribes to be independent.
		This masterpiece is known as "Shahnameh of Tahmaspi" and was presented by the Safavid ruler to the Ottoman sultan Selim II in 1568.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/safavids/safavids.php (4245 words)

	Safavids - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Safavids were an Azeri -speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran 's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty, thereby reigniting a pre-Islamic Persian identity and acting as a bridge to modern Iran.
		In the meantime, the navy-less Safavids lost the island of Hormuz to the Portuguese in 1507.
		In 1514, the Ottoman sultan Selim I invaded western Armenia causing the under-prepared Safavid army to retreat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Safavids (2381 words)

	Persian Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ismail's expansion was halted by the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, and war with the Ottomans became a fact of life in Safavid Persia.
		Safavid Persia was a violent and chaotic state for the next seventy years, but in 1588 Shah Abbas the Great ascended to the throne and instituted a cultural and political renaissance.
		However, the Safavids were severely weakened, and that same year (1722), the empire's Afghani subjects launched a bloody revolt in response to the Safavids' attempts to convert them from Sunni to Shi'a Islam by force.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_Empire (3891 words)

	Safavids - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Safavid Empire was established in northern Iran in 1501.
		After several campaigns, Safavids recaptured Baghdad in 1623 and lost it again to Murad IV in 1638, during which time a permanent border was established by treaties, which is still valid between present Turkey and Iran.
		The empire finally collapsed after his assassination in 1747 and, subsequent to an interregnum by the Zand Dynasty, was to be replaced by the Qajar dynasty in 1794.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Safavids (350 words)

	Encyclopedia: Safavid Empire
		The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic -speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persia 's official religion.
		The founder of the Safavid kingdom (1501-1736) was Shah Ismail I (ruled 1501-1524).
		To help organize the state, the Turkic-speaking Safavid rulers claimed to be descended from Imam Ali and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad, through the seventh Imam Musa al-Kazim.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Safavid-Empire (925 words)

	123rajkot.com \| Religion \| Islam \| History \| The Safavid Empire (1501 - 1722) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Safavid Empire, although driven and inspired by strong religious faith, rapidly built the foundations of strong central secular government and administration.
		The Safavid Empire was held together in the early years by conquering new territory, and then by the need to defend it from the neighbouring Ottoman Empire.
		However by this period the Empire was disintegrating, and for the next two centuries it lay in decay.
	www.123gujarat.com /religion/islam/the_safavid_empire.html (1227 words)

	Shi'a: The Safavids
		He had assumed control of the Safavids in 1494 AD / 900 AH (at the age of seven!), and appears to have gained a fanatical following by not only calling himself the representative of the Hidden Imam, but by claiming to be the Hidden Imam himself (later he would claim divinity).
		The greatest of the Safavid arts was architecture; the Safavid mosques, palaces, and parks built during the reign of Abbas I are among the greatest architectural achievements in Islam.
		Both Islamic and Western historians believe that Safavid decline began shortly after the death of Shah Abbas I. The later Shahs were never as firm or disciplined as Abbas, and the Empire slowly disintegrated under the invasive pressures of the Ottomans and the Uzbeks in the north.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/SHIA/SAFAVID.HTM (1091 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The first Empire to dominate the region was the Persian Empire, until it was defeated by Alexander the Great who swept through most of the Middle East.
		The Roman Empire also gained a large presence in the eastern areas, and it was replaced by the Byzantine Empire.
		The Mongols did not last long in the region and by the 16th century the area was under control of the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire in Persia.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/middle_east.html (885 words)

	Islamic Art - Late Islamic Period: History
		empire fell to them, and by the middle of the sixteenth century Ottoman control extended from central Europe to the Indian Ocean.
		The Ottoman empire reached the peak of its military and political potency under Sulayman the Magnificent (r.
		In the early sixteenth century Iran was united under the rule of the Safavid dynasty, whose members traced their descent to Shaykh Safi, a Sufi who founded a dervish order at Ardabil, in northwestern Iran.
	www.lacma.org /islamic_art/lip.htm (434 words)

	Islamic Silver Coins :: Iran
		'Abbas's great grandfather, Isma'il I (1501-1524), had committed the Safavid dynasty to Shi'ism, and its adherence to this branch of Islam facilitated Iran's national distinction from the Sunni Ottomans to the west and the Sunni Uzbeks and Mughals to the east.
		On the reverse field, together with the date and place of issue, is written a particularly Safavid honorific, " 'Abbas, the servant of the King of Holiness'".
		On the reverse in a bold, broad cursive script is inscribed: "Husayn, the servant of the king of holiness.
	www.islamicart.com /main/coins/s_iran.html (597 words)

	Safavids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Safavid kingdom was established in northern Iran in 1501 and grew to an Empire during the following hundred years.
		While the Safavids were of genuine, Persian ( Iranian) stock, they came to power in Azerbaijan, the Turkic northernmost Province of Iran, with the aid of a militia of Turkic soldiers (called Qizilbash, Turkish for "Red Heads" due to their red Headdress), recruited from Azerbaijan and Anatolia.
		The official language at the royal court was Azeri the Turkic idiom spoken in entire Azerbaijan (now partly held by Turkey and partly by Iran) until the present.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/S/Safavids.htm (589 words)

	Chapter 1<BR>Herat and the Formation of Persia and Afghanistan<BR>1500-1800
		In the early fifteenth century it was the capital of a wide empire ruled by the son of Tamerlane, but his successors allowed this empire to dwindle until in 1506 Herat fell to the Uzbegs, fresh invaders from Central Asia.
		Four years later the Uzbegs were pushed aside by Shah Ismail Safavi, the founder of a revitalized Persian empire, and Herat, along with the cities of Mashad, Merv, and Kandahar became one of the Governor-generalships of the eastern Safavid province of Khorasan.
		Safavid Persia coexisted with the Mogul empire of India, the Uzbeg Khanate of Bukhara, the Ottoman empire, and the emerging empire of Russia.
	www.jsenterprises.com /john/thesis/chapter1.htm (1166 words)

	The Modern Magazine for Persian Celebrations, Cuisine, Culture & Community
		The Afghans invaded Persia in 1719 and dethroned the Safavid Shah.
		Although the Safavids were Turkish, the adopted the Persian language and unified all to one Iranian rule.
		The Safavid Empire continued to decline and in 1722 the Afghanis captured Esfahan and killed Shah Sultan Hossein.
	www.persianmirror.com /culture/history/safavid.cfm (2234 words)

	Safavid on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The consolidation of Safavid rule was completed during the reign of Shah Abbas I.
		Recognizing his military inferiority vis-à-vis the Ottoman Sultanate, Abbas accepted the Ottoman occupation of the western parts of his domain and was thus able to concentrate his efforts on creating a standing army and halting Uzbek incursions from the east.
		The Ottoman Empire to 1672 -- Africa,Europe,Asia,Spain,France,Algiers,Tunis,Tripoli,Egypt,Arabia,Greece,Italy,Holy Roman Empire,Ottoman Empire,Bulgaria,Hungary,Bosnia,Serbia,Turkey,Safavid Empire,Russ
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Safavid.asp (647 words)

	Persian Empire, Safavid - ThroneWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		One general from that civil war gathered numerous troops and the entire Persian navy, and sailed south to establish Yasarid India reintroducing Islam to the subcontinent.
		This is not the historical Safavid Persian Empire.
		It was formerly known as the Avar Khanate of Bukhara and later the Avar-Persian Empire.
	test.throneworld.com /wiki/index.php/Persian_Empire,_Safavid (204 words)

	worlds together worlds apart. Chapter 2. Summary 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Emergence of the Safavid Empire in Iran
		With the sixteenth century, three emerging Islamic empires began to dominate the Islamic world: the Ottomans in Anatolia (and around the Mediterranean), the Safavids in Persia, and the Mughals in India.
		In Persia (modern Iran) the Safavid empire rose from the smoldering ruins of Mongol conquests.
	www.wwnorton.com /worlds/ch2/summary2.htm (1016 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - Safavid Empire (1501-1722): Introduction
		This Islamic Empire was strong enough to challenge the Ottomans in the west and the Mughals in the east.
		The Safavid Empire was strengthened by important Shi'a soldiers from the Ottoman army who had fled from persecution.
		When the Safavids came to power, Shah Ismail was proclaimed ruler at the age of 14 or 15, and by 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/religions/islam/history/safavidempire_1.shtml (308 words)

	Historical Setting
		The Safavids faced the problem of integrating their Turkic-speaking followers with the native Iranians, their fighting traditions with the Iranian bureaucracy, and their messianic ideology with the exigencies of administering a territorial state.
		The Safavid Empire received a blow that was to prove fatal in 1524, when the Ottoman sultan Selim I defeated the Safavid forces at Chaldiran and occupied the Safavid capital, Tabriz.
		Although he was forced to withdraw because of the harsh winter and Iran's scorched earth policy, and although Safavid rulers continued to assert claims to spiritual leadership, the defeat shattered belief in the shah as a semidivine figure and weakened the hold of the shah over the qizilbash chiefs.
	www.parstimes.com /history/historicalsetting.html (20954 words)

	52global (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The emerging Safavid leadership came to power in the early 1500's and ruled Persia under the unifying beliefs of Shi'ite Islam.
		Safavid leaders led a resurgent Persian empire until decay and decline set in the early 1700's.
		Although this empire did not expand beyond the regions of the ancient heartland of Persia, the Safavid rulers exerted substantial economic influence in the strategic trading connections of Central Asia, and for almost three centuries remained independent from their aggressive Islamic neighbors - the Mughals in India and the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean.
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu /distance/hist/52global.htm (1810 words)

	Armenian History
		During the past 2,700 years, Armenia was conquered by the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, Byzantium, the Arabs, Seljuqs, Mongols, Tatars, the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Persia, and the Russian Empire.
		The emergence of the Safavids and the rise of Shi'ism in eastern Anatolia were major threats to the Ottomans, whose claim to the caliphate and the leadership of the Muslim world was challenged by the new Iranian dynasty.
		The fall of the Safavids encouraged Peter the Great to invade the Caspian coastal regions, while the Ottomans broke the peace of Zuhab and invaded eastern Armenia and eastern Georgia in 1723.
	www.armenianteens.com /history.php (6588 words)

	Political Safavid Empire
		In the empire the ruler (shah) was semi-divine (2) and was thought to have direct succession from the prophet Muhammad.
		The Safavid empire was soon finished during the reign of Shah Abbas I. He moved the capital to Isfahan and it became an architectural masterpiece Abbas I was known as the Great because he had such a common touch: he interacted with the commo folk and wore simple clothes.
		And so, the Safavid Empire was somewhat left in a state of power and security until it fell in 1722.
	sun.menloschool.org /~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/safavid/politics.html (634 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		The elite was destined for the highest offices in the Empire, which could open the way to the supreme position of grand vizier (sadrazam) at the head of the government and military.
		His duel with Tahmasb Shah, the rival Persian Safavid dynasty ruler, provoked three important campains ending with the Peace Treaty of Amasya (1555) which ensured the possession of Eastern Anatolia, Azerbaidjan, Tabriz and Bagdad to the Empire.
		igns of the beginnings of the decline of the Empire appeared from 1579, due to interdependent factors such as ineffective sultans manipulated by their mothers, wives and grand viziers, fight for power, revolts of the janissaries whose influence in the affairs of State increased continually, corruption...
	www.guide-martine.com /history7.asp (5185 words)

	Safavid
		Safavid, Iranian dynasty (1499–1736), that established Shiite Islam in Iran as an official state religion.
		Persian art and architecture: The Safavid Dynasty - The Safavid Dynasty Under the Safavid dynasty (1499–1722) palaces were decorated with mural...
		Ismail, shah of Persia - Ismail, 1486–1524, shah of Persia (1502–24), founder of the Safavid dynasty.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0842919.html (446 words)

	RG 016 4 Islamic Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Note that the rulers of the Ottoman Empire were known as "sultans." The most important of the Ottoman rulers was Sultan Suleyman the Lawgiver ("the Magnificent) (1520-1556), who dramatically expanded the empire into eastern Europe, including Hungary.
		Islam had split into two major branches: Sunni, which comprised the majority, and which is generally more flexible in interpreting the teachings of the founder-prophet Mohammed; and the Shi'ites, who are more orthodox and strict in their interpretations of Mohammed's teachings.
		The rulers of the Safavid Empire were known as "Shahs." Reading, p.
	www.loyno.edu /~anderson/124016rg4.htm (592 words)

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