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Topic: Safrole

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	Sassafras Tea : BC Cancer Agency
		Safrole is also a component of many essential oils, such as star anise oil, micranthum oil and camphor oil.
		Safrole is also a potent inhibitor of certain liver microsomal hydroxylating systems, a property that could lead to toxicity problems if drugs metabolized by these enzymes are administered together with sassafras teas. ...
		In contrast, direct administration of safrole, beginning at the time of weaning and continuing for the duration of the experiment, led to a significantly high incidence of hepatocellular tumors in females, but not in males.
	www.bccancer.bc.ca /PPI/UnconventionalTherapies/SassafrasTea.htm (1132 words)

	Sassafras - Food Facts - Food Reference
		The FDA banned its use as an additive in 1960, as safrole was found to cause liver cancer in rats.
		(Safrole is similar to thujone, which is found in wormwood, and was used to make absinthe --- banned since 1913).
		The Choctaw Indians first used the dried ground leaves as a seasoning and thickener, and today the dried leaves are used to make filé powder (gumbo filé) which is used to thicken and flavor soups and stews in Créole cooking.
	www.foodreference.com /html/artsassafras.html (570 words)

	Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering - The effects of fixed-bed drying on the yield and composition of essential ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the chemical industry, safrole is an important raw material, mainly due to two of its derivatives: heliotropin, which is widely used as a fragrance and flavoring agent, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a vital ingredient of pyrethroid insecticides.
		Safrole is converted by the chemical industry into two important derivatives: heliotropin, which is widely used as a fragrance and flavoring agent, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a vital ingredient in pyrethroid insecticides.
		The safrole content was analyzed using an HP gas chromatograph fitted with a DB-5 column (fused silica capillary) 30 m long and with a 0.25 µm film thickness.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?pid=S0104-66322005000200013&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en (2108 words)

	The Isomerization of Safrole: A Review - [www.rhodium.ws]
		The reaction, which is general for the conversion of nearly all allylbenzenes (like safrole, apiole, dillapiole and elemicin) to their corresponding propenylbenzene isomer, is usually carried out by heating the allylbenzene together with an inorganic catalyst or catalyst mixture under reflux, with or without the use of a solvent.
		Safrole and eugenol isomerization reactions were carried out under microwave irradiation at atmospheric pressure and homogeneous medium with various alcohols used as solvents and different base concentrations.
		Safrole (500g), iron pentacarbonyl (2.5g) and sodium hydroxide (1.6g) were mixed in a one litre flask equipped with stirrer, thermometer and reflux condenser.
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/isomerizafrole.html (2513 words)

	It:Safrole - ChemWiki
		Safrole is an almost colourless, oily liquid with a particularly pleasant aroma that is common constituent of many essential oils, notably those of the sassafras plant in which it is present to the extent of about 75%, and also as the main component of brown camphor oil.
		Safrole is used chemically as a precursor in the synthesis of piperonyl butoxide; an intesticide synergist.
		When administered at normal levels in the diet, safrole increased the incidences of liver hepatocellular carcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas in both male and female rats, and hepatocellular carcinomas in male mice.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /wiki/index.php/Safrole (398 words)

	Piper hispidinervum: A Sustainable Source of Safrole
		Piper hispidinervum (C. DC.), Piperaceae, is a promising source of sassafras oil, the source of safrol, currently derived from endangered plants of the Lauraceae such as Ocotea pretios Ness (Mez.), Cinamomum petrophilum, C.
		Safrole is an important raw material for the chemical industry because of two derivatives: heliotropin, which is widely used as a fragrance and flavoring agent, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a vital ingredient of pyrethroid insecticides.
		The safrole content of the oil in unselected stock is about 85%, but a improvement to more than 90% is possible through selection.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-479.html (1367 words)

	Safrole
		Safrole can be produced by simple methylenation of 4-allylcatechol with methylene chloride, under inert atmosphere of nitrogen.
		Syntheses of safrole by the Friedel-Crafts reaction of R and 3-cloro-allylcloride (CH2ClCH=CHCl2) is also possible; the chloride compound formed must be reduced with sodium to safrole.
		The reaction, which is general for the conversion of nearly all allylbenzenes (like safrole, apiole, diapiole and elemicin) to their corresponding propenylbenzene isomer, is usually carried out by heating the allylbenzene together with an inorganic catalyst misture under reflux, with or without the use of a solvent.
	www.dq.fct.unl.pt /qoa/bpn2002/safrole/3E.htm (695 words)

	Vitamins and Mineral Supplements and Herbal Supplements for your Health
		Safrole (4-allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzee), a natural plant component of the aromatic oil of sassafras root bark, possesses carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.
		Safrole is also a minor or trace constituent in cocoa, mace, nutmeg, cinnamon, fl pepper, anise and a number of other spices.
		The study confirmed that sassafras teas containing significant levels of safrole and related allylbenzenes, which have known carcinogenic and mutagenic activity, are readily available from health food establishments, although sassafras is no longer as popular today nor is it as widely sold as it was 20-25 years ago.
	www.herbalgram.org /naturemade/herbclip/review.asp?i=41854 (448 words)

	Safety Issues Affecting Chinese Herbs: The Case of Asarum
		Safrole as a liver carcinogen in animals has become a major subject of scientific investigation and all cancer researchers know that safrole is carcinogenic.
		Eugenol and methyleugenol, chemicals very similar to safrole (the class of compounds is called, variously, allylbenzenes, alkenylbenzenes, or phenylpropenes), have essentially the same effect in laboratory animal testing: they cause liver cancer when given in high doses.
		By contrast, safrole and other allylbenzenes, as well as numerous other essential oil ingredients that may be mutagenic or carcinogenic (in animals), may be of limited concern for human consumption and would not cause one to avoid an herb altogether.
	www.itmonline.org /arts/asarum.htm (6865 words)

	Safrole
		Safrole was once widely used as a food additive in root beer, sassafras tea, and other common goods.
		However, the FDA barred the use of safrole after it was shown to be mildly carcinogenic.
		Today, safrole is used for making soap and perfumes, aromatheraputic agents, and the insecticide heliotropin (piperonal).
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/s/sa/safrole.html (172 words)

	Mazatec Garden Peace Pipe Information
		Safrole is an MDMA precursor and is itself psychoactive.
		Despite the reported carcinogenicity of safrole and related compounds, it is known to display antibacterial and antiviral activity.
		'The oil [safrole] is said to relieve the pain caused by menstrual obstructions, and pain following parturition, in doses of 5 to 10 drops on sugar, the same dose having been found useful in gleet and gonorrhoea.
	www.mazatecgarden.com /information/sassafras_info.htm (476 words)

	Report of error in quantity references for Isosafrole and Safrole
		At base offense levels 12 and 14 in the Chemical Quantity Table in §2D1.11, the Commission inadvertently listed the quantity levels for Isosafrole and Safrole in grams (indicated by the symbol "G") rather than in kilograms (which would have been indicated by the symbol "KG").
		The error first appeared in Amendment 541 to the Guidelines Manual, effective May 1, 1997, and was repeated in the November 1, 1997 and November 1, 1998 editions.
		However, if you are aware of any affected case (particularly a case for which the Commission may not have received complete documentation), we urge you to immediately notify the Commission, the court, and the parties involved so that appropriate corrective action may be taken.
	www.ussc.gov /1998GUID/safrole.htm (275 words)

	Applied Health Sassafras
		Safrole administered orally to human volunteers was not subjected to the same metabolic fate as safrole administered to rats and mice.
		Safrole is a potent inhibitor of microsomal hydroxylating systems and could result in toxicity from drugs which are normally metabolized by these systems.
		The known hepatotoxicity of safrole isolated from sassafras may increase the hepatotoxic effects of the antirheumatic agent, hydroxychloroquine sulfate.
	www.appliedhealth.com /nutri/page8455.php (1039 words)

	Healthnotes
		Safrole causes liver cancer when given to laboratory animals in high doses for long periods of time.
		Sassafras bark, sassafras oil, and safrole are currently prohibited by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from use as flavorings or food additives.
		Safrole and its toxic metabolites do cross the placenta and enter breast milk in laboratory animals, and thus sassafras should be avoided by women who are pregnant or breast-feeding.
	www.biggshyper.com /healthnotes.asp?org=biggs&ContentID=3661007 (748 words)

	Buying safrole to manufacture MDMA ( Ectsasy )
		Safrole is an ingredient used to manufacture Ecstasy, a psychoactive drug that affects the brain's use of the naturally-produced chemical serotonin, which regulates mood and aggression.
		The two orders of safrole were placed by phone with Sigma-Aldrich on Sept. 3 and 5, 2003, said Dotti Pennington, a customer service supervisor for the company.
		The DEA issued a public advisory in May 2003 warning chemical distributors about the drug-making potential of safrole, which is a substance naturally found in the oils from sassafras and camphor trees.
	www.mdma.net /safrole/index.html (627 words)

	[No title]
		CH3 \ /\\ / \ /\\ / O \\/ O \\/ MDP-2-P 3,4-methylenedioxy- phenyl-2-bromopropane safrole: 3,4-methylenedioxyallylbenzene, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propene isosafrole: 3,4-methylenedioxypropenylbenzene, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-propene MDP-2-P: 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetone, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl methyl ketone, piperonylacetone piperonal: 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde, heliotropin beta-nitroisosafrole: 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-nitropropene safrole, isosafrole, MDP-2-P, piperonal and beta-nitroisosafrole are the most commonly found precursors to MDMA in clandestine labs.
		Safrole can be extracted from sassafras oil, nutmeg oil, or several other sources which have been abundantly documented in _Chemical Abstracts_ over the years.
		V [numerous routes to MDA] * of interest to aspiring kitchen chemists - the sodium cyanoborohydride method is the preferred method - the safrole + HBr route is attractive due to its sheer simplicity - the aluminum amalgam route is as useful as cyanoborohydride, but may have a slightly higher risk of failure.
	www.textfiles.com /drugs/synth.txt (1771 words)

	[No title]
		A much better source of safrole is oil of sassafras, where it is present at about 80%.
		Safrole is usually converted to isosafrole for MDMA synthesis.
		MDMA and MDEA are very different both chemically and in terms of their physiological effects from safrole and it would be a stretch to link allergies to oil of nutmeg with allergies to MDMA/MDEA, but I know of no studies which have looked at this.
	ecstasy.org /qanda/q72.html (246 words)

	Ask Dr. Shulgin Online May 1, 2002
		There are some reports of safrole being sizable components of Star Anise Oil (Illicium verum, I. parviflorum) but the major compound in these Oils is Anethol, not Safrole.
		And if Anise Oil were to be used in error as a presumed source of Safrole, this material would give rise to PMA, which has been shown to be very toxic.
		PMA has been seen as an "Ecstasy" substitute, and I wonder if the uninformed use of Anise Oil as a presumed Safrole source, could have been the origin of PMA in the Ecstasy rave scene.
	www.cognitiveliberty.org /shulgin/adsarchive/safrole.htm (491 words)

	TheDEA.org: MDMA Synthesis
		Safrole is found in various "essential oils", the most famous of which is sassafras oil, which can contain as much as 90% safrole.
		Safrole, the 'ketone', and of course MDMA itself are all restricted in the US and most other countries.
		The wholesale price for safrole is about $7 a pound...an amount that could produce perhaps 5,000 MDMA pills worth on the order of $50,000-$100,000 at ultimate US retail prices.
	www.thedea.org /synthesis.html (266 words)

	Easy on the Black Pepper?
		The concern about pepper arises from one of its components, safrole, also found in small amounts in star anise, nutmeg, witch hazel, and basil.
		In the 1960s, the FDA banned the use of safrole in food in the United States after it was found that injecting large amounts caused liver cancer in lab rats.
		Volatile oils found in the bark of the root of the sassafras plant are 80 percent safrole.
	www.drweil.com /drw/u/id/QAA400102 (542 words)

	NTP: ChemIDPlus/HSDB 94-59-7 Toxicity
		SAFROLE WAS MUTAGENIC IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM STRAIN TA100 AT CONCN OF 10 AND 25 UG/ML.
		Safrole is a potent inhibitor of some liver microsomal enzymes, and major root extracts cause ataxia, ptosis, hypersensitivity to touch, hypothermia, and central nervous system depression in mice.
		The results showed that safrole bound to the DNA of maternal and fetal liver, lung, kidney, heart, brain, intestine, skin, maternal uterus and placenta, and the quantitative and qualitative differences in binding were organ-specific.
	ntp.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=E8844ED3-BDB5-82F8-FE229228AD598756 (3657 words)

	Safrole in betel quid may be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: case report -- Liu et al. 162 (3): 359 -- ...
		Safrole in betel quid may be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: case report -- Liu et al.
		Safrole in betel quid may be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: case report
		DNA adducts derived from safrole, estragole and related compounds, and from benzene and its metabolites.
	www.cmaj.ca /cgi/content/full/162/3/359 (1059 words)

	[No title]
		Safrole, the principal chemical constituent of the oil of sassafras (Sassafras albidum), has been linked recently to the growing "designer drug" problem.
		Synthesized from safrole, users report positive subjective effects such as "a sense of euphoria, increased empathy and communicativeness, and heightened alertness and self-awareness." Widespread use of the drug was seen, and reports of abuse and fatal toxicity prompted the Drug Enforcement Agency to take action.
		Although safrole is present in lower concentrations in other commonplace spices, including fl pepper, anise, basil, and nutmeg, the use of safrole and sassafras oil as flavoring agents was proscribed in December 1960.
	www.herbalgram.org /naturesflavors/herbclip/review.asp?i=41394 (420 words)

	CHAPTER 3
		For conversion into heliotropin or PBO a minimum safrole content of 86 percent is preferred.
		Their successful development would also bring other social and economic benefits, albeit on a modest scale, to a region which is at the centre of world attention on environmental issues.
		The safrole content of the oil in unselected stock is about 85 percent.
	www.fao.org /docrep/V5350E/V5350e05.htm (2506 words)

	Memoria - Consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para América Latina y el Caribe
		The principal use of safrole today is as a feedstock by the chemical industries for the synthesis of heliotropine and piperonyl butoxide (PBO).
		The demand for safrole is intertwined with those of heliotropine and PBO which have differing demand trends and feedstock options.
		For processing to PBO and heliotropine, a minimum safrole content of 86 per cent is preferred and the abundance of other reactive aromatic compounds, such as methyl eugenol, should be low.
	www.fao.org /docrep/T2354S/t2354s09.htm (4143 words)

	The history and recipes for real root beer
		Sassafras contains the chemical known as safrole which is has been shown to be a carcinogen in laboratory animals and has been banned by the US Food and Drug Administration.
		Removing safrole from sassafras extract and verifying that it is safe is a task which is beyond the ability and equipment of most homebrewers.
		Safrole (aka 5-(2-Propenyl)1,3-benzodioxole, aka allylcatechol methylene ether, aka 4-allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene, aka allyldioxybenzene methylene ether, aka m-allylpyrocatechin methylene ether) is about 75% of oil of sassafras.
	www.stoutbillys.com /stout/infonsf/Library/0FF30A5F.htm (5186 words)

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