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Topic: Saharan dust

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	Saharan dust affects thunderstorm behavior in Florida
		Dust affects the size of a thunderstorm's "anvil" or top, the strength and number of warm updrafts (rising air), and the amount of rain that builds up and falls from the "heat generated" or convective thunderstorms.
		Dust is an aerosol, and aerosols or little particles serve as the center or nuclei (called a cloud condensation nuclei) for cloud droplets to form around.
		The scientists concluded that the overall effect of the Saharan dust on the surface rainfall was to reduce it.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-01/nsfc-sda011105.php (774 words)

	Info and facts on 'Saharan dust' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		By the time the dust reaches the Caribbean it is practically invisible to its inhabitants though it can be detected by means of instruments.
		The dust also has been linked to increased incidence of asthma (Respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing; usually of allergic origin) attacks on children in the Caribbean.
		Dust storm (A windstorm that lifts up clouds of dust or sand)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sa/saharan_dust.htm (79 words)

	National Geographic News @ nationalgeographic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dust pollution occurring near the source of an African outbreak has been known to contaminate food and drinking water, cause highway accidents, close airports, disrupt radio and satellite communications, and even suffocate cattle.
		Dust outbreaks are likely to be most harmful close to the source.
		Airborne dust is one of the suspected culprits in the range of maladies labeled “Gulf War Syndrome” resulting from the 1991 U.S.-led military campaign in Kuwait.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2000/07/0710_dust.html (1190 words)

	NASA - Saharan Dust Affects Thunderstorm Behavior in Florida
		Dust affects the size of the top or "anvil" of a thunderstorm, the strength and number of updrafts of warm winds.
		Van den Heever concluded the overall effect of the saharan dust on the surface rainfall was to reduce it.
		Saharan dust can have a major impact on the amount of precipitation produced by thunderstorms in Florida, and it can help answer questions about the transport of aerosols and other pollutants in the upper atmosphere.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05015_saharan.html (629 words)

	The Royal Meteorological Society - Legacy Fund Report
		Saharan dust is capable of substantially influencing the local energy budget either through direct effects, by radiative forcing, or by indirect effects, such as modifying the physical properties of clouds.
		The duration of dust events is dependent upon the proximity of a location to high dust source regions.
		Dust deposition to the Atlantic Ocean during June, July and August 2004 is estimated at 61Tg, in close agreement with previous studies.
	www.rmets.org /education/scholarships/sch1.php (546 words)

	Saharan Dust "Cools" Climate Warming Estimates
		Desert dust may slightly diminish estimates on how warm the world will become, based on findings of how much sunlight is absorbed by dust.
		The Saharan dust absorption results are likely to be representative of desert dust properties around the world, according to the researchers.
		The difference in the brightness of solar radiation reflected by the land surface and the heavy dust cloud indicated that nearly all the sunlight in the visible and near IR part of solar spectrum hitting the dust cloud was reflected back into space.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/earth/sahara/dust.htm (595 words)

	News In Science - 21/2/2001 Rain made from Saharan dust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The rain-making power of Saharan dust may soon be harnessed to bring vital rain to drought-stricken south-eastern Turkey.
		Radio Netherlands reports that the dust which blows from the hot dry Saharan desert is particularly good for improving snow and rainfall.
		Researchers suspect the dust's high organic and iron content are the key to its super rainmaking qualities and they plan to seed clouds over Turkey with Saharan dust spread from an aeroplane or a hot air balloon.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/print/print_249036.htm (285 words)

	SVS Science Story: Dust from Africa Leads to Large Toxic Algae Blooms in Gulf of Mexico, Study Finds
		Saharan dust clouds travel thousands of miles and fertilize the water off the West Florida coast with iron, which kicks off blooms of toxic algae, according to a new study.
		Each year iron from Saharan dust clouds is deposited in the waters off the West Florida coast.
		The Saharan dust reached the West Florida shelf around July 1st, increasing iron concentrations in the surface waters by 300 percent.
	svs.gsfc.nasa.gov /stories/dust (732 words)

	Top Story--Images of Saharan Dust Moving Across Atlantic, June and July,1999 - August 28, 2001
		The iron in the dust is the key ingredient that sets off an environmental chain reaction in the Gulf of Mexico waters that could lead to a Red Tide.
		The second image depicts the Saharan dust as it reached the West Florida shelf around July 1st, increasing iron concentrations by 300 percent.
		Trichodesmium is a plant-like bacteria that utilizes iron in the dust to bring nitrogen into the ocean water, a component required for the red tide algae to bloom.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20010824redtides.html (1297 words)

	Saharan dust seen affecting Florida's climate - The Washington Times: World Briefings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The movement of dust from Africa to the West Indies and the southeastern United States has increased since 1970 because of an increase of dry weather in the Saharan region.
		The study was conducted for the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration by Joseph M. Prospero of the University of Miami and Peter Lamb of the University of Oklahoma.
		The Saharan dust is most prevalent there during the summer, when the trade winds blow in from the east.
	washingtontimes.com /functions/print.php?StoryID=20031119-092640-6341r (713 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The experimental approach has shown that the inputs of Saharan dust represent a significant source of phosphate to the surface water.
		Incubations of oligotrophic (phosphate-free) seawater spiked with Saharan dust have shown that an important dust input leads to a biological response at bacterial and phytoplanktonic levels.
		The parameterization of the dissolution, adsorption and assimilation processes of phosphate has allowed to improve the knowledge of the role of the atmospheric input of Saharan dust in biological activity during the oligotrophic period.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200109-10.html (317 words)

	CNN.com - African dust storms send germs to America - June 18, 2001
		As the dust grains and their tiny stowaways settle down in the Western Atlantic, they could pose health risks to people in Florida and the Caribbean, according to scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey and NASA.
		"Microbes in the cracks and crevasses of dust particles may be shielded from ultraviolet rays," said Dale Griffin, co-author of a report in the June 14 edition of the journal Aerobiologia, in a statement.
		Besides microbe and fungi passengers, the dust grains themselves are known to cause respiratory and allergic reactions.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/TECH/science/06/15/dust.microbes (415 words)

	Hazy cloud of Saharan dust nearing U.S. - Boston.com - Science - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An enormous, hazy cloud of dust from the Sahara Desert is blowing toward the southern United States, but meteorologists do not expect much effect beyond colorful sunsets.
		Such dust clouds are not uncommon, especially at this time of year.
		If the dust is concentrated enough, it could create some problems for people with respiratory problems, said Ken Larson, a natural resource specialist with the Broward County Environmental Protection Department.
	www.boston.com /news/science/articles/2005/07/23/hazy_cloud_of_saharan_dust_nearing_us (319 words)

	SPACE.com -- Satellite Images of Dust, Possibly China's Biggest Export to U.S.
		The dust is kicked up by high winds in North Africa and carried 15,000 to 20,000 feet (4,570 to 6.100 meters) into the atmosphere by easterly winds, said Joseph M. Prospero of the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences.
		Airborne dust clouds from the April 2001 storm blew across the Pacific Ocean and were carried as far as North America.
		During a similar dust outbreak last year, the Associated Press reported that the visibility in Beijing had been reduced to the point where buildings were barely visible across city streets and airline schedules were significantly disrupted.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/planetearth/dust_storm_010514.html (926 words)

	2004 Air Pollution Events - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality - www.tceq.state.tx.us
		On Thursday, June 17, dense dust from the Saharan desert of Africa entered the southeast coastal areas of Texas.
		This Saharan dust event is the only one to reach Level Orange since routine PM2.5 measurements began in Texas in 1999.
		The Saharan dust originates from dust storms caused by high winds over the Saharan Desert and Sub-Saharan areas of northwest Africa and usually takes about one to two weeks to cross the Atlantic Ocean, Carribean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico to reach Texas.
	www.tceq.state.tx.us /assets/public/compliance/monops/air/sigevents/04/event2004-06-17tx.html (364 words)

	USGS - Coral Mortality and African Dust
		Various peaks in the dust record, at Barbados and elsewhere in the western Atlantic (Prospero and Nees, 1986), coincide with benchmark events on reefs throughout the Caribbean (courtesy of Prospero, 1997) with known coral reef perturbations.
		The mechanisms by which dust may affect reefs include direct fertilization of benthic algae by iron or other nutrients interacting with NH and NO -rich submarine ground water, and by broadcasting of bacterial, viral and fungal spores.
		Dust may be a viable explanation for the plight of coral reefs throughout the Caribbean.
	coastal.er.usgs.gov /african_dust (635 words)

	Envirocast Media Update for Tuesday, September 23, 2003
		The plume of Saharan desert dust can be seen wending its way over the Cape Verde Islands in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, being held aloft and swept along by strong winds.
		The ability to see dust storms from space, coupled with soil analyses, are leading some researchers to theorize a relationship between degradation of Caribbean marine species and airborne pathogens.
		Coincidentally (from 1970 to the present), transatlantic dust transport from North Africa increased dramatically, with peak dust years occurring in 1973, 1983, and 1987, according to a group of scientists.
	kyw.iewatershed.com /media/030923a (472 words)

	5.1 The impacts of Saharan dust on Florida storm characteristics (2005 - 16WEAMOD) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dust can therefore have significant effects on the nucleation of ice and liquid water, which in turn may affect other microphysical and dynamical characteristics of convective storm systems.
		High concentrations of Saharan dust were observed on 28 and 29 July during the CRYSTAL-FACE (Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers — Florida Area Cirrus Experiment) field program conducted over the Florida peninsula by NASA during July 2002.
		The goal of the research to be presented is thus to investigate the impacts that increasing the concentrations of Saharan dust may have on the characteristics of the convective and anvil stages of Florida convection, through the use of a cloud-resolving numerical model.
	ams.confex.com /ams/Annual2005/techprogram/paper_83490.htm (509 words)

	Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment - SAMUM
		SAMUM addresses the full range from local microphysical and chemical properties of dust derived from laboratory and field data to regional and global effects as analyzed by airborne and space-borne sensors and as simulated and forecast by advanced weather and climate models.
		Optical properties will be measured of airborne dust and on particulate samples with an emphasis on the characterization and attribution of the light-absorbing fraction (e.g., soot and hematite).
		A main goal of the analysis is the determination of the complex index of refraction and of the hygroscopic behavior of the different components of the airborne particulate matter originating from desert soils mixed with anthropogenic components.
	www.tropos.de /samum/scopeover.html (859 words)

	All the World's a Stage ... for Dust
		The dust, originating from fine particles in the arid topsoil, is transported into the atmosphere by winds and may be carried more than 10,000 feet high.
		The raining of dust into the Pacific Ocean may be important for the productivity of fisheries in the North Pacific, an important source of seafood for much of the world.
		Dust storms can be a frightening sight -- they kick up walls of dust often hundreds of feet high that sand-blast everything in their path.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2001/ast26jun_1.htm (1567 words)

	LITE Data Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Saharan dust is generally found between the latitudes of 10N 20N and is transported in an elevated mixed layer known as the "Saharan Air Layer" (SAL).
		Current estimates of climate forcing from dust are uncertain due to the very poor knowledge of the distribution and optical properties of dust, and their time and space variations.
		Knowledge of the vertical distribution of the dust is required to calculate the infrared radiative forcing and effects on the heating profile.
	www-lite.larc.nasa.gov /n_saharan_dust.html (884 words)

	Saharan Dust "Cools" Climate Warming Estimates
		Desert Dust Enables Algae To Grow (December 22, 2003) -- Biologists from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research have demonstrated that desert dust promotes the growth of algae.
		Dust To Dust: Particles Could Affect Entire Earth, Paper Says (April 14, 2005) -- You probably consider those dust particles that make you sneeze and wheeze a nuisance, but those tiny pieces of matter could potentially affect the world's climate, its oceans and even the food...
		African Dust Brings Drought, Rain Across Atlantic (July 17, 2003) -- Dust from the Sahara Desert in Africa may modify clouds and rainfall both in Africa and across the tropical North Atlantic as far away as Barbados, according to a study that uses data from NASA...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/04/010413083017.htm (827 words)

	EO Natural Hazards: Central Africa Dust Storm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Looking northwest, this image shows the dusty Saharan airmass in the lower third of the view, with clear air beyond a marked northeast-trending boundary.
		The dust is blowing west southwest, parallel to the front—a common trajectory during northern winters.
		The width of the dust column was about 1800 kilometers, of which only 200 kilometers is seen here.
	earth.jsc.nasa.gov /EarthObservatory/CentralAfricaDustStorm.htm (232 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery
		The larger dust particles tend to slide out of the warm upper layer, and most of these are deposited in the ocean within 1,000 kilometres of the African coast.
		The amount of dust seems to wax and wane with the levels of aridity of the Sahara region, and were especially high during the severe 1983-84 drought in that region.
		Prospero thinks that the idea of microbiological infection from high-altitude dust is not far-fetched, noting the periodic outbreaks of African varieties of blight in Caribbean crops.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/1999/07/13/53.asp (667 words)

	Climate - Image of the Week
		A re-circulating Saharan dust plume observed by MODIS from Aqua.
		These images of re-circulating Saharan dust aerosol were retrieved by MODIS aboard Aqua, on March 6, 2004.
		Due to the unique optical properties of dust aerosol (its brown color), MODIS is able to observe heavy dust over ocean sun glint.
	climate.gsfc.nasa.gov /viewImage.php?id=50 (220 words)

	a31c in sm04
		AB: The NCAS Trans-Atlantic Saharan Dust Aerosol and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE) was designed to provide a unique set of measurements to characterize the microphysical evolution of Saharan dust aerosol during transport across the Atlantic Ocean.
		The cruise tracks for AEROSE 2004 coincided with the climatological Saharan Dust storm belt (5° N to 14° N and 60° W to 19° W) between the Caribbean Lesser Antilles and the west coast of Africa.
		The influence of mineral dust on the tropospheric photochemical cycle is the subject of our modelling study, carried out with a global general circulation model, which includes modules for aerosols and atmospheric chemistry.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=sm04&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/sm04/sm04&maxhits=200&="A31C" (1721 words)

	Saharan Dust Affects Thunderstorm Behavior in Florida
		Saharan Dust Blowing off Northwest Africa: This is an image of dust storms taken by NASA’s SeaWiFS satellite, taken on Feb. 28, 2000.
		A Microscopic Look at Dust: This particle of dust was magnified 12,000 times.
		Findings on the "Impact of Saharan Dust on Florida Storm Characteristics" were presented at the 2005 annual meeting of the American Meteorological Society on Jan. 11 at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego, Calif. Susan C. van den Heever, Gustavo G. Carrio, William R. Cotton, Paul.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/earth_sciences/report-38745.html (795 words)

	NASA :: Saharan Dust Affects Thunderstorm Behavior in Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The researchers found when saharan dust is in the air, the anvils produced by Florida's convective thunderstorms tend to be a little smaller in area, but better organized and thicker.
		The researchers also noticed the updrafts of warm moist air, which build into thunderstorms were stronger, and there were more updrafts produced in the presence of the dust.
		Florida residents see more updrafts developing during dust events, and the dust affects the amount of rainfall that reaches the ground.
	sev.prnewswire.com /aerospace-defense/20050111/DCTU05711012005-1.html (609 words)

	SPACE.com -- Dust Flies, Mars Scientists Give Chase
		Even though Martian dust storms can be 100 times larger than those on Earth, the scientists, led by the University of Arizona's Peter Smith, hope to learn as much as possible at the Santa Cruz flats before similar instruments face the real thing on Mars as soon as 2007.
		The dust storms there can be 6 miles (10 kilometers) high and two thirds of a mile (a kilometer) wide: big enough to be seen by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor currently orbiting the Red Planet.
		Along with that comes a dust counter, an instrument that measures changes in Earths electric field, GPS devices, and a Mars Atmospheric Oxidant Sensor which is a chemistry experiment designed to measure corrosion on Mars.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/arizona_dust_010608.html (729 words)

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