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	Sahel drought Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.
		In 2005, a series of climate modeling studies performed at NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory indicated that the late 20th century Sahel drought was likely a climatic response to changing sea surface temperature patterns, and that it could be viewed as a combination of natural variability superimposed upon an anthropogenically forced regional drying trend.
		These climate model simulations indicated that the general late 20th century Sahel drying trend was attributable to human-induced factors; largely due to an increase in greenhouse gases and partly due to an increase in atmospheric aerosols.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Sahel_drought.html (533 words)

	Sahel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sahel (from Arabic ساحل, sahil, shore, border or coast of the Sahara desert) is the boundary zone in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the more fertile region to the south, known as the Sudan (not to be confused with the country of the same name).
		The Sahel is primarily savanna and runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Horn of Africa, changing from semi-arid grasslands to thorn savanna.
		Soils in the Sahel are mostly acidic (which results in aluminum toxicity to plants), and are very low in nitrogen and phosphate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sahel (578 words)

	Drought - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Drought is not a purely physical phenomenon, but rather an interplay between natural water availability and human demands for water supply.
		The Sahelian drought that began in 1968 was responsible for the deaths of between 100,000 and 250,000 people, the disruption of millions of lives, and the collapse of the agricultural bases of five countries.
		Severe and prolonged drought during 1983 that affected large areas of seven of Bolivia's nine departments, an estimated 80 percent of the normal fall harvest of staple crops was lost.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Drought (905 words)

	Sahel Africa
		Sahel Africa is a wide stretch of land running from the Atlantic ocean to the African "Horn", an area that contains the countries of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia.
		The Sahel area is a predominately sparse savanna vegetation of grasses and shrubs.
		With the Sahel region becoming slowly more arid, the chronic instability of the environment, and livestock populations rising, it is difficult to develop the area, and a traditional way of living prevails.
	maps.unomaha.edu /Peterson/funda/Notes/Notes_Exam4/Sahel.html (995 words)

	Sahel drought - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sahel drought in 1970s and 1980s created a famine that killed a million people and afflicted more than 50 million.
		Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.
		However, in 2000s, after the phenomenon of global dimming was discovered, new models speculatively suggested that the drought was likely caused by air pollution generated in Europe and North America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sahel_drought (177 words)

	Book: Survival in the Sahel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Sahel's climate is greatly influenced by global wind circulation patterns, which determine periods of rain and aridity in the region.
		In winter the Sahel is subject to the influence of the northeast trade winds, which are hot and dry as a result of their long journey over the desert.
		While there are indications that earlier droughts were confined to relatively small areas, there has been a continual increase in the duration and the extent of drought over the last 100 years and consequently in the destruction caused by it.
	www.isnar.cgiar.org /publications/books/sahel/english/chap1-5.htm (2514 words)

	sahel.htm
		The Sahel, an Arabic word meaning border or shore, is a region of Africa which extends from the Atlantic Ocean on the west through Sudan to the Indian Ocean on the east, in an band of about 200 to 700 miles in width and about 3000 miles long.
		Additionally, scientists contend that although the eighties drought was the longest in memory, at 17 years, the rain in the wet season (June to September) has been declining for 200 years and this trend is expected to continue.
		Population in the Sahel has jumped from 19 million in 1961 to 30 million in 1980 and is estimated to be at 50 million by 2000.
	www.frontiernet.net /~mmulford/sahel.htm (6812 words)

	Sahel - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The countries of the Sahel today include Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia.
		There was a push, supported by governments, for people to move northwards, and as the long drought-period from 1968-1974 kicked in, the grazing quickly became unsustainable, and large-spread denuding of the terrain followed.
		Sahel, Term, Geography, Environment, Transhumance, Droughts, External links and references, Regions of Africa and Sahel.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Sahel (590 words)

	Sahel Drought (L.E.D.C)
		Contact Me The Sahel Desert drought, which began in the late 1960s and lasted until the early 1980s, was the worst drought of the 20th century.
		Up to now, many scientists thought the drought in the Sahel zone was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region.
		It appears that human activity might not have been to blame for the drought, and the study suggests the Sahel region may be naturally prone to such large climate changes.
	droughts.tripod.com /drought/id8.html (722 words)

	Sahel: the drought is over - IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Analyses we made of the annual flow of the Senegal River, revealed that the drought was "broken", between 1993 and 1994.
		This study enabled us to highlight the same patterns as before: a period of drought in the 1910s, followed by a relatively wet period in the 1920s, then a new drought starting in 1939-1940, and again a wet period between 1950 and 1960 before falling back again into drought in 1969-1970.
		Against the prevailing trend, there are two breaks in between 2003 and 1945: the first in 1976-1977 marking an aggravation of the last drought, and a second one in 1993-1994, marked by an increase in water flow.
	www.irc.nl /page/26893 (811 words)

	Other Drought-related Sites
		The North American Drought Monitor (NA-DM) is a cooperative effort between drought experts in Canada, Mexico and the United States to monitor drought across the continent on an ongoing basis.
		The Interim National Drought Council was formed in September 2000 to establish a more comprehensive, integrated, and coordinated approach to reducing the impacts of drought through better preparedness, monitoring and prediction, risk management, and response to drought emergencies in the United States.
		Drought Floods and Prayer is an information resource for those concerned with the effects of drought and floods on people and the environment.
	drought.unl.edu /links.htm (2786 words)

	CO2 Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		(2000) developed a decadal-scale history of rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa for the past thousand years, based on level and salinity fluctuations of a small crater-lake in Kenya that were derived from diatom and midge assemblages retrieved from the lake's sediments.
		Consequently, it would not be unnatural for another such drought to grip the region in the not-too-distant future; and if such were to happen, the world's climate alarmists would be quick to claim that the ongoing rise in the air's CO content was responsible for it.
		Indeed, even the continent's worst drought in recorded meteorological history does not seem to have been any worse (in fact, it was actually much milder) than droughts that occurred periodically during much colder times.
	www.co2science.org /scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/subject/d/summaries/droughtafrica.jsp (714 words)

	McGraw-Hill/Dushkin: PowerWeb Article
		The word Sahel comes from the Arabic sahil, which means “shore,” an apt description for a frontier land that borders the largest sea of sand in the world.
		The Sahel is a gently undulating grassy steppe between two hundred and four hundred kilometers wide, constrained to the north by the Sahara and to the south by a variety of forested terrain.
		The Sahel tragedy continues to unfold with dreadful predictability, a replay, on a different scale and in a different place, of the Maya collapse and the Anasazi dispersals.
	www.dushkin.com /olc/genarticle.mhtml?article=24588 (5013 words)

	Sahel Summary
		The Sahel (from Arabic ساحل, sahil, shore, border or coast of the Sahara desert) is the boundary zone in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the more fertile region to the south, known as the Sudan (not to be confused with the country of the same name).
		The Sahel is primarily savanna and runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Horn of Africa, changing from semi-arid grasslands to thorn savanna.
		Traditionally, most of the people in the Sahel have been semi-nomads, farming and raising cattle in a system of transhumance, which is probably the most sustainable way of utilizing the Sahel.
	www.bookrags.com /Sahel (1057 words)

	From: Journal of Climate, Vol. 5, May 1992
		The fact that the Sahel periodically experiences multidecadal wet and dry regimes suggests that the current Sahel drought which began in the late 1960's could be a temporary condition that may end in the near future.
		The Sahel, lying between approximately 11 and 20° in Africa, is the region which separates the hyperarid Sahara Desert to the north and the rain forests along the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo River basin to the south.
		Though all three analyses show a basic structure of positive correlations throughout the Sahel (strongest at the westernmost portion) and a weaker area of negative correlations along the Gulf of Guinea, it is the magnitudes of the associations that are of note.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /hrd/Landsea/sahel/index.html (8873 words)

	AFRICA - Explore the Regions - Sahel
		The Sahel is widely French-speaking, Islamic and takes its name ("shore") from Arabic.
		In the 1970s, the Sahel captured international attention when drought and famine killed nearly 200,000 people.
		To ease the strain, the Sahel's land must be restored, international development agencies believe.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/africa/explore/sahel/sahel_overview.html (242 words)

	The Sahel region; assessing progress twenty-five years after the great drought
		The hazardous conditions of the droughts of the 1970s, and those that followed, have had cumulative impacts, but these impacts form part of complex patterns of social and economic change, and it is almost impossible to separate the effects of the natural hazard (drought) from other factors that made individuals vulnerable.
		Famine situations have resulted in dryland West Africa where drought conditions have surprised populations that were unprepared for them (as in the 1970s, when fifteen years of good rainfall had encouraged many to over-invest in agriculture); and where the possible range of adjustments have been constrained by warfare, social status, or corruption and mismanagement.
		Sahelian droughts and their effects have been studied intensively since the 1970s, as part of the international response to "environmental emergency".
	www.simonbatterbury.net /pubs/geogmag.html (2839 words)

	Drought in the Sahel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Persistent drought hit the Sahel in the early 1970s, soon after the end of European colonialism in the region.
		The impact of the drought was felt throughout society and the images of dying cattle, famished children and barren landscapes are seared on the memories of those who followed the region’s agony.
		During the 30 years that followed, the debate on the origin of drought raged in the physical sciences community: was the shift to a drier climate the consequence of the impact of human activity on the local environment, or was it a manifestation of climate variability global in scale?
	www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu /crosscutting/cci/DroughtintheSahel.htm (399 words)

	UNCCD - United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
		In the Sahel Commi phora africana Boswellia dalziella,
		In Nigeria, the severe droughts that hit the Sahel in the 1960's and those that ravaged many arid and semi-arid lands in the early 1980's forced many pastoralist to remain in fragile ecological zones longer than previously, thus increasing conflicts between farmers and grazer (11).
		However, the term "drought" is used when rainfall is lower than average for two or three years in succession; such is the case in the diagram in figure 3 for the period beginning in 1970 in Niger.
	www.unccd.int /knowledge/INCDinfoSeg/parti.php (17282 words)

	Drought: Air pollution link found
		Air pollution is likely to have contributed to the catastrophic Sahel drought in Africa, says an Australian researcher.
		As a result, the tropical rain belt, which migrates northwards and southwards with the seasonal movement of the sun, is weakened in the northern hemisphere and does not move as far north.
		The main impact of the weaker rain belt is in the Sahel.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-06/ca-dap061302.php (529 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
		Linear regression of 1901-1990 rainfall data from 24 stations in the west African Sahel yields a negative slope amounting to a decline of 1.9 standard deviations in the period 1950-1985 (Nicholson and Palao, 1993).
		Lamb (1978) observes that droughts in west Africa correlate with warm SST in the tropical south Atlantic.
		This decreases evaporation from the ocean surface, causing drought in the Sahel and Mexico.
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup2/403.htm (897 words)

	Early Warning Web Service, Drought Watch
		The impact of these floods could be exacerbated by drought conditions observed during the first half of the season in Cunene and Kuando-Kubangu due to the effects of a moderate El Niño, negatively affecting the livelihoods of pastoral communities.
		In a meeting organized at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the government officially appealed to the international community to help overcome the impact of drought on the livelihood and food security of the pastoralists, particularly those who do not receive remittances from urban areas and are dependent solely on livestock.
		It is hoped that the drought declaration will bring additional attention to the significant shortfall for the regular WFP programs as well as additional support to UNICEF therapeutic and supplementary feeding programs in Djibouti.
	www.hewsweb.org /drought (7205 words)

	[No title]
		The Sahel is an area that extends across Africa on the southern edge of the Sahara desert.
		Rotstayn said that a reduction in the severity of the Sahel drought in the 1990s could be linked to emission controls in Europe and North America that lowered levels of atmospheric pollutants.
		The Sahel region clearly was overgrazed in the past, which resulted in raised surface temperatures and put large quantities of dust in the air, Mr.
	www.waterconserve.info /shared/reader/welcome.aspx?Linkid=15822 (805 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Oceans linked to Sahel drought
		The droughts, in which over a million people are thought to have died, were initially blamed on human degradation of the local environment.
		"We saw that the model was capable of reproducing the droughts in the Sahel in the long-term negative trend in rainfall.
		The expansion of farming and herding into marginal areas was said to have produced a spiral of changes, in which reduced vegetation led to reduced rainfall, producing further decreases in vegetation and still less rainfall.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3191174.stm (681 words)

	Scientists show that vegetation conditions drive the North Africa drought
		New research by NASA Goddard and University of California, Los Angeles scientists to be published in the Nov. 19th issue of the journal Science, shows that the devastating drought that plagued North Africa for decades may be a natural phenomenon-fueled by the land's naturally-changing vegetation cover.
		"The Sahel has gone through a well-known drought in the 70s and 80s, and it is a huge economic concern for the countries in the Sahel region like Nigeria, Niger and Mali," said Zeng.
		In trying to decipher the true cause, the team used a computer climate model to see how much of the drought could be accounted for by the cooler sea surface temperatures that suppress summer monsoons and bring less rain to the Sahel region.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-11/NSFC-Sstv-181199.php (649 words)

	Institut de recherche pour le développement
		The landscape is showing the clear signs of several successive years of drought (desertification1, changes in Lake Chad's surface area and depth, detectable modifications in river discharges, variations in water-table levels and so on).
		Rainfall measurements collected for over a century combined with investigations made by IRD researchers show that, statistically, it is too tenuous to suggest that these two rainier years give a true sign that the drought ended, or indeed had begun to attenuate, by the end of 2000.
		These are: drought from 1910 to 19163 (7 years), a wet period from 1950 to 1967 (18 years), rainfall deficits from 1970 to 1974 (5 years) and another drought from 1976 to 1993 (18 years), the longest and most intense of the century.
	www.ird.fr /us/actualites/fiches/2003/178.htm (906 words)

	Sahel - Research the news about Sahel - from HighBeam Research
		The Arabized Sahel In the Sahel-with the exception of the mountainous regions-the Arabs are...
		The Sahel region is a semi-arid belt that stretches...
		Neurotech strengthens its position in ophthalmology through collaboration with INSERM and the Quinze-Vingts Hospital, Paris; Professor Jose-Alain Sahel to lead research team in collaboration with Neurotech to study interactions between the pigment epithelium and the neuronal retina and other vessels.
	www.highbeam.com /search.aspx?q=Sahel&ref_id=ency_botnm (1119 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
		Linear regression of 1901-1990 rainfall data from 24 stations in the west African Sahel yields a negative slope amounting to a decline of 1.9 standard deviations in the period 1950-1985 (Nicholson and Palao, 1993).
		Lamb (1978) observes that droughts in west Africa correlate with warm SST in the tropical south Atlantic.
		This decreases evaporation from the ocean surface, causing drought in the Sahel and Mexico.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/403.htm (897 words)

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