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Topic: Sahelian

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Architecture of Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia South of the Sahara, Islamic influence was a major contributing factor to the development of Sahelian architecture, initially growing from the two cities of Djenne and Timbuktu. Western architecture has had an impact on coastal areas since the late fifteenth century and is now an important source for many larger buildings, particularly in major cities. The impact of modern architecture began to be felt in the 1920s and 30s. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Architecture_of_Africa

Sahelian kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of empires that had many similarities. The Sahel states were limited from expanding south into the forest zone of the Ashanti and Yoruba as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the heat and diseases of the region. Located on the Niger River to the west of Ghana in what is today Niger and Mali, it lasted about a century before fracturing into a number of successor states at the end of the fifteenth century. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sahelian_kingdom

Chad - HISTORY Another was his lack of success--or lack of interest--in reaching power-sharing agreements with key leaders in the Saharan and sahelian regions. The kingdom of Bagirmi emerged to the southeast of Kanem-Borno in the sixteenth century. The kingdoms and empires based their power on, and were ultimately subjected to, raids or the payment of tribute. www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/chad/HISTORY.html

Sudano-Sahelian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Sudano-Sahelian is an architectural style common in the Sahel. The Great Mosque of Djenné and Sankoré Mosque with its accompanying university buildings in Timbuktu are the most famous examples of the Sudano-Sahelian style. The style reached its height during the Mali and Songhay Empires in West Africa during the 16th and 17th centuries. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sahelian_architecture

AGAINST HISTORY? A NIMO-BORN ARCHITECTURE OF UMU NRI (ENUGU UKWU)1 In architecture specifically, one expects that the difference which this transformation engendered must be observable in the pedagogues within which builders were produced, as well as in the techniques of construction and in the materials that are usable and/or appropriate for building. It’s as if architecture, by definition, involves a significant lag as representation and reproduction --this says nothing at all about its representational value which I believe to be higher than those of other spheres (sculpture, painting, or oral and written literatures for example). BLIER, Suzanne (1987): The Anatomy of Architecture: Ontology and Metaphor in Batammaliba Architectural Expression. www.africaresource.com /ijele/issue4/okoye.html

Ch04 Throughout the drought the Sahelian countries declined to reveal the level of their commercial food imports; this could be attributed either to their desire to maximize contributions or to an unwillingness to define precisely the extent of their agricultural failures. Otherwise France (and the United Kingdom in the case of the Gambia) was the economic lifeline, the ultimate source of expertise and financial support for the Sahelian countries. Because of international protocol, the various multilateral and bilateral agencies could act only after the Sahelian governments had declared a disaster and requested help, and this initial declaration was not made until March 1973 - whether because of internal political reasons, a lack of accurate information, or bureaucratic delays, is unclear. www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/80422e/80422E04.htm

The downward After the crisis of the early 1970s the governments of the Sahelian countries and of the principal aid-giving countries, together with the international agencies, resolved to concentrate on attaining food self-sufficiency by improving rainfed agriculture. The drought in the Sahelian belt of 1968 to 1973 was not the first of its kind. It is not only in the Sahelian countries of Africa that famine has struck and is poised to strike again. bh.kyungpook.ac.kr /~ygpark/Students/LecNote/Resources/(171¡­186)..htm

NIGERIA.Arena HISTORY The team was to concentrate its first case studies on the Sahelian zone of north-eastern Nigeria and the edges of the tropical forests in southern Cameroon. The cultural transitions during these last two millenniums BC could be rooted in cultural developments in the Sahelian region or in environmental changes produced by a climatic shift in the same region at the time. There are indications that drier eras during this time caused the disappearance of most of the lakes and rivers of the Sahara and Sahel as well as a partial collapse of the ecosystem of the rainforests further south, the scientist team says. web.1asphost.com /siyanbola/Nigeria/nigmap00.htm

African Civilizations The kingship was matrilineal (as was all Sahelian monarchies to follow); the king's sister provided the heir to the throne. The Berbers and their wars of conversion figure very large in the history of the Sahelian kingdoms; by the 1300's, these large kingdoms became Islamic and, more importantly, centers of Islamic learning. This Berber kingdom would form the model from which all the Sahelian kingdoms would be built. 206.110.20.140 /users/murphyc/web/web/apworld/assign/unit1/africa.html

My Last Minute College Papers Located in the Sahelian part of Western Africa, Mali is bordered by Mauritania to the West and North West, Algeria in the North and North East, Niger and Burkina Faso in the East and South East, Cote D’Ivoire and Guinea in the South and finally Senegal in the West. The geographical area of the republic Mali encompasses a few of the ancient kingdoms in Africa that history, in the way Western terminology defines it, in the written sense, is known about. Millions of Africans, including those from the empires located in modern day Mali (the Ghanaian, the Malian and the Songhay empires), in their lack of unity and strong unitary leadership, were being abducted by slave merchants and being sold to Europeans. www.mariamawit.com /mali.html

Early African Empires and their Global Connections This kingdom lasted from 750 A.D. to 1200 A.D. It became known as the "land of gold" for its role as an economic intermediary within the gold trade from south to north. It was in the 1400's that Mali began to decline due to a series of weak kings and the decentralization of its influence. C) Songhay: This kingdom existed under the control of Mali, but began to break away and establish itself around 1350 A.D. and remained until 1600 A.D. Songhay was larger than Mali and was centered along the Niger river. www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/african2.html

Kingdoms & Domains of Hyerune It is centered along the Sahelian continent north of the Ajanta Mountains. Dunwyn - The Kingdom of Dunwyn is the sister state to the Kingdom of Galiwyn. She is aided by a Council of Elven druids known as the Circle of the Golden Bough. legendsofhyerune.com /Kingdoms_of_Hyerune

SYNTAXONOMICAL SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICA II The kingdoms and subkingdoms are: I. Holarctic (13 regions), II. Anyway, we have tried, in addition to maintaining as much as possible the traditional names and hierarchies to obtain that all the boundaries between units could be objective and enough justified, using vegetation series and geoseries as main delimitatating criteria. We recognize in North America (North of Panama) 2 kingdoms, 2 subkingdoms, 2 superregions, 9 regions, 33 provinces, 87 sectors and 78 subsectors. www.ucm.es /info/cif/book/namerica2/namerica_02_4.htm

Information On Burkina Faso - 12th Meeting of the Parties The kingdom of Wogodogo was ruled by the Mogho-Naba, the mossi emperor. Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso is, according to historians, the former capital of the Mossi Kingdom. Other political groups such as the Gouiriko Kingdom of the Ouattara in the west of the country or the Fullani Emirate in the North of Liptako were also important. www.unep.org /ozone/infobukina-faso.shtml

Burkina Faso The Sahelian zone is the sector of xerophyllous steppes with annual grasses such as Aristida mutabilis, Cenchrus biflorus and Schoenefeldia gracilis. The transhumance of Sahelian stock towards these high potential areas is the origin, every year, of conflicts, some mortal, between pastoralists and crop farmers. These are found in the Sahelian and Sub-Sahelian agro-ecological zones. www.fao.org /WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/BurkinaFeng.htm

The Globalist Global Politics -- A Lesson from Cote d’Ivoire To the north was a horizontal strip of largely Islamic Sahelian kingdoms, some of which still harbor resentment over 18th century slave raids by their southern neighbors. Immigrants from throughout West Africa — but primarily Muslims from the Sahelian states to the north — once flocked to this regional economic powerhouse, making nationality a point of contention. West Africa’s most powerful kingdoms stretched from east to west in the large swathe of savanna that lay inland — the kingdoms of Oyo in Nigeria, Dahomey in Benin and Ashanti in Ghana. www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3931

Encyclopedia: Niger River This lucrative trade made the bend the centre of the Sahelian kingdoms of Mali, and Gao. The bend is the closest major river and source of water to the Sahara desert and it thus became the focal point of trade across the western Sahara. There is an opinion that the name of the river Niger came from the Tuareg language gher n gherem = "river of rivers", and not from the Latin for "black". www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Niger-River

Islamic Development Bank - English Home Page 1.1 The objective of the present competition is to obtain proposals for the architectural design of typical primary schools adapted to the conditions prevalent in rural areas of Sahelian countries. IDB has thus contributed to the financing of numerous primary education projects in Sahelian countries (among others Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Senegal) and this contribution is expected to grow even more in the years to come. (a) have an architecture and an external appearance inspired from Islamic architecture, including that of Sahelian zones; www.isdb.org /english_docs/idb_home/termes-eng.htm

Life-Enhancement.com Article - Print SAHELIAN: With arthritis there's a slight effect, and I believe it should be combined with glucosamine, although I'm still not sure whether I would want people to take more than 10 or 20 on a very, very long-term basis. SAHELIAN: PREG is an anti-fatigue agent, which could be beneficial in those who need to work long hours, especially if they have physical work. SAHELIAN: Any information that we have can be helpful, but I do want to emphasize looking at the whole picture and not over-relying on one particular piece of information. www.life-enhancement.com /article_print.asp?ID=95

Cameroon - ICOMOS World Report on Monuments and Sites in Danger 2001: Heritage @ Risk The architecture of Cameroon is well known by experts, as the geographic position of this country - at the crossroads of important African civilisations - abuts the Southern Bantu, Sahelian and North Sudanese populations. Cameroon, combining the cultures of Africa, possesses a vernacular architecture (of forest, of plain, or mountains) that is exceptionally rich. The search for modernity has today resulted in an architecture that abandons local materials (straw, bamboo, wood), which are judged poorly in comparison with the performance of corrugated iron and walls of concrete. www.international.icomos.org /risk/2001/came2001.htm

ninemsn Encarta - Africa South of the Sahara, in the Sahelian region, and in the most fertile areas north of the coastal forests, slash-and-burn agriculture—a method in which small areas were burned, cleared, and planted and then allowed to revert to bush—has given way to settled farming. In the Sahara region, nomadic herders raise camels and goats, and a few farmers, situated in oases, grow dates and grains. Traditionally, the vast majority of Africans have been farmers and herders who raised crops and livestock for subsistence. au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572628_4/Africa.html

Interesting Places - Page 1 Mud-cloth to the colourful market, the great Mud mosque is itself very impressive with its earthen walls smoothed by hand, a real miracle of Sudanese-Sahelian architecture. The town at present delights the eye with the splendid architecture of its houses and buildings, and is a rare example in West Africa of an area completely preserved from ravages of time and outrages of modernity. He noted the town’s power and beauty: Djenne was proud of its mosque (and of the religious and intellectual influence it implied), its trade and its architecture (and of the wealth and taste of its inhabitants). www.maliexpeditions.com /english/info_mali_site2.htm

World Heritage sites (136 - 150)  -  Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin It includes the volcanic rock massif of the Aïr, a small Sahelian pocket, isolated as regards its climate and flora and fauna in the Saharan desert of Ténéré. Set in the natural landscape of Sogn og Fjordane, the wooden church of Urnes (the "stavkirke"), built during the 12th and 13th centuries, is an exceptional vestige of Scandinavian wooden architecture. Magnificent examples of 17th- and 18th-century military architecture, these Panamanian forts on the Caribbean coast form part of the defence system built by the Spanish Crown to protect transatlantic trade. www.galenfrysinger.com /world_heritage_10.htm

Farmers of the world - Amidou - Burkina Faso - Keywords In the Sahelian environment (as in Oudalan, at the northern border of Burkina Faso), where both extensive cereal crops and grazing land cattle breeding are coexisting, most of the population kept up with a certain mobility. The interannual irregular rainfalls is a main characteristics of the Sahelian climate. If migration (to town or to other rural areas) brings money and is infact a decisive regulation factor of the family economy, it brought on the other side changes in the local rural life particularly by increasing the burden of the women and the part of the women's work in the agricultural production. museum.agropolis.fr /english/pages/expos/agriculteurs/dico/dictionnaire21.htm

McGraw-Hill/Dushkin: PowerWeb Article The climatologist Jules Charney believes the drought was reinforced by what he calls “biogeographical feedback”: changes in the Sahelian land surface caused by the human impact on the fragile ecosystem of the arid lands. The 1914 famine was the first major challenge faced by British and French colonial administrators in their new Sahelian colonies. The governments of Chad, Mali, Niger, and other Sahelian countries were embarrassed by their inability to feed their own populations. www.dushkin.com /olc/genarticle.mhtml?article=24588

Burkina in Depth The North is Sahelian and arid; the central region is savanna; the South and Southwest are covered by wooded savanna. Like other Sahelian countries, Burkina Faso suffers from drought and desertification, overgrazing, soil degradation, deforestation, and from the effects of uneven population distribution. The historic existence of powerful kingdoms in the East, the Center and the North marks the history of Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, Yatenga and Gourma. www.burkinaembassy-usa.org /indepth.html

Are Africans culturally hindered in enterprise and commercial creativity? In pre-colonial times, societies, from the Sahel down to Southern Africa, were well organised in kingdoms, chiefdoms, clans and villages and were governed by a series of laws or 'taboos' handed down from generation to generation. It is easy to imagine what economic impact monarchs like him would have had on Africa had they had the opportunity to control trade in their kingdoms or to trade directly with the outside world. Africans are often accused of blaming their misfortunes on colonialism, but such criticism stems from a total lack of understanding of the extent to which Arab and European intrusion into Africa disrupted traditional societies. www.euforic.org /courier/157e_oyo.htm

Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Curriculum Of all the European powers, France showed the most interest in the Sahelian areas of West Africa, and by the early years of the 20th century, France had colonized large regions of West Africa ( Link to the Map Colonialism 1914). You will remember that these kingdoms became strong and powerful in part because their governments were able to control the extensive trade that took place between peoples and kingdoms in North Africa and peoples and kingdoms in the savannah and forest regions of West Africa. Mali is named after the historical kingdom of Mali that you studied in Module Seven A: A frican History. ex.matrix.msu.edu /africa/Live_site/curriculum/lm9/te_seven.htm

10. Africa in the 21st Century: Sunrise or Sunset?: International Development Research Centre The development of the Sudanese and Sahelian kingdoms was greatly facilitated by the concentration of resources that resulted from this trade. Some of the Sahelian cities (such as Timbuktu) developed and thrived as a result of this commercial activity; important episodes of southward political expansion (particularly Moroccan) brought lasting effects of Islam to the Sudan and the Sahel. The political empires of Ghana and Mali, the Hausa and Songhai kingdoms, were based in large measure on this agrarian economy as well as the political elements that went with it. www.idrc.ca /earo/ev-64515-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

Nimeiria.html The land is nestled in the strip of arid land between the Narrow Sea and Midland Ocean to the North and the Sahelian Mountains to the South and extends as far east as the Burning Desert. It is also believed that a powerful dragon noble dwells in the distant Sahelian Mountains to the South. The kingdom's military is the largest employer of the realm and many peasants will join as a way to rise above their humble stations and seek adventure and glory. legendsofhyerune.com /Nimeiria.html

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