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Topic: Sahelian kingdoms

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Kingdom of Ghana

Fulani Empire

Sahel

Camel

Horse

Sahara

History of Mali

Horn of Africa

Mali Empire

Berber

Atlantic Ocean

Sahel, Tunisia

Lungi

Cholistan Desert

Geography of Pakistan

	Early African Empires and their Global Connections
		This kingdom lasted from 750 A.D. to 1200 A.D. It became known as the "land of gold" for its role as an economic intermediary within the gold trade from south to north.
		It was in the 1400's that Mali began to decline due to a series of weak kings and the decentralization of its influence.
		C) Songhay: This kingdom existed under the control of Mali, but began to break away and establish itself around 1350 A.D. and remained until 1600 A.D. Songhay was larger than Mali and was centered along the Niger river.
	www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/african2.html (737 words)

	Sahelian Kingdoms Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Sahel states were limited from expanding south into the forest zone of the Ashanti and Yoruba as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the heat and diseases of the region.
		Smaller states in the region at this time included Takrur to the west, the Malinke kingdom of Mali to the south, and the Songhai centred around Gao to the east.
		When Ghana collapsed in the face of invasion from the Almoravids, a series of brief kingdoms followed, notably that of the Sosso; after 1235, the Mali Empire rose to dominate the region.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Sahelian_kingdoms (560 words)

	Sahel - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Sahel is primarily savanna and runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Horn of Africa, changing from semi-arid grasslands to thorn savanna.
		Over the history of Africa the region has been home to some of the most advanced kingdoms benefiting from trade across the desert.
		Collectively these states are known as the Sahelian kingdoms.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Sahel (590 words)

	northafricanotes
		Kingdom matrilineal = kings sister provided the heir to the throne b.
		One dependent kingdom was Mali C. Kingdom of Mali 1.
		Kingdom of Songhay (The Golden Age of Timbuktu) 1.
	www.lcsd.k12.wa.us /~kosmundson/New/northafricanotes.html (634 words)

	Mauritania : Sudanic Empires and Kingdoms
		Although the Almoravids had substantial contacts with the Maghrib, influences from the fl Sudanic kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai played an important role in Mauritania's history for about 700 years - from the eighth to the fifteenth century.
		This large and centralized kingdom controlled the southern terminus of the trans-Saharan trade in gold, ivory, and salt.
		The capture of Koumbi Saleh in 1076 by the Almoravids marked the end of Ghana's hegemony, although the kingdom continued to exist for another 125 years.
	www.mauritania-today.com /anglais/history/sudanic-empires.htm (299 words)

	AP World in the Classical Era -- Politics
		This Berber kingdom would form the model from which all the Sahelian kingdoms would be built.
		The kingdom of Ghana never converted to Islam, even though northern Africa had been dominated by the faith since the eighth century.
		Nonetheless, Ghana ceases to be a commercial or military power after 1100; for a brief time (1180-1230), the Soso people, who were rabidly anti-Muslim, controlled a kingdom making up the southern portions of the Ghanaian empire, but the Almoravid revolution effectively halted the growth of kingdoms and empires in the Sahel for almost a century.
	www.freewebs.com /apworldpolitics/africanpolitics.htm (538 words)

	African Encyclopedia Article @ Occasioned.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Prominent civilizations at different times include Carthage, the Kingdom of Aksum, the Nubian kingdoms, the empires of the Sahel (Kanem-Bornu, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai), Great Zimbabwe, and the Kongo.
		The gradual decline of slave-trading, prompted by a lack of demand for slaves in the New World, increasing anti-slavery legislation in Europe and America, and the Royal Navy's increasing presence off the West African coast, obliged African states to adapt new economies.
		The formation of the Old Kingdom of Egypt in the third millennium BCE marked the first known complex religious system on the continent.
	www.occasioned.org /encyclopedia/African (7029 words)

	10. Africa in the 21st Century: Sunrise or Sunset?: International Development Research Centre
		The political empires of Ghana and Mali, the Hausa and Songhai kingdoms, were based in large measure on this agrarian economy as well as the political elements that went with it.
		The development of the Sudanese and Sahelian kingdoms was greatly facilitated by the concentration of resources that resulted from this trade.
		Some of the Sahelian cities (such as Timbuktu) developed and thrived as a result of this commercial activity; important episodes of southward political expansion (particularly Moroccan) brought lasting effects of Islam to the Sudan and the Sahel.
	www.idrc.ca /en/ev-64515-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (5809 words)

	Mali - New World Encyclopedia
		The country is named after the Empire of Mali, one of several pre-colonial empires and kingdoms, and is the site of the legendary Timbuktu, a key trading city at the time.
		Today, Mali is one of the poorest nations of the world, and most of its people engage in agriculture in the wetter south.
		The Mandé peoples settled the Sahel, including present-day Mali, and formed a succession of Sahelian kingdoms, including the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Mali (1657 words)

	Mauritania - SUDANIC EMPIRES AND KINGDOMS
		Although the Almoravids had substantial contacts with the Maghrib, influences from the fl Sudanic kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai played an important role in Mauritania's history for about 700 years--from the eighth to the fifteenth century.
		This large and centralized kingdom controlled the southern terminus of the trans-Saharan trade in gold, ivory, and salt.
		The capture of Koumbi Saleh in 1076 by the Almoravids marked the end of Ghana's hegemony, although the kingdom continued to exist for another 125 years.
	countrystudies.us /mauritania/7.htm (297 words)

	Kingdoms & Domains of Hyerune
		It is centered along the Sahelian continent north of the Ajanta Mountains.
		Dunwyn- The Kingdom of Dunwyn is the sister state to the Kingdom of Galiwyn.
		Floating Kingdoms- The Floating Kingdoms are chain of enchanted islands in the Midland Ocean with five city-states of some renown.
	legendsofhyerune.com /Kingdoms_of_Hyerune (1821 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Ghana
		The Sahel is a dry, hot area with fertile areas and grasslands; all of the major north African kingdoms grew up in this area: Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem-Bornu: the Sahelian kingdoms.
		The kingship was matrilineal (as was all Sahelian monarchies to follow); the king's sister provided the heir to the throne.
		In one scenario, the Almoravids destroy the kingdom.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CIVAFRCA/GHANA.HTM (715 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: The Islamic Invasions
		The initial spread of Islam is the single most dramatic cultural change in the history of the world, and it loomed large in the subsequent history of African civilizations.
		The Berbers and their wars of conversion figure very large in the history of the Sahelian kingdoms; by the 1300's, these large kingdoms became Islamic and, more importantly, centers of Islamic learning.
		Egypt and the Nilotic kingdoms of the Kushites and the Nubians had long traditions of writing, and the Ethiopians had acquired it through their ties to the Semitic peoples of southern Arabia.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/ISLAM.HTM (500 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Prominent civilisations at different times include Carthage, the Kingdom of Aksum, the Nubian kingdoms, the empires of the Sahel (Kanem-Bornu, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai), Great Zimbabwe, and the Kongo.
		The gradual decline of slave-trading, prompted by a lack of demand for slaves in the New World, increasing anti-slavery legislation in Europe and America, and the British navy's increasing presence off the West African coast, obliged African states to adopt new economies.
		The largest powers of West Africa: the Asante Confederacy, the Kingdom of Dahomey, and the Oyo Empire, adopted different ways of adapting to the shift.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=African (6505 words)

	KAM Ancient Songhay
		With the decline of Mali, the kingdom of Gao reasserted itself as the major kingdom in the Sahel.
		A Songhay kingdom in the region of Gao had existed since the eleventh century AD, but it had come under the control of Mali in 1325.
		The Berbers, who had always played such a crucial role in the downfall of Sahelian kingdoms, were driven from the region.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Classroom/9912/ancientsonghay.html (634 words)

	Locating your ancestors
		Less well endowed kingdoms exported spices, ivory, and their POWs (which were in good supply because these states were often at war with one another.) In principle, this wasn't really different from the export of slaves to the Mediterranean through the Sahelian trading kingdoms that had been going on for centuries.
		The kingdom of Benin (not the modern republic) actually embargoed the export of slaves for nearly two centuries, although it held many for its own uses.
		In contrast, the kingdom of Oyo (modern "Old Oyo") and the Igbo confederation of Aro were especially enthusiastic trading partners.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~jmerck/eltsite/reading/pershist/atlanticslave.html (1396 words)

	Brief History of Saharan, Sahelian, and Sub-Saharan Africa (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Under Islamic influence from northern Africa, kingdoms were formed in the Sahara and the Sahel.
		This kingdom possibly began in the 12th century, built its impressive enclosure in the 14th century, but by ca1500 its capital had been abandoned.
		The closest the Yoruba came to relative political unification was with the Oyo kingdom.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/s/Saharan_africa_brief.htm (951 words)

	Africa
		The later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name.
		In addition, Sahelian trade centers such as Ghana, Mali and Songhai thrived under the influence of West Asian-derived Islamic groups during the European Dark Ages.
		This interrupted and/or destroyed the development of these Western-influenced African empires, which may have grown to rival Axum as well as the Arab-influenced Sahelian empires of the Dark Ages in their grandure and complexity.
	plantspedia.org /info/Africa (6338 words)

	A Lesson from Cote d’Ivoire by Brent Wible - The Globalist
		Small kingdoms dotted the coastal areas and dense forests that hugged the coast.
		West Africa’s most powerful kingdoms stretched from east to west in the large swathe of savanna that lay inland — the kingdoms of Oyo in Nigeria, Dahomey in Benin and Ashanti in Ghana.
		To the north was a horizontal strip of largely Islamic Sahelian kingdoms, some of which still harbor resentment over 18th century slave raids by their southern neighbors.
	www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3931 (1193 words)

	Mali with Burkina Faso - Ancient Kingdoms of the Niger Tour
		The successive kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and the Songhai spanned a period from the 8th to the 16th centuries and at their zenith ruled over a vast territory stretching from the shores of the Atlantic to Kano in the east.
		Their key to power was control over the trade of southern gold and slaves for North African commodities, most importantly salt, which reputedly traded pound for pound with the precious metal.
		Tales of riches and vast libraries were whispered along the shores of the Mediterranean, luring courageous explorers and missions of conquest throughout the ages.
	www.archaeologicaltrs.com /af_mali.html (1070 words)

	Burkina Faso
		Burkina Faso is one of the world's poorest countries and place of the ancient Sahelian Empires and coastal kingdoms.
		Founded in the 15th century, it was the capital of the Mossi kingdom of Wagadugu (in 1441).
		The historic existence of powerful kingdoms in the East, the Centre and the North mark the history of Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, Yatenga and the Kingdom of Gourma.
	us-africa.tripod.com /burkino.html (2050 words)

	Name: Date:
		The primary focus of this unit is on the Sahelian (savannah region south of the Sahara) Kingdom of Mali became the center of culturally and politically dynamic cities and kingdoms because of the strategic importance of the Sahel for trade across North Africa.
		Mali was built off of the monopolization of the trade routes from western and southern Africa to eastern and northern Africa.
		Mali: Crossroads of Africa (The Kingdoms of Africa).
	www.umbc.edu /history/CHE/techerpages/Rice/Mali_lesson_rice.html (2074 words)

	Australian Information from Wikipedia
		The name of the country comes from the Bambara word for hippopotamus (with the animal appearing on the 5 franc coin), the name of its capital city, Bamako comes from the Bambara word meaning "place of crocodiles".
		The MandÃ© peoples settled the Sahel (including present-day Mali), and formed a succession of Sahelian kingdoms, including the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire.
		Timbuktu was a key city in these empires as an outpost for trans-Saharan trade and a center for scholarship.
	www.thinkingaustralia.com /thinking_australia/wikipedia/default.php?title=Mali (1321 words)

	Africans
		The Berbers were the first to exploit this, and after the spread of Islam a steady trade in precious metals, ivory, salt and slaves ensued between the Muslim states in the Maghreb and the Sahelian kingdoms.
		The formation of the Old Kingdom of Egypt in the third millennium BCE marked the first known complex religious system on the continent.
		Around the ninth century BCE, Carthage (in present-day Tunisia) was founded by the Phoenicians, and went on to become a major cosmopolitan center where deities from neighboring Egypt, Rome and the Etruscan city-states were worshipped.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Africans (4602 words)

	Niger River - New World Encyclopedia
		The northern part of the river, known as the "Niger bend," is an important area because it is the closest major river and source of water to the Sahara Desert.
		This made it the focal point of trade across the western Sahara and the center of the Sahelian kingdoms of Mali and Gao.
		Even in 1796, when Mungo Park reached the Niger, he described the city of Segou thus: "(T)he numerous canoes upon the river; the crowded population, and the cultivated state of the surrounding country, formed altogether a prospect of civilization and magnificence."
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Niger_River (1631 words)

	sports history - Niger River
		The bend is the closest major river and source of water to the Sahara desert and it thus became the focal point of trade across the western Sahara.
		This lucrative trade made the bend the centre of the Sahelian kingdoms of Mali and Gao.
		There is an opinion that the name of the river Niger came from the Tuareg language gher n gherem = "river of rivers", not from the Latin or Portuguese word for "fl".
	www.sportsfactbook.com /history/River_Niger (403 words)

	Perfume : by Ray Sahelian, M.D.
		The history of perfume continues during the Old and Middle Kingdoms where perfume was reserved exclusively for religious rituals such as cleansing ceremonies.
		Then during the New Kingdom (1580-1085 BC) perfume was used during festivals and Egyptian women also used perfume creams and oils as toiletries and cosmetics and as preludes to love-making.
		The history of perfume without a doubt begins before the Egyptians as it is quite likely that many cultures before the Egyptians used various fragrances, but we have limited information and knowledge of these cultures and which perfumes they compounded.
	www.raysahelian.com /perfume.html (1558 words)

	Ghana - Home
		* Ashanti was one of the most well known and powerful of the kingdoms of Ghana, by late in the 17th century it had conquered the majority of the earlier states and turned its attention to controlling trade routes to the coast; their capital was Kumasi.
		Traditionally the slave trade had increased the wealth of the kingdoms along the Niger River and the edge of the Sahara as they taxed the trans Saharan caravans but the focus changed with the advent of slave trading with the Americas which led to great prosperity along the coast of West Africa.
		* Europeans relied upon the coastal kingdoms rather than the interior kingdoms to deliver their human cargoes to a number of coastal forts which were used as collection points.
	www.tanzaniaodyssey.com /www.africanet.com/africanet/country/ghana/home.htm (1562 words)

	sahelian: Click here to learn more about sahelian from iRazoo.com
		The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of empires, based in the Sahel, which...
		The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after 750, and supported several large...
		The Sahelian belong to the Savanna group of goats with many types and subtypes...
	www.irazoo.com /ViewTopTenResults.aspx?q=sahelian (522 words)

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