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Topic: Saints of the Cristero War

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Cristero War

John Burke

Knights of Columbus

	Cristero War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Just as the Cristeros began to hold their own against the federal forces, the rebellion was ended by diplomatic means, in large part due to the efforts of U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow.
		The Cristeros maintained the upper hand throughout 1928, and in 1929, the federal government faced a new crisis: a revolt within Army ranks, led by Arnulfo R. Gómez in Veracruz.
		The war had claimed the lives of some 90,000: 56,882 on the federal side, 30,000 Cristeros, and numerous civilians and Cristeros who were killed in anticlerical raids after the war's end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cristero_War (2955 words)

	Saints - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Saints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many saints are associated with miracles, and canonization usually occurs after a thorough investigation of their lives and the miracles attributed to them.
		In the Orthodox Church, saints are recognized by the patriarch and Holy Synod after recommendation by local churches.
		The term ‘saint’ is also used in Buddhism for individuals who have led a virtuous and holy life, such as Kūkai (774–835), also known as Kōbō Daishi, founder of the Japanese Shingon school of Buddhism.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Saints (304 words)

	Saint David - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		David contrasts with other national patron saints such as England's St George, in that relatively much is known about his life.
		Unlike many contemporary "saints" recognised by the Welsh, David was canonised, by Pope Callixtus II in 1120.
		Saint David of Muscovy or Gleb, brother of saint Roman of Muscovy or Boris, and son of saint Vladimir
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Saint_David (918 words)

	The New York Review of Books: God in the Hands of Angry Sinners
		Saint Augustine came to see that this view of a vengeful father was unworthy of God, and abandoned the "ransom" theory of Christ's death,
		Saint Dominic, Saint Francis of Assisi, Saint Ignatius Loyola were mature men when they established their orders.
		Another of Maciel's uncles was a general in that war, and Maciel himself, at sixteen, became by his own account a hero of the resistance.
	www.mafhoum.com /press7/186C33.htm (7302 words)

	Part VII
		Lamy also suppressed the santos, carved saints and icons that are now prized as southwestern folk art.
		This migration was stimulated partly by another revolution in Mexico, the Cristero Revolution fought from 1926 to 1929, and in part by the Southwest's ongoing demand for low-wage labor.
		They have been shunted back and forth across the border for so many years by war, revolution, and the law of supply and demand, that it would seem that neither expatriation or repatriation held any more terror for them.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gl/mav3.htm (11846 words)

	The Cristeros: 20th-Century Mexico’s Catholic Uprising (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Cristeros were able to equip themselves from the adversary, profiting from their cowardice or their corruption.
		Valencia Gallardo, a Cristeros leader, was tied to a stake and tortured but only cried out throughout: "Long live Christ the King!" They tore out his tongue; he freed one of his hands from the bonds and pointed to heaven.
		In the text, the Cristeros are called fanatics directed by a few third-rate priests; their revolt was an error, an imprudence, even a sin: they must lay down their arms under pain of excommunication...
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/2002_January/The_Cristeros.htm (6793 words)

	WAIS - World Affairs Report - History and History Textbooks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The new offensive of the Mexican Catholic Church in promoting the cause of the 27 new Mexican saints is linked to the textbook problem. The whole issue must involve the Mexican College in Rome, about which almost nothing has been written.
		The government´s repression was ruthless. Photographs showed bodies of Cristeros hanging from every telegraph post along a railroad track.
		The priests beatified by the Pope were victims of this repression. The selection was criticized because it gave the impression hat all the victims were priests, whereas in reality they were a small minority.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Mexico/mexico_historytextbooks.html (373 words)

	AnnBall.com - Special Feature
		In January of 1927 the guerrilla war began in all of Jalisco.
		After the Cristero war, the Jesuits and the Salesians allowed the children to study at their colleges and the children carried out careers in medicine, engineering, music and vocations to the priesthood and to religious life.
		Arandas, primarily a rural area, was peaceful during the years from 1910 to 1917, but during the Cristero conflict the town was one of the strong points of resistance to the government.
	www.annball.com /martyrs.shtml (4559 words)

	-- Beliefnet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The saint-making process has taken a collective form, with the 25 Cristero martyrs sharing the credit for miraculously curing a woman of cysts in her breasts in 1993.
		The new saints ``will be friends in heaven who help mediate the relationship with Christ, and it is always good to have friends,'' he said.
		Mexico's only saint until now has been San Felipe de Jesus, a Mexican monk who was crucified in Nagasaki, Japan, when his ship stopped over there in a storm.
	www.beliefnet.com /story/25/story_2585_1.html (559 words)

	Modern saints and martyrs - INQ7.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As I mentioned earlier, I don't quite remember stories about saints in school, but at home we did have one book, a kind of dictionary of saints listing all the saints alphabetically, together with their feast day and a brief biography.
		I could never forget the entries for several saints carrying a curious abbreviation, "hdq." These were mostly the Catholics of England who resisted Henry VIII and ended up being hanged, drawn and quartered.
		Along the US-Mexico border, for example, a particularly popular saint among illegal migrants is Toribio Romo, a Mexican priest who was killed in 1928 during the Cristero wars, when the government went on an anti-clerical binge.
	news.inq7.net /opinion/index.php?index=2&story_id=35053&col=81 (1175 words)

	William B. Taylor \| Two Shrines of the Cristo Renovado: Religion and Peasant Politics in Late Colonial Mexico \| The ...
		In April 1809, the image was taken to the cathedral for a novena to appeal for the safety of the king of Spain and the defeat of "French heretics"—apparently the first time the image had left the convent church of Santa Teresa except for penitential processions during epidemics.
		During the Cristero War of the late 1920s, the church of Santa Teresa la Antigua was closed by the government, and the image was moved to the cathedral; later it was returned to the Carmelite nuns, who were then residing in San Angel on the outskirts of the Valley of Mexico.
		To the extent that the interest in miraculous images in Mexico was orchestrated by church leaders during the seventeenth century, it has less to do with deflecting attention from relics than with muffling stories of apparitions reported by Indian neophytes, stories that sixteenth-century Franciscans in particular had encouraged and celebrated in their American chronicles.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/110.4/taylor.html (13546 words)

	Anti-Catholicism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		His enforcement of anti-Catholics aspects of that led to the Cristero War of 1926-1929.
		That war caused numerous priests to be killed and deemed Saints of the Cristero War.
		Events relating to all this were famously portrayed in the novel The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene.
	pda.molinu.com /wiki/en/an/AntiCatholicism.htm (2570 words)

	Articles index started with sa
		Saint Anthony of Padua Catholic Church in Wailuku
		Saint John the Baptist Catholic Church in Honolulu
		Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the 2004 Summer Olympics
	www.kiwipedia.com /sa-index.html (106 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Separation of church and state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Severe restrictions on the rights of the Church and members of the clergy were written into the country's 1917 constitution that led to the eruption of the Cristero War in 1926.
		It was eliminated in 1943 during the Second World War, but state intervention in religious affairs did not end, and religion was highly regulated and controlled until the end of the Soviet Union.
		Similarly, in England, Scotland and Ireland, Protestants and Catholics who refused to acknowledge the authority of the bishops of the state church, were denied by the state the freedom to worship as their conscience dictated, resulting in wars and bloody persecution, leading many to emigrate to the Americas, and elsewhere.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Separation_of_church_and_state (8949 words)

	Mexico - Religion
		Mexico's first religious civil war was fought between 1857 and 1860 in reaction to the legislation (see Civil War and the French Intervention, ch.
		Their actions paved the way for the second Mexican religious war, the bloody Cristero Rebellion of 1926-29 in western Mexico (see The Calles Presidency, 1924-28, ch.
		During this period, the governor of Sonora ordered all churches closed, officials in the state of Tabasco required priests to marry if they were to officiate at mass, and the Chihuahua government allowed only one priest to minister to the entire statewide Roman Catholic population.
	countrystudies.us /mexico/61.htm (1890 words)

	Oaxaca Times Article: Viva Cristo Rey
		November 20th, and the largest football stadium in Guadalajara is dressed in white to celebrate the beatification of the 13 martyrs from the Cristero War; 3 priests and 10 laymen including a 14-year-old boy.
		The pitch is decorated with gigantic images of the martyrs and the words “Mártires de Cristo Rey” are printed in large type in the centre circle.
		Since the boycott wasn’t effective for the intended purpose, regardless of how harmful it was for the economy, the conflict ended up in an uprising in which hundreds of devotees were killed.
	www.oaxacatimes.com /html/vivacristo.html (528 words)

	Catholic World News : Thirty-Five Mexicans Are Candidates For Blessed And Saints
		The archdiocese spokesman said all of the caused have completed due process, that is to say, have been recognized as having "heroic Christian virtues," and now only require final approval.
		In some cases, the final approval depends on the confirmation of a miracle, but in the case of the many martyrs -- most of them from the period of the "Cristero" war during the 20s and 30s -- the miracle is not needed.
		At present, while Peru is the Latin American country with the largest number of saints -- five in total -- Mexico has the largest number of blessed and also the largest number of causes pending at the Vatican.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=6455 (220 words)

	Pope Benedict XVI will proclaim new saints next October (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was explained that the ceremony will take place in Saint Peter Plaza and the first saints of Benedict XVI's pontificate will be an archbishop, three priests and one friar, two of them are Italians, two Polish and one Chilean.
		The two future Italian saints are the friar Felice da Nicosia, who lived in the XVIII Century and the priest Gaetano Catanoso (1879-1963).
		Besides, it is expected within next months some beatification ceremonies (which is the step before canonization), including the ones of the four Mexican Cristero War's martyrs, who will be beatified in Guadalajara next November 20.
	www.quepasa.com /english/news/world/Pope.new.saints/371426.html (296 words)

	Catholic Southwest, Volume 9 book reviews
		The healing of relations after the Cristero War (1926-1929) was a continuation of a long tradition of extralegal cooperation since colonial times.
		For the government, the author speculates, the accommodation was beneficial in that it allowed it to "centralize political power" (p.24), it received the benefit of the Church's support for its social programs, and it kept the Church at bay with the threat of enforcement of anticlerical laws while continuing to appear revolutionary.
		Tapia's saints, from the beginning, were not merely reproductions of colonial figures, but rather creations within the political framework of the 1960s, which served as reinterpretations of that earlier tradition and also reflected his current social and cultural environment.
	www.onr.com /user/cat/csw/volume9/v9books.htm (6354 words)

	HISTORY OF MEXICO - PLUTARCO ELIAS CALLES: CRUSADER IN REVERSE - BY JIM TUCK IN MEXICO CONNECT
		The cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the saints on automobile dashboards, the vast crowds making pilgrimages on their knees -- all attest to the depth of religious feeling in a land where the culture of the Spanish conquistadores clashed and then melded with that of terrifying Aztec and Maya deities.
		Calles was by now Obregón's right-hand man. He had been secretary of war and marine during de la Huerta's interregnum and Obregón named him to head the all-powerful interior ministry (gobernación), from which post he launched his campaign for the presidency.
		The Portes Gil-Morrow efforts were aided by an appeasement-minded majority in the Catholic hierarchy that betrayed the Cristeros in the field.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/history/jtuck/jtcalles.html (1422 words)

	MEXICAN POLITICS IN THE CONTEXT OF NAFTA
		Whereas the language, including the names of saints, was clearly Spanish, the resulting practices and aesthetic resulted in a cultural mestizaje that parallels the racial mestizaje unfolding during the same period.
		Although 1920 saw the end of war in the sense of combat between established armies, it was far from the end of political violence and sporadic military action, including attempted coups and countercoups.
		That war was bloody and fratricidal, involving conflicts between the industrializing North and the agrarian South, and over the moral issue of slavery.
	www.sonoma.edu /users/w/warmotha/awmexico.html (16272 words)

	ReGAIN Website
		She is modestly dressed, fresh of face and pure of heart, yet with firmness in her voice.
		Saint Clare is a model — the single-minded woman who fled to Assisi to have her beautiful hair shorn and to embrace the poverty of her friend Francis.
		This woman has also heard tales of Saint Thomas Aquinas whose Dominican companions kidnapped him out of his own home where he had been imprisoned by his family who didn’t understand his vocation.
	www.regainnetwork.org /article.php?a=47245744 (3630 words)

	Religion in Mexico
		A battle that continued all the way to the War of Cristeros during the 1920's under President Obregon.
		As some of the Left intellectuals have said, we have nothing against Mexican Cristeros being santified, but when are other Catholics like Padre Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Pavon (heroes of the Mexican Independence and Liberal Catholic priests) going to get santified.
		You must study the long tortuous history of religion in Mexico between Conservative Catholics and Liberal Jacobin, the history of collusion betwen Porfirio Diaz and the Catholic church, and the Cristero War to understand the fear of a strong and unchecked Catholic church in Mexico.
	mailman.lbo-talk.org /2000/2000-July/012915.html (1390 words)

	The Brothers and Sisters of Penance of St Francis - BSP - Newsletter - August 2005 issue
		Signs were placed throughout the Mexican country proclaiming Christ as the "King of Mexico" and declaring the nation’s love for the Sacred Heart of Jesus, much to the chagrin of the Mexican authorities.
		When the fighters agreed to lay down their weapons because religious services were to be resumed the so-called War of Christ came to an end.
		Nevertheless many “Cristeros”, after disarming, were brutally murdered by the local authorities.
	www.bspenance.org /Archive/Newsletter200508.html (4946 words)

	MEXICO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Constitution of 1917 established a clear separation between Church and State, guaranteed that public education would be secular and humanistic, and prohibited the clergy from participating in the nation's political life and from owning property.
		The Cristero War (1926-1929) was an attempt by Conservative Catholic forces to invalidate certain anti-religious laws included in the Constitution of 1917, which were opposed by the Catholic bishops and their political allies.
		The war ended in June 1929 when President Emilio Portes Gil promised to end religious persecution and to respect liberty of conscience, which allowed the Catholic clergy to save face and resume their religious obligations in Catholic churches throughout the country.
	www.prolades.com /prolades1/religion/mexico.html (1973 words)

	More on Jose Luis Sanchez and His Martyrdom
		The political authorities of the time did not keep their agreements with the Church and with the Cristeros, and many disarmed Cristeros afterward were killed.
		As Jesus said: "God is not God of the dead, but of the living." When we pray to the saints, we know we are speaking with people who are alive, who have triumphed definitively and have reached happiness with God, toward which we journey during this life and to which we are all called.
		Father Maciel: I suppose you are referring to Father Enrique Amezcua Medina, founder of the priestly Confraternity of the Laborers of the Kingdom of Christ.
	www.apostle1.com /11-22-2005-more_on_jose_luis_sanchez_and_his_martyrdom.htm (2957 words)

	A Saint Who Guides Migrants to a Promised Land
		Father Romo was shot to death by soldiers during the Cristero War between Catholic rebels and a government determined to eliminate church influence in political matters.
		Pope John Paul II made the slain priest a saint two years ago, along with 24 other Catholic martyrs of the Cristero War.
		A cobblestone "All Saints Causeway" lined by busts of the Cristero War martyrs runs through the cornfields.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/736554/posts (1115 words)

	Orson Pratt Brown - Life, Times, Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One consequence of the war was the Cristero rebellion of 1926, which disrupted the country's religious life for nine years and forced all foreign clergy, including Latter-day Saint leaders, out of Mexico.
		In the meantime, the Saints were obligated to support the President of the Church in his decisions and actions.
		In 1946, the Saints in Mexico, brought together by the reuniting of the Third Convention with the Church, began to learn to work together, regardless of ethnic origin-retaining their individ uality, yet conflicting less in their perceptions of the world than they had ten years earlier.
	www.orsonprattbrown.com /MexicanMission/MissionHistory/shep-mex-saints-arwell.html (10600 words)

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