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Topic: Saladoid

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	Caribbean Prehistory (continued)
		The first group to immigrate into the Antilles were the Saladoid (2,000 to 1,400 years ago*) who brought horticulture (cassava, yucca, and maize) and pottery technology to the islands.
		This culture, termed the Saladoid culture, appears to have established itself initially in the southernmost Lesser Antilles as early as 2,500 years ago, and reached the area of the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico by 2,295 years ago.
		Settlement patterns of the Saladoid culture tended to be on the flat coastal plains and alluvial valleys of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, probably to utilize the maritime food resources and fertile soils for growing food crops, such as manioc, cassava, or yucca, and, to a lesser extent, maize.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/outline/06-carib_prehistory/index-2.htm (2415 words)

	Oceanus sailing expeditions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		While some of the dead were essentially in a dump area behind the houses, another was carefully interred with a gift in a ceremonial area.
		Incorporated in the debris of Saladoid life are many pot sherds.
		Saladoids were the first West Indians to cultivate crops.
	www.utdallas.edu /dept/sci_ed/Homer/Caribbean/html/saladoids.html (1969 words)

	Peoples of TCI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Called Saladoid after the archaeological site of Saladero, Venezuela, their vessels were decorated with white-on-red painted, modeled and incised, and crosshatched decorations.
		Saladoid peoples lived in small villages and practiced swidden agriculture in which a variety of different crops were cultivated in small gardens; a practice very similar to present day "casual cultivation." Due to the limited fertility of the soil gardens were cultivated for only a few years before new gardens had to be cleared.
		Irving Rouse has suggested that a large and well-established population of hunter-gatherers barred their forward progress, and that the Saladoid population needed time to grow and refine their adaptation to island life before the frontier was breached.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /anthro/caribarch/nativesofTCI.htm (2927 words)

	Wilson, IACA 1999
		Saladoid culture emerged from South American roots, with ties to cultural relatives in the Orinoco and Amazon basins and in the Guianas.
		It is thus argued that the cultural pluralism in the Greater Antilles in the first millennium A.D. is a key factor in understanding the emergence of the Taíno chiefdoms.
		When Saladoid people moved to the eastern end of Santo Domingo in the first centuries A.D., they were met, and probably stopped from proceeding further, by Archaic people living there.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~swilson/wilson_iaca99.html (2773 words)

	History of Trinidad and Tobago - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Earliest evidence of these people come from around 2100 BC along the banks of the Orinoco River in Venezuela.
		From Trinidad they are believed to have moved north into the remaining islands of the Caribbean.
		Thirty-seven Saladoid sites have been identified in Trinidad, and are located all over the island.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago (3510 words)

	The International Association for Caribbean Archaeology - Donations
		Situated on a bluff that overlooks the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Marianne River to the west, the local geology of Blanchisseuse is quartz sandstone interbedded with shales.
		The Saladoids were the first pottery making peoples to have settled in Trinidad and Tobago from 250 BC to AD 600.
		Named for Saladero in Venezuela, where their pottery styles were first identified and classified, the Saladoid peoples migrated from the Orinoco Delta of north-east South America settling in areas near to the sea, rivers and on hilltops.
	www.uwi.tt /conferences/iaca/blanchisseuse.html (522 words)

	Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		From here the bearers of "Saladoid" pottery began to colonize the Antilles around 500 B.C. Previously it was assumed that they progressed from south to north one island at a time.
		Saladoid peoples produced some of the most elegant pottery ever made in the Americas.
		The vessels were highly polished and decorated with white-on-red and polychrome painted designs, fine-line-incised crosshatch designs, and modeled animal and human heads and figures which adorned (hence "adorno") rims and strap handles.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /anthro/caribarch/TCIarchaeology.htm (3711 words)

	Suriname before Columbus
		Saladoid pottery is found covering a vast area over a long period of time: between the Central Orinoco and Puerto Rico/the Dominican Republic, respectively Margarita on the Venezuelan coast and the Corantijn River.
		In view of the wide spreading of the Saladoid Culture and the uniformity of the material culture we find in the (insular) Saladoid sites, it seems legitimate to use data from other Saladoid sites for a better understanding of the Saladoid village that was once situated at Wonotobo, and of its inhabitants.
		The village was situated in the centre of the island of St. Eustatius in the northern Lesser Antilles (Fig.
	home.wxs.nl /~vrstg/guianas/suriname/suriname.htm (7783 words)

	St. Vincent and the Grenadines 302
		The first group to immigrate into the Antilles were the Saladoid (A.D. 0 - 600) who brought horticulture (cassava, yucca, and maize) and pottery technology to the islands.
		Later elaborations of the Ostionoid culture and their people were called Arawak or Taino Indians by the Spanish when contact occurred The Arawak culture is noted for large village sites of 1,000 to 5,000 people controlled by chiefdoms, with heavy emphasis on the cultivation of yucca and cassava, with supplemental hunting and shellfish-gathering.
		The Ostionan ceramics lack the polychrome-painted decoration of the earlier period and instead are decorated by polishing, red painted surface, appliqu and modeled designs (usually zoomorphic), and in the latter part of the subseries, horizontal bands of geometric line-and-dot incising.
	homepage.mac.com /karlek/.Public/SVG/SVG302.HTM (1448 words)

	UFO Area Jade find in Antigua produces links to Central America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Known for their elaborate pottery, the Saladoid spread to Caribbean islands as far north as Puerto Rico by 500 B.C. Archaeologists have excavated jade items in the West Indies before, but the source of the jade has been a puzzle, Harlow explains.
		Also, many archaeologists have held that the Saladoid were insulated from the wider world, their travels limited to short canoe trips between islands.
		For example, he says, some Saladoid artifacts are made of a type of turquoise not known to occur naturally anywhere in the Caribbean.
	www.ufoarea.com /aas_jadefind.html (827 words)

	The Taino of Jamaica - A Brief History of the Indigenous Population of Jamaica - Jamaicans.com Articles & Columns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Next upon the scene were the Saladoid or Igneris people, who arrived around 300 AD; they were the first wave of Arawakan peoples to come from South America.
		The Saladoids brought with them their skill in fine ceramics, shards of which still turn up around the Island today.
		The Tainos enslaved the Saladoids, making them a labouring underclass that was denied Taino luxuries such as hammocks and cassava.
	www.jamaicans.com /articles/0103_taino.htm (1016 words)

	Pottery in the Antilles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This era, the Neo-Indian period, is characterized by pottery and agriculture brought from the Orinoco region to Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola (today's Haiti and the Dominican Republic).
		The earliest-known pottery in the Greater Antilles is from the Saladoid tradition, named for the Saladero site near the Orinoco mouth.
		A third pottery tradition, called the Ostionoid, developed after AD 600 in the Greater Antilles as a modified version of the Saladoid.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/41/282.html (240 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It would appear from both archaeological and linguistic data that the Saladoid people were the direct ancestors of the people the European explorers met in the Greater Antilles.
		Although the Saladoid people were probably not organized in large chiefdoms like the Taino, many aspects of their culture--especially their artistic motifs and ceremonial objects--were employed by the Taino up until the time of European contact.
		The average size of villages increases, and there is more varia- tion in the sizes of villages: where Saladoid villages were all roughly the same size (housing perhaps 25 to 100 people), the later sites of the Greater Antilles range from one or two houses to large villages of 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/data/ark/WILSON01.ARK (2510 words)

	Lennox Honychurch Article: Caribbean Culture
		The Saladoid chronology starts c2, 000 BC in the middle ranges of the Orinico River at a place called Saladiero.
		The Saladoid had migrated along the riverine route from the headwaters of the Orinoco valley to the South American coast.
		It was a society composed of chiefdoms with ceremonial ball courts and a religion based on the worship of sacred objects carved from wood, bone, shell and stone called zemis, one of the earliest studies of which was carried out by De Hostos (1923).
	www.lennoxhonychurch.com /article.cfm?id=382 (8120 words)

	The Archaeology of St. Eustatius
		On the basis of the extensive Golden Rock evidence, for sure this type of Saladoid decoration cannot be considered to belong exclusively to the early phase of the Caribbean Saladoid.
		The pottery repertoire seems to be a stable factor in Saladoid times and, on the basis of the insights we have now, it probably is not the best instrument to come to decisions on contemporaneity of Saladoid sites.
		This circular lay-out of village/settlement and houses, and of the concepts of the makers, such as this is convincingly argued by Siegel for the Maisabel Saladoid and post-Saladoid settlement in Puerto Rico, is strikingly supported by the GR-1 houses and settlement lay-out.
	home.wxs.nl /~vrstg/eastern/eustatius/eustatius.htm (3013 words)

	SAAweb - Publications
		This multicomponent settlement was inhabited between A.D. 450 and 1400 and includes four occupation phases covering material from Cedrosan Saladoid to Suazan Troumassoid.
		The Ceramic age Saladoid sites of Elliot's and Royall's are among the earliest and largest known on the island.
		The goal of this research is to obtain direct baseline information regarding the environmental and subsistence context for the Saladoid colonization of the north coast and for the dramatic social and political changes that transpired during the Ostionoid period in prehistoric Puerto Rico.
	www.saa.org /Publications/CurrentResearch/1998carib.html (3625 words)

	Mill Reef \| Archaeological Sites \| Archaeology Antigua
		Some elements of the earlier “Saladoid” ceramic styles persist while others are abandoned, and new traits appear in the archaeological record.
		The deep reddish brown, highly burnished, decorated thin-wall Saladoid vessels are replaced by more expedient, functional vessels that are cruder in form and technology.
		From a broader perspective, the Mill Reef phase of change may be seen as the beginning of a localised cultural development, for it marks a shift in settlement pattern and subsistence strategy towards a marine orientation on Antigua.
	www.archaeologyantigua.org /sites_millreef.htm (297 words)

	Caribbean Prehistory, SEAC
		A.D. 1500, was characterized in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands by distinct cultural periods, which were originally separated on the basis of different ceramic styles and other cultural manifestations.
		This culture, termed the Saladoid culture, appears to have established itself initially in the southernmost Lesser Antilles as early as 500 B.C., and reached the area of the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico by 345 B.C. Radiocarbon dates for these two island areas indicate the Saladoid period, or Cedrosan sub-series, lasted from ca.
		345 B.C. The relatively rapid movement of the Saladoid culture into the Lesser Antilles and the eastern half of the Greater Antilles appears to have displaced the earlier lithic period cultures as far as Cuba, where up until contact with Europeans in the sixteenth century, a pre-ceramic culture, called the Ciboney, continued to exist.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/caribpre.htm (3657 words)

	The Bat and the Guava: Life and Death in the Taino Worldview, By Maria Poviones-Bishop
		For example, archaeologists have found that the Saladoid buried their skeletons facing East, towards the rising sun.
		The Saladoids buried their dead communally, in central, public spaces such as ball courts and areas where community dances were held.
		In this context, the word zemies refers to the carved stone or shell pieces that were worshipped as religious icons by both the Saladoid and Taino.
	www.kislakfoundation.org /prize/200103.html (6854 words)

	The University Of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
		By travelling extensively throughout the Caribbean (including Trinidad in 1946 and 1955), Professor Rouse quickly became a pioneer in circum-Caribbean archaeology and a major contributor to the development of archaeological methods, particularly ceramic analysis, typology and chronology.
		Rouse used this classification to identify “peoples” and “cultures”, which in his view were “two sides of the a coin, one consisting of a local population group and the other of the cultural traits that define the group.” For example, Saladoid is a series and Cedrosan Saladoid is a sub-series.
		Rouse recognised that while it might have been possible to name Caribbean cultural groups that existed at the time of European contact (such as the Tainos of the northern Caribbean), it was virtually impossible to accurately name cultural groups that existed deep in time.
	www.sta.uwi.edu /uwiToday/2006/March/birouse.asp (875 words)

	ceramicage
		The initial Saladoid settlements were situated inland in direct proximity to natural watercourses and springs in habitat areas that are ideally suited for agriculture.
		It was discovered in February 1998 when the site was exposed during clearing of the land and placement of roads for a residential development.
		Results of these excavations revealed typically diagnostic Saladoid pottery, as well as some more unusual examples, well-made groundstone and shell pendants and beads as well as faunal material and a chipped stone assemblage.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~tlvarney/ceramicage.htm (569 words)

	THE TAINO OF JAMAICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		At the time of Colombus' arrival the Guanahatabey were recorded as still surviving in western Cuba.
		Next upon the scene were the Saladoid or Igneris people, who arrived around 300 AD, they were the first wave of Arawakan peoples to come from South America.The Saladoids brought with them their skill in fine ceramics, shards of which still turn up around the Island today.
		The Tainos enslaved the Saladoids, making them a labouring underclass who were denied Taino luxuries such as hammocks and cassava.
	www.uslegacies.org /legacies/Jamaica.shtml (816 words)

	The Use of Mitochondrial DNA to Discover Pre-Columbian Migrations to the Caribbean by Juan C. Martinez Cruzado
		The Saladoids, on the other hand, migrated from the region of Saladero near the mouth of the Orinoco River by means of the Lesser Antilles until they arrived in the Greater Antilles.
		The Huecoid culture lasted some few hundred years, but the Saladoid culture, evolving with time, lasted until approximately the year A.D. Certain evidence has been found in Puerto Rico that suggests great, natural events of a catastrophic nature that could have put an end to the Saladoid culture.
		The maritime route along the Greater Antilles could have been accompanied by a marked reduction in the size of the population, occasioning anew a drastic change in the frequency of the haplogroups of the population and producing one more similar to that of North and Central America than that of the original population in Venezuela.
	www.kacike.org /MartinezEnglish.html (5053 words)

	I.A.C.A. - Newsletter
		The project is in direct response to the increasingly debatable issue in Caribbean prehistory with respect to the correlation between settlement patterns and the development of social complexity.
		However, given the fact that fieldwalking was conducted on surface areas, devoid of stratigraphic context, it is unclear as to whether these stone artifacts were contemporaneous with the Saladoid potsherds.
		In all probability, the chert and flint scrapers were utilized by early Amerindian settlers for a variety of utilitarian purposes such as the scraping of hides, whittling of wood and food preparation.
	museum.archanth.cam.ac.uk /iaca.www/Newslet6.htm (2779 words)

	The Arawaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Amerindians of the "Saladoid" culture, originally came from the Venezuelan mainland.
		They were referred to as "Arawaks", because of the language they spoke.
		Thus these various services are ways of acknowledging their power (worship and thanksgiving) and at the same time seeking their aid.
	community.wow.net /300history/01/07.html (1474 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Discuss the lives of the Saladoid people as best you can based on discovered physical evidence, interpretation of physical evidence, and research on the internet.
		Do not permit the discussion to range too far from specific evidence.
		Custom (see Saladoid Peoples) had it that kin were not buried right away.
	www.utdallas.edu /dept/sci_ed/Homer/Caribbean/html/observations.htm (332 words)

	Early Caribbean years rethought after findings \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Based on his research of Saladoid pottery and other artifacts, Callaghan believes that the civilization was sophisticated enough to maintain organized, long-distance contact with other cultures.
		Such seafaring ability, Callaghan adds, may have persisted well after the Saladoid culture faded around A.D. The culture was replaced by Caribbean peoples collectively called the Taino, whom the Spanish later conquered and all but exterminated.
		He hopes the jade-ax findings may spur further study into the origins of other exotic, elaborately carved stones found among Saladoid relics.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20060629/news_1c29jadeax.html (896 words)

	Barbuda - archeology
		Fish, turtles, manatees, and other seafood, birds and their eggs, iguanas, small mammals, and land crabs provided the protein in a very well balanced diet.
		The Arawaks are characterised by their sophisticated ceramic pottery, known as Saladoid.
		This pottery has been found at Sufferers in the Spanish Point area, but may exist at Indian Town, near Two Foot Bay.
	www.barbudaful.net /amerindianpresence.html (716 words)

	Ancient Beadmakers of the Caribbean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		These Saladoid people (named after the Venezuelan site of Saladero) made distinctive kinds of ceramics, which preserve well and thus are very useful to archaeologists tracking the migration from island to island.
		The exquisitely crafted beads, pendants and related objects from Trants attest to the skill of its Saladoid inhabitants in working stone and shell.
		Our research involves analyzing beads held in museum collections as well as conducting new excavations to document these artifacts in their stratigraphic context, from which we can interpret their antiquity and cultural implications.
	www.carnegiemuseums.org /cmag/bk_issue/1997/mayjun/dept5.htm (452 words)

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