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	Salang Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The tunnel was opened in 1964 and provided a year-round connection from the North and the Soviet Union to Kabul.
		The tunnel was the highest road tunnel in the world until 1973, when the United States built the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel â” just slightly higher and slightly longer â” in the Rocky Mountains.
		On November 3, 1982 the; Salang tunnel fire killed up to 2000 people when, apparently after a collision, a tanker truck blew up in the tunnel and the fire engulfed a military convoy.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Salang_Tunnel (399 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		Salang Tunnel, Afghanistan; 28 December 2001 (RFE/RL) -- the Salang Tunnel is about four hours by car north of Kabul, at the top of a narrow mountain pass which this time of year is blanketed by snow.
		Originally, the tunnel, which is several kilometers long, was built to allow cars and trucks to pass through the mountain range and continue down the other side another four hours to Mazar-i-Sharif.
		The entrance to the Salang Tunnel was deliberately dynamited shut in 1997 by Northern Alliance commander Ahmad Shah Massoud.
	www.rferl.org /features/2001/12/28122001091332.asp (1148 words)

	Salang tunnel fire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Salang tunnel fire occurred on November 3, 1982 in Afghanistan's only road tunnel - the Salang tunnel - during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.
		There is speculation that there might have been an attack on the convoy in the tunnel, or that munitions in one of the military vehicles spontaneously combusted.
		Many people in the tunnel then suffocated, killed either by fumes from the fire or by carbon monoxide emitted by idling engines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salang_tunnel_fire (333 words)

	ACTED - Humanitarian route nearly reopen
		11.03.2004 - The Salang tunnel - about 150 km north of Kabul has been blocked by avalanches for the past few days.This tunnel is, in Afghanistan, the main access route from the capital, to northern provinces and the only all-weather direct route between the north and south of the country.
		Built by Soviet engineers and opened in 1964, the Salang tunnel and road system provided the first direct year-round link between Afghanistan's northern and southern regions, which are bisected by the Hindu Kush mountain range.
		With the fall of President Najibullah's government in 1992, and the subsequent emergence of the Taliban in 1994, the Salang once again became the primary route of supply for the Northern Alliance until the fall of Kabul and the loss of the northern city of Mazar-e Sharif.
	www.acted.org /article/articleview/62/1/20 (446 words)

	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| Inside the Salang Tunnel
		This was the almighty Salang Tunnel, pride of Afghan engineering, invasion path of the Soviet Army and gateway to the north.
		The tunnel, completed in 1964, was re-opened amid much ceremony this week after lying dormant and unused since it was partially destroyed during fighting in 1997 and 1998.
		The re-opening of the Salang is expected to speed up the international aid effort to Afghanistan, particularly during winter months when the country's most needy populations are inaccessible.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/1772840.stm (422 words)

	Salang tunnel reopens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Salang pass continues to be a major safety concern in the country.
		With the fall of the Afghan government in 1992, and the subsequent emergence of the Taliban in 1994, the Salang once again became the primary route of supply for the Northern Alliance until the fall of Kabul and the loss of the northern city of Mazar-e Sharif.
		The reopening of the Salang is expected to continue to expedite international aid efforts in Afghanistan - particularly during the winter months when the country’s most needy populations are inaccessible.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=32471 (707 words)

	Page A1
		The nearly two-mile-long, one-lane tunnel is a literal death trap of icy ruts, snow-encased land mines, stalled vehicles and thousands of cubic feet of carbon monoxide gas.
		Although the tunnel has two lanes and was meant to be bi-directional, the workers cleared only enough mines and ice to reopen one lane.
		In the midst of all this, the Canadian team still faced the daily task of ensuring that all of Salang Pass was free of the danger of avalanches.
	www.tga-panama.com /2002/042702_Salang.htm (1824 words)

	DefendAmerica News - Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		BAGRAM, Afghanistan - When soldiers think of tunnels in the mountains of Afghanistan their first thought is often of the hideouts used by the al Qaeda and Taliban, but at an altitude of 11,100 feet in the Hindu Kush, there’s a tunnel that’s a vital part of Afghanistan’s infrastructure.
		The tunnel is a two-lane road through the mountains that links the northern and southern parts of the country.
		The nearest bypass around the tunnel is through the Shibar pass, said Maj. Mark Cerda, chief of the Roads, Bridges and Tunnels Cell.
	www.defendamerica.mil /articles/jul2003/a072303a.html (446 words)

	Salang Tunnel reopens after five years -DAWN - International; January 15, 2002
		The tunnel, about 80 kilometres north of Kabul, is the main pass through the Hindu Kush mountains dividing north and south Afghanistan.
		The Halo Trust statement said the re-opening of the tunnel was likely to increase the rate at which refugees — some of whom have sheltered in the Panjshir Valley for years — were able to return to their homes in central and southern Afghanistan.
		A damage assessment in December revealed that Afghans determined to reach the north of their country were braving the tunnel and clambering through it in pitch flness.
	www.dawn.com /2002/01/15/int10.htm (625 words)

	Boston.com / Fighting Terrorism / War in Afghanistan
		SALANG, Afghanistan — Rescue workers labored in bitter cold and fierce winds Thursday, digging out nearly 500 people trapped in their cars and a tunnel by a snow avalanche in the soaring Hindu Kush mountains.
		Three of the dead suffocated inside the Salang Tunnel, and the fourth died in a car buried by snow outside as temperatures overnight plunged to minus 40 degrees, said U.N. spokesman Yusuf Hassan.
		Salang Tunnel, 80 miles north of the capital, lies on the main road crossing the Hindu Kush and connecting Kabul to northern Afghanistan.
	www.boston.com /news/daily/07/attacks_afghanistan_020702.htm (1114 words)

	At least four dead in avalanche of snow in Afghanistan, 500 rescued
		The tunnel is on the principal route between Kabul and Afghanistan's north and is a key conduit for aid shipments.
		About 190 people trapped inside the tunnel, some 80 miles north of Kabul, were rescued early Thursday, according to Mohammedullah Gulaga, the Afghan coordinator of the rescue efforts.
		Some 300 more were later freed from vehicles buried in the snow outside of the tunnel by rescuers from The HALO Trust, a British-based de-mining group that sent armored bulldozers to dig out cars, spokesman Gerhard Zank said.
	lang.sbsun.com /socal/terrorist/0202/08/terror15.asp (774 words)

	Tunnel work to be over by Nov, says Karzai -DAWN - International; August 28, 2003
		SALANG TUNNEL (Afghanistan) Aug 27: A five million dollar programme to repair a deadly but vital tunnel linking Kabul with northern Afghanistan is on course to be completed by November, President Hamid Karzai said Wednesday.
		Karzai, on a visit to the Salang tunnel, situated high in the Hindu Kush mountains, said the work would ensure the passage remained open during winter snows that frequently entomb motorists.
		The tunnel, at a height of 3,363 metres connects the capital with the main northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif and the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
	www.dawn.com /2003/08/28/int3.htm (285 words)

	Rescuers fight Afghan blizzard
		About 190 people were trapped inside the tunnel - where three of the casualties are reported to have suffocated from carbon monoxide poisoning; another 100 were trapped in 57 vehicles outside - where at least one child froze to death.
		The Salang Tunnel - build by the Soviet Union 4,100 metres (13,350 feet) about sea level - was reopened to traffic only last month after being blocked for years by fighting.
		Initial reports on Wednesday had suggested an avalanche had struck the Salang Pass, which connects north and south Afghanistan, but rescue workers at the scene said the problem appeared to have been caused by snow blown onto the road by high winds.
	www.fire.org.uk /BBC_News/News2002/February/bbc070202c.htm (513 words)

	Afghanistan Salang Tunnel inside Tony Taylor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This photo taken inside the entrance of the Salang Pass atapprox 3500m altitude.
		The tunnel was blown up during the civil war following the Russian withdrawal.
		There was no lighting within the 2 km of the tunnel, the truck ahead had been clearing rubble from inside the tunnel.
	home.clara.net /caroltony/afpix/pictures/af_salangtunnel.html (64 words)

	Fox- Reuters - Afghan avalanche survivors tell of frozen horror
		SALANG PASS, Afghanistan, Feb 7 (Reuters) - Dozens of survivors of a deadly avalanche in Afghanistan, at the world's highest road tunnel, staggered out of a blizzard on Thursday to tell of a night of frozen horror.
		Bulldozers froze in their tracks and truck tyres were coated in ice just minutes after being stopped by huge drifts that blocked the way to the tunnel.
		LIFELINE ROUTE The road to the Salang Pass -- the lifeline linking the capital to the north -- is littered with the rusting hulks of vehicles that have met their end on its treacherous, icy slopes.
	www.parnassusrecords.com /sept112001/foxavalanche.htm (710 words)

	Disasters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Salang Tunnel is north of the capital Kabul.
		Usually, the tunnel operates a one way system — in other words, northbound traffic is allowed through the tunnel for 5 minutes, then stopped at the tunnel entrance to allow southbound traffic to take its turn.
		What happened inside the tunnel is also unclear, but we know that there was a convoy of military vehicles heading for Afghanistan and a convoy of civilians and refugees travelling to Russia.
	esl.fis.edu /students/projects/disaster/salang.htm (537 words)

	Afghanistan - Mountains
		The Salang Tunnel at 3363 meters and the extensive network of galleries on the approach roads were constructed with Soviet financial and technological assistance and involved drilling 1.7 miles through the heart of the Hindukush.
		Before the Salang road was constructed, the most famous passes in the Western historical perceptions of Afghanistan were those leading to the Indian subcontinent.
		The roads through the Salang and Tang-e Gharu passes played critical strategic roles during the recent conflicts and were used extensively by heavy military vehicles.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/32.htm (779 words)

	In the Footsteps of Ancient Armies
		The second was the Kushan Pass (slightly to the west of the present-day Salang pass road tunnel), which Alexander crossed southward; and the third was the Kipchak Pass, used by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century and by Bubur in 1504.
		The tunnel lies at 11,000 altitude, is 2,400 meters (1.5 miles) long, with a single curve in it (no line of sight through the tunnel).
		If there are stalled motor vehicles in the tunnel running their engines to keep the occupants warm, carbon monoxide build up would be extremely likely in the unventilated passageway.
	mikingery.blogster.com /footsteps_ancient_armies.html (1661 words)

	European tunnel fire toll may hit 40 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Reports from squads of firefighters who went into the Mont Blanc tunnel and reached the edges of the still-burning core of the fire indicate that a hundred yards of ceiling collapsed on a smoldering scene of melted asphalt and charred cars and trucks, some with human remains in the passenger cabins.
		Among the victims was Pierlucio Tinazi, 33, an Italian tunnel employee.
		But tunnel authority chairman Remi Chardon said that the safety systems -- including surveillance cameras, turnout lanes for vehicles in trouble, the emergency bunkers, and powerful ventilators -- all were operating efficiently.
	www.thepostroad.com /news/19990300.paris.tunnel.fire.html (706 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| South Asia \| Eyewitness: Crumbling Afghan lifeline
		Both ends of the 2.6-km tunnel were blown up by the forces of the late Ahmed Shah Masood in the 1990s to stop the Taleban advancing northwards.
		The Salang Tunnel is still operational for now, but the rubble-strewn southern entrance is a ragged hole cut into the mountainside.
		The repairs to the Salang Pass and the tunnel are a priority for Afghanistan's Transitional Administration.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/2181503.stm (594 words)

	Guardian \| email
		As we approached the Salang Tunnel, Afghanistan's highest road crossing, it became clear that we could be in for a long wait.
		The tunnel is completely blocked," a guard said, shivering in the freezing wind.
		Above us, a storm was transforming the tunnel entrance into a swirl of white and grey.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,4353488-103390,00.html (602 words)

	Khaleej Times - Online
		SALANG PASS, Afghanistan - Shivering Afghan and Russian leaders officially reopened the Salang Tunnel, the highest in the world, on Saturday after workers cleared tonnes of debris left over from war there in the late 1990s.
		The tunnel, built by the Soviet Union in 1956-1964, was a major supply route for Soviet troops during the 1980s war and communist convoys were often attacked along the steep approaches on either side.
		The Salang Tunnel is one of biggest of a series of development projects Moscow carried out in Afghanistan in Cold War competition with U.S. projects in southern Afghanistan.
	www.khaleejtimes.co.ae /ktarchive/190102/subcont.htm (10025 words)

	USAID Telling Our Story: Afghanistan - Opening the Salang Tunnel
		During fighting in 1998 between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance, the tunnel's southern entrance and entire ventilation system were destroyed.
		Opening the tunnel was critical for the delivery of humanitarian assistance, economic development, and population flows.
		To insure continued operation of the Salang Tunnel this winter, USAID is providing $1.6 million for snow clearance, emergency repairs, and traffic control management.
	www.usaid.gov /stories/afghanistan/ba_afghan4.html (229 words)

	War turns key Afghan tunnel into death trap / Link destroyed to bar Taliban from valley
		This is the Salang Tunnel, straddling the principal route between Mazar-e- Sharif, and Afghanistan's capital, Kabul.
		Inside, shrapnel and debris from exploded aerial bombs barely reflect the meager glow of flashlights, the only source of light in the tunnel; unexploded ordnance may still be hiding under the tons of concrete rubble.
		Carved through the snow-capped mountains of the Hindu Kush at an elevation of 11,034 feet, the bomb-wrecked Salang Tunnel is the greatest monument to Massood's destruction.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/12/13/MN27164.DTL (1027 words)

	ONLINE - International News Network
		Russia eager to renovate Salang Tunnel: FM KABUL: Foreign Minister Dr Rangin Dadfar Spanta said Russia had shown interest in renovation and reconstruction of the Salang Tunnel and the mining sector in Afghanistan.
		He said resumption of reconstruction work on the key tunnel, linking the central capital Kabul with the northern provinces, was an important project.
		Spanta said besides the construction of the tunnel project, Russians were also interested in investment in mining sector of the country.
	www.onlinenews.com.pk /details.php?id=103766 (291 words)

	FT.com - Special Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This tunnel through the mountains of the Hindu Kush, the highest tunnel in the world, was built with Russian aid in 1964.
		This is the entrance to the tunnel proper, a three-kilometer stretch of pitch-dark corridor, which in its present state could double as the entrance to Hell.
		My own guess, when I walked through the tunnel on Sunday, was that clearing it would be a good year's work and that it might be quicker just to dig a new tunnel and fill this one in.
	specials.ft.com /theresponse/FT3YNNYM2VC.html (869 words)

	Tales of Asia - Mazar-e-Sharif
		Mazar-e-Sharif, in the north of Afghanistan and some 400 kilometers northwest of Kabul, is the nation's second largest city and is in better shape than much of the country as it managed to avoid most of the war, existing as an autonomous region until the late 1990s.
		Getting there by road involves a trip over the Salang Pass (3,363 meters) and through the mile and a half-long Salang Tunnel (opened 1964) which is preceded by another three miles of mini-tunnels (basically half-tunnels designed to keep snow and rocks and other things off the road).
		We soon reached the Salang tunnel, which is a wretched excuse for a tunnel as there are no lights, no ventilation, and the road is riddled with potholes and parts of it are covered with ice.
	www.talesofasia.com /afghanistan-mazar.htm (3878 words)

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