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	Summit tunnel fire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The three train crew could see fire spreading through the ballast beneath the other track in the tunnel, so they ran the remaining mile to the south portal (where they knew there was a direct telephone connection to the signaller) to raise the alarm.
		The fuel supply to the fire was so rich that some of the combustibles were unable to find oxygen inside the tunnel to burn with: they were instead ejected from blast relief shafts 8 and 9 as superheated, fuel-rich gases that burst into flame the moment they encountered oxygen in the air outside the tunnel.
		Although some bricks in the tunnel and in the blast relief shafts had become so hot that they vitrified and ran like molten glass, most of the brickwork lining of the tunnel was scorched but still serviceable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Summit_tunnel_fire (1392 words)

	Summit tunnel fire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The three train crew could see fire spreading through the ballast beneath the other track, so they ran the remaining mile to the south portal (where they knew there was a direct telephone connection to the signaller) to raise the alarm.
		Smoke and flames came rapidly along the tunnel, the heat began to spall the tunnel lining and the BA crews decided to evacuate.
		Firstly, the size of the fire: it is probably the biggest underground fire in transportation history, certainly bigger than the Channel Tunnel fire (a relatively meagre 350 megawatts) and probably bigger than the ill-defined Salang tunnel fire in Afghanistan.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/summit_tunnel_fire (932 words)

	Salang tunnel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Salang tunnel is a link between northern and southern Afghanistan crossing the Hindukush montain range.
		During the Soviet-Afghan war, the tunnel was a crucial military link to the South yet prone to ambushes by the mujaheddin.
		On November 3, 1982 the Salang tunnel fire killed an estimated 176 people when, apparently after a collision, a tanker truck blew up in the tunnel and the fire engulfed a military convoy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salang_Tunnel (264 words)

	Salang tunnel fire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Salang tunnel fire occurred on November 3, 1982 in Afghanistan 's only road tunnel.
		The Salang tunnel is 2.7 km long, forms part of the Salang pass and is 3.3 km above sea level.
		There is speculation that there might have been an attack on the convoy in the tunnel, or that munitions in one of the military vehicles spontaneously combusted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salang_tunnel_fire (309 words)

	European tunnel fire toll may hit 40 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Reports from squads of firefighters who went into the Mont Blanc tunnel and reached the edges of the still-burning core of the fire indicate that a hundred yards of ceiling collapsed on a smoldering scene of melted asphalt and charred cars and trucks, some with human remains in the passenger cabins.
		The fire continued until yesterday afternoon because some cargo of the trucks was still burning and emitting thick, acrid smoke.
		But tunnel authority chairman Remi Chardon said that the safety systems -- including surveillance cameras, turnout lanes for vehicles in trouble, the emergency bunkers, and powerful ventilators -- all were operating efficiently.
	www.thepostroad.com /news/19990300.tunnel.fire.html (706 words)

	Laguna Fire -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Laguna Fire, previously known as the Kitchen Creek Fire and the Boulder Oaks Fire, was, at its time, the largest fire in the history of (A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes) California.
		The Laguna Fire was surpassed as the largest fire in California history by the 280,278 acre (1,134 km²) (Click link for more info and facts about Cedar Fire) Cedar Fire in October 2003.
		The firefighting officials were unimpressed and such aircraft are not used in southern California to fight fires to this day (with the exception of two CL-415s leased by (Click link for more info and facts about Los Angeles County) Los Angeles County during the fire season).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/La/Laguna_Fire.htm (312 words)

	Rescuers fight Afghan blizzard
		About 190 people were trapped inside the tunnel - where three of the casualties are reported to have suffocated from carbon monoxide poisoning; another 100 were trapped in 57 vehicles outside - where at least one child froze to death.
		The Salang Tunnel - build by the Soviet Union 4,100 metres (13,350 feet) about sea level - was reopened to traffic only last month after being blocked for years by fighting.
		Initial reports on Wednesday had suggested an avalanche had struck the Salang Pass, which connects north and south Afghanistan, but rescue workers at the scene said the problem appeared to have been caused by snow blown onto the road by high winds.
	www.fire.org.uk /BBC_News/News2002/February/bbc070202c.htm (513 words)

	Mining for Answers
		With more tunnels being built to save time and cost for transportation, traffic is becoming more dense and the likelihood of railway and automotive accidents and tunnel fires is increasing.
		In these surround-and-drown operations, fire departments usually are confronted with untrained and unskilled civilians who often are unable to control the situation and ensure their own rescue.
		Additionally, fire crews are used to having their vehicles and equipment nearby, as fire department equipment is designed to be used directly off the truck or at a maximum 100 to 200 meters away from the vehicle staging area.
	www.firechief.com /mag/firefighting_mining_answers/index.html (3011 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Light at the end of the tunnel
		This is particularly prevalent in long tunnels such as the St Gotthard (16.9km) and the Mont Blanc (11.6km), where monotony begins to play a role.
		The tunnel is on the main Bergen-Oslo road but carries only a fraction of the traffic of the big Alpine tunnels.
		The tunnel is also fitted with a state-of-the-art ventilation system and there are 15 special signal boosters which allow mobile phones to work inside it.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1945581.stm (892 words)

	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| Eyewitness: Trapped in the Salang Tunnel
		Three weeks after the Salang Tunnel was reopened linking north and south Afghanistan, tragedy has struck with more than 30 cars and trucks becoming stuck in snow storms.
		A 12-year-old boy died from the intense cold on the north side of the tunnel, according to reports at the scene.
		The crisis echoes the 1982 Salang fire, caused by an exploding gas cylinder, which resulted in the death of over 400 people.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/south_asia/newsid_1807000/1807422.stm (564 words)

	Search on for Afghan avalanche victims
		Dozens of people are feared to have been buried in an avalanche near the recently-reopened Salang Tunnel connecting north and south Afghanistan, the United Nations says.
		Mr Hassan said the UN had received a call for help from the interim authority but that there was no snow clearing equipment in the vicinity of the tunnel, which is located on a steep mountain pass about 80 kilometres (50 miles) north of Kabul.
		The Soviet-built Salang - the world's highest tunnel at 4,100 metres (13,350 feet) - was reopened to traffic only last month after being blocked for years by fighting.
	www.fire.org.uk /BBC_News/News2002/February/bbc060202b.htm (219 words)

	Disasters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Salang Tunnel is north of the capital Kabul.
		Usually, the tunnel operates a one way system — in other words, northbound traffic is allowed through the tunnel for 5 minutes, then stopped at the tunnel entrance to allow southbound traffic to take its turn.
		What happened inside the tunnel is also unclear, but we know that there was a convoy of military vehicles heading for Afghanistan and a convoy of civilians and refugees travelling to Russia.
	esl.fis.edu /students/projects/disaster/salang.htm (537 words)

	World's Highest Tunnel Is Reopened (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		SALANG PASS, Afghanistan -- Shivering Afghan and Russian officials reopened the Salang Tunnel, the highest in the world, on Saturday after workers cleared tons of debris left over from war there in the late 1990s.
		The tunnel, built by the Soviet Union in 1956-64, was a major supply route for Soviet troops during the 1980s war.
		The Salang Tunnel is one of the biggest of a series of development projects Moscow carried out in Afghanistan in Cold War competition with U.S. projects in southern Afghanistan.
	dev.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2002/01/21/013.html (497 words)

	Khaleej Times - Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		SALANG TUNNEL (Afghanistan) - Engineers began work yesterday in the Afghan mountains to repair a crucial tunnel before severe weather hits, which last winter turned the structure into a fume-filled death trap..
		Three people suffocated in Afghanistan's Salang Tunnel in February when snow driven by high winds sealed entrances, trapping as many as 250 vehicles in a poisonous chamber of carbon monoxide exhaust fumes.
		That left drivers with the choice of abandoning their cars at either end of the tunnel, which could be negotiated on foot or by embarking on an epic detour.
	www.khaleejtimes.co.ae /ktarchive/141002/subcont.htm (13051 words)

	Tunnel Fires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		U.K., London, Subway Station King's Cross: a wooden escalator caught fire in the huge underground complex of 2 Train-Stations and five subway lines; 30 people died including one firefighter; hundreds of people evacuated to other stations via subway trains.
		Switzerland, Goeschnenen/Italy, Airolo, Gotthard Alpine Tunnel: A fiery head-on collision of two trucks 1,000 yards from the southern end of the 10-mile (16 km) tunnel claimed 11 lives.
		The tunnel with an average of 19,000 vehicles a day is one of Europe's busiest north-south routes and will be closed for months.
	www.emergency-management.net /tunnel_fire.htm (283 words)

	Salang tunnel fire -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Salang tunnel fire occurred on November 3, 1982 in (A mountainous landlocked country in central Asia; bordered by Iran to the west and Russia to the north and Pakistan to the east and south) Afghanistan 's only road tunnel.
		The (Click link for more info and facts about Salang tunnel) Salang tunnel is 2.7 km long, forms part of the Salang pass and is 3.3 km above sea level.
		All sources agree that it involved a (Click link for more info and facts about Red Army) Red Army convoy travelling south through the tunnel.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/S/Sa/Salang_tunnel_fire.htm (318 words)

	AFGHAN BOOKS - - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Their main lifeline, the Salang Highway, and its extension for 500 kilometres further south to Kandahar, was comparatively close to and, most importantly, parallel to, the Pakistan border.
		To achieve the former on the Salang Highway would require a substantial force, able and prepared to hold on to the blocking position in the face of the inevitable massive air and ground counter-attack.
		If the base area around Termez was the heart, which pumped supplies along the Salang artery to the head of the war effort at Kabul, then the choke point at the neck, 120 kilometres from Kabul, was the Salang Tunnel.
	www.afghanbooks.com /beartrap/english/08.htm (6443 words)

	Afghanistan
		Guerrilla strength in the Panjsher area was especially threatening, for it menaced the major Soviet supply line from Kabul to Mazar a Sharif through the Salang Tunnel, and this area was the scene of several Soviet assaults.
		The new mortar is capable not only of rapid and continuous fire but also has a high trajectory, which, although not normally advantageous, has proved useful in mountainous Afghanistan in support of infantry operations.
		This new rifle fires a hollow core bullet that is very damaging to the human target.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/afghanistan/cs-invasion.htm (7471 words)

	AFGHAN BOOKS - - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In addition to the road and rail it also carried the oil pipeline, and as such was second only to the Salang Tunnel as a critical congestion point on the Soviets’ main line of communication.
		The firing position was easy, it could be anywhere on the spur on which he stood.
		The smoke rockets had started a fire which had consumed several buildings, but it was the suddenness, the ferocity and the distance (about 20 kilometres) inside the Soviet Union that was so galling to the enemy.
	www.afghanbooks.com /beartrap/english/16.htm (7384 words)

	Johnson & Hayward, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The smog is a result of forest fires in Sumatra coupled with hot and dry weather conditions.
		France and Spain open the Somport tunnel, which cuts through the western Pyrenees mountains and is designed to ease congestion for automobile and truck traffic.
		The rising smoke from forest fires and slash-and-burn land clearing result in the delay of flights around the Indonesian portion of Borneo.
	www.jhinc.com /reference/ref_int.asp (12466 words)

	History of the War in Afghanistan
		The other came past Mazar, through the Hindu Kush Mountains via the Salang Tunnel, which the Soviets built, and into Kabul.
		The Afghans immediately noticed that the Salang Tunnel was such an engineering marvel that even tanks and armored personnel carriers could get through it.
		Meanwhile, the Americans built a road from Kandahar to Kabul and then to Jalalabad and to the border with Pakistan, almost to the Khyber Pass.
	www.ishipress.com /afghans.htm (2363 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Afghanistan
		After capturing Kabul, the Taliban launched an offensive in October against the forces of former President Rabbani and advanced to the entrance of the Panjshir valley and of the Salang tunnel controlled by General Dostom.
		In December, women were warned to observe the veil more strictly and 225 women were reportedly beaten behind the closed gates of the presidential palace compound in Kabul while their husbands and relatives waited outside.
		According to the information received by the Special Rapporteur, the women were severely beaten by the Taliban forces, doused with a fire hose and told that that was their bathhouse.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-59.htm (14674 words)

	RE: Hey, this doesn't seem fair... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Shannon says exhaustive tests have shown that even if a tank at Cove Point ruptured, dikes would contain the gas, and if the gas ignited, the effects would be confined to plant grounds.
		There are fire/explosions of uncertain cause: the Salang tunnel fire in Afghanistan in 1982, killing 200 to 3000, depending on who you ask; The Oakland, CA tunnel fire in 1982, killing 7.
		There are natural gas pipeline explosions: near Ufa, USSR on 3 June 1989, killing 650+; the recent pipeline explosion south of Carlsbad, NM, which killed 13-14; Natchitotches, LA in 1965, killing 17.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/0206/msg00090.html (513 words)

	Institute for War and Peace Reporting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Northern Alliance artillery, mortars, rockets and tank fire let rip across the wide Shomali plain north of the Afghan capital, while US B-52 and fighter bombers attacked the Taleban from the sky.
		In fact, clearing the 2,200 m tunnel may take somewhat longer as both ends are completely blocked by huge mounds of rubble and debris caused by an earlier Taleban attempt to stop a Northern Alliance advance and then by a Northern Alliance attempt to stop a Taleban advance.
		Still, since the idea of clearing the tunnel would have seemed absurd on Friday, nothing can be taken for granted here anymore.
	www.iwpr.net /index.pl?archive/rca/rca_200111_82_1_eng.txt (1185 words)

	OxBlog
		The Salang Tunnel has since become a vital lifeline for southern Afghanistan, the shortest link to northern grain surpluses and Uzbek oil supplies.
		Reopening and shoring up the Salang Tunnel was one of the first priorities of the new Kabul government, but as you can imagine, the road quality is still not the greatest.
		Finally we reached the Salang Tunnel proper: a dark circle in the mountainside ringed by blue concrete and surrounded by tumbledown Soviet barracks and warehouses.
	oxblog.blogspot.com /2004_08_15_oxblog_archive.html (10453 words)

	Strategic Affairs - Analysis
		The Soviet force would then overrun the contested area, firing indiscriminately at any moving object or even just into the air until they were satisfied that their mission was achieved.
		Officers stood inside the turrets of the tanks, firing machineguns in the air and to the sides.
		Spacing between vehicles and the ability to dismount a personnel carrier, form a squad line and provide suppressive small-arms fire were prized components of motorized rifle tactics.
	www.stratmag.com /issue2Oct-1/page07.htm (7842 words)

	Encyclopedia: Summit tunnel fire
		Updated 163 days 21 hours 55 minutes ago.
		Figure 4: Tanker 9, crowned with glassy deposits formed by bricks in the shaft above; the bricks melted, dripped down and solidifed on top of the tanker.
		Click for other authoritative sources for this topic (summarised at Factbites.com).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Summit-tunnel-fire (1412 words)

	timesunion.com : news : september 11 : timeline
		Federal law enforcement officials say the man who tried to light his shoes on fire during a trans-Atlantic flight Saturday had explosives in his sneakers.
		He is tentitively identified as Richard C. Reid, a British citizen, and charged with interfering with flight attendants, a felony.
		Russian army engineers have defused nearly 5,000 explosives in Kabul and in a key tunnel connection once used by the former Soviet Union to send troops into Afghanistan.
	www.timesunion.com /news/september11/timeline/dec23_29.htm (1453 words)

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