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Topic: Saline water

	Method and apparatus for converting saline water to fresh water - Patent 4054493 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Preheated saline water, typically sea or brackish water, is further heated by quanta of steam, passed to it at differential temperatures and pressures and condensed in the saline water.
		Claim 13, wherein the post-thermal saline water is flash vaporized in stages of decreasing temperature and the flashed vapors are recovered and employed to form quanta of steam.
		fresh water, at 75% vapor compressor efficiency, is 1.0 at a null differential of temperature between compressed vapor and saline water, and 1.7 at a differential of 5.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4054493.html (3558 words)

	Salinity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prior to 1978, salinity or halinity was expressed as ‰ usually based on the electrical conductivity ratio of the sample to "Copenhagen water", an artificial sea water manufactured to serve as a world "standard".
		Highly saline water, from which salts crystallize (or are about to), is referred to as brine.
		Salinity is an ecological factor of considerable import, influencing the types of organisms that live in a body of water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salinity (833 words)

	Method and apparatus for converting saline water to fresh water - Patent 3951752
		Saline water, typically sea water or brackish water, after deaeration and deoxygenation is preheated, then further heated by steam condensing with the preheated saline water.
		It is condensed in preheating saline water; evolved carbon dioxide is separated from the condensate and recycled to the saline water to prevent alkaline scale in preheating, while condensate is combined with the further heated saline water, forming post-thermal saline water.
		Claim 12, in which magnesium hydroxide is added to the saline water in a stage of elevated concentration of saline water in said multistage vapor compression evaporator, the added magnesium hydroxide serving as seed for potential, hydrolytic precipitation of magnesium hydroxide during evaporation in said stage.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3951752.html (4458 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions, Saline and/or Sodic Water and Soils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Salinity of water is referred to in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), but salinity is actually approximated by measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of water, expressed in decisiemens per meter (dS/m) or less often in millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm) (the two measurements are numerically equivalent).
		Saline soils are indicative of inadequate drainage to leach salt from the soil or upward migration of salt from shallow ground water.
		If the water source is constant (such as a well, lake, pond, or large river), the water should be tested at a minimum during the lowest flow volume when water is to be used for irrigation and at the beginning of the irrigation season.
	waterquality.montana.edu /docs/methane/saline-sodic_faq.shtml (4360 words)

	SOME GUIDELINES FOR IRRIGATING WITH SALINE WATER
		Salinity and sediment tend to be lower at this flow rate on the "down" or falling stage than the same stage on the "up" or rising level part of the cycle.
		Saline water, or water which is generally classified as having too much dissolved salt for irrigation, can often be used successfully without hazardous long term effects on the crops or soils.
		The maximum soil salinity in the root zone that results from continuous irrigation with saline water does not occur when salty water is used only a fraction of the time.
	scarab.msu.montana.edu /agnotes/docs/51.htm (1032 words)

	Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A sea is a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, or a large, usually saline, lake that lacks a natural outlet such as the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea.
		The term is used colloquially as synonymous with ocean, as in the tropical sea or down to the sea shore, or even sea water referring to water of the ocean.
		Liquid water is known to have existed on the surface of Mars in the distant past, and several basins on Mars have been proposed as dry sea beds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea (309 words)

	Sea article - Sea saline water ocean lakes Caspian Sea Galilee water marginal - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The term is also used for large, usually saline, lakes that lack a natural outlet, such as the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Galilee.
		The term is used in a less geographically precise manner as synonymous with ocean, as in the tropical sea or down to the sea shore, or even sea water referring to water of the ocean.
		Liquid water is thought to be present under the surface of several moons, most notably Europa.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Sea (231 words)

	CATI - Kenaf Production on a Saline Soil and Its Effect on the Salinity of Soil and Shallow Aquifer, 1991
		Salinity of the soil and shallow aquifer in the nonsaline irrigated plots decreased during the growing season.
		Drainage water high in salt, boron, and selenium, until very recently, was disposed of in the Kesterson Reservoir and proved to be a health hazard to the fish, and wildlife in the area due to accumulation of salts, selenium, and other toxic minerals.
		Soil salinity (Table 6) in the plots irrigated with nonsaline water in July was 4.3 dS/m and decreased to 3.2 dS/m by mid-October whereas in the plots irrigated with saline water it increased from 3.6 to 4.2 dS/m.
	cati.csufresno.edu /ip/rese/93/930702 (2923 words)

	Sea water: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Water (from the anglo-saxon and low german languagelow german wæter) is a colourless, tasteless, and odourless substance that is essential to all...
		A sea is a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, or a large, usually saline, lake that lacks a natural outlet such as the caspian sea and...
		Drinking water is water that is intended to be drunk by humans....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/se/sea_water.htm (1857 words)

	Managing Saline Soils in North Dakota
		In capillary rise, water moves from where the soil is saturated, or nearly so, to drier soil against the force of gravity, much like water moving into a dry sponge from a puddle of water on a floor.
		Water movement toward the surface due to capillary rise provides a continuous supply of salts which accumulate in the root zone or at the soil surface when the capillary water evaporates.
		Saline seeps form in the landscape when water percolates from higher elevations, reaches a zone of vertical discontinuity, usually a relatively impermeable layer such as loam material over clay, or a coal seam (Figure 5).
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/soilfert/sf1087-1.htm (1356 words)

	Saline water
		Moderatly saline water - From 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm
		Slightly saline water is sometimes used for similar purposes as freshwater.
		After all, you don't drink salt water at home; you don't use it to water your tomatoes or brush your teeth; farmers don't usually irrigate with it; some industries can't use it without damaging their equipment; and, farmer Joe's cows won't usually drink it.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/saline.html (317 words)

	(WO/1999/001380) METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY DESALTING OF SEA-WATER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		They also indicate the technological disadvantage whereby the salinity of the unprocessed water to be used by desalinizing plants is continuously rising as a result of the re-introduction of the byproducts.
		The saline solution (1) (sea-water) with an original temperature of 6- 25 degree C is heated to practically higher than 70 degree C, preferably about 90 C degree C, through the branch of the heat exchanger (3) and then it is conducted to the distillation unit (5) through the preliminary heater (4).
		The steam created in the crystallizing unit (9), where the separation of salt and water is performed on at least 108 degree C temperature, is heating the saturated saline solution (1), with a temperature of nearly 100 degree C, of the settler tank (7) in the additional heat exchanger (10).
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/01380.990114&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2824 words)

	Pakistan Water Gateway - Articles - An environmental disaster called Manchar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Numerous secondly affects of the saline and sodic condition of the soil adversely affect the ecology and the environment.
		The salinity stress problem arises when semi-arid or arid lands are subjected to cultivation either because the soils are already saline and/or irrigated with saline water, which adds to the salinity of the soil.
		Reclaiming sodic and saline and sodic soils: Amendment should be used only when needed or when past results justify their use they may be useful where soil permeability is low due to low salinity excess sodium or high carbonate / bicarbonate in the water.
	www.waterinfo.net.pk /artrss.htm (1519 words)

	[No title]
		Saline intrusions replacing high quality fresh water is therefore a major threat to the Gaza coastal aquifer.
		Declining water levels have reversed the hydraulic gradient between the aquifer and the bodies of saline groundwater.
		Saline intrusions in the Eastern Basin of the Mountain Aquifer.
	pasture.ecn.purdue.edu /~h2o/COURSES/1/section11.doc (527 words)

	Chapter 4 - Water quality assessment
		Under conditions of long-term use of saline waters for irrigation (steady-state conditions), it is primarily the interaction between salt concentration of the irrigation water and the leaching fraction that determines the concentration and distribution of soil salinity within the rootzone, as well as the "depth-averaged" value of osmotic water potential.
		The appropriateness of various indices of salinity for assessing water-suitability for irrigation is affected by soil water retentivity characteristics, irrigation frequency, leaching fraction and irrigation water salinity, as shown by the conceptual modelling study of Rhoades and Merrill (1976).
		The lower the EC of the irrigation water and the higher the LF used with the water, the higher is the resultant water-uptake-weighted osmotic potential and the lower is the total water stress to which a plant is exposed at steady-state.
	www.fao.org /docrep/T0667E/t0667e08.htm (4899 words)

	DPIWE - Saline Water - Risks
		Irrigating with saline water on duplex or clayey soils can result in dangerous levels of salinity building up in the root zones of crops.
		Where saline water is being added to soils with clay subsoils, the natural drainage is often NOT sufficient to allow leaching of the salt being added and salt will build up in the root zone and place crops at risk.
		Water containing some salt can be used for irrigation but will not be sustainable unless you take active steps to manage it.
	www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au /inter/nsf/WebPages/JMUY-4Z58YT?open (685 words)

	SOME GUIDELINES FOR IRRIGATING WITH SALINE WATER
		Use Of Saline Water For Irrigation: The following is a summary of an article by J. Rhoades, soil scientist with the U.S. Salinity Lab in Riverside, CA.
		Ss the salinity of either the irrigation water or soil solution increases (with prolonged crop water use and through the irrigation season), the volume of irrigation water applied should be progressively increased.
		Whatever salt buildup that might occur in the soil from irrigating with salty water can be reduced in the following winter or spring from rainfall or irrigation with low-salinity irrigation water.
	scarab.msu.montana.edu /agnotes/docs/155.htm (1051 words)

	Use of Saline Ground Water as a Source of Public Supply (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Salt water intrusion in coastal communities required the blending of water from differing sources, some with high salinity, to produce water which meets the chloride content standard for human consumption (250 mg/l).a Salt water intrusion is evident in certain areas of Florida and water which exceeds 1,000 mg/l dissolved solids content has significantly increased.
		The total amount of public supply water used is estimated from this sample.b For example, the 1985 data was the result of an inventory of water usage supplied by 633 public and private utilities, which represents the majority of the total public water systems.
		Prior to 1970 the use of saline water was not measured.
	www.pepps.fsu.edu /safe/environ/wqn4.html (602 words)

	Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources:Home Page
		When salt water is boiled, the dissolved salt remains behind as the fresh water vapor is boiled away.
		While water is boiling, the steam and the boiling water are at the same temperature.
		Population growth and the increasing need for fresh water for industrial, agricultural uses and municipal indicate there will be no letup in the increasing demand for water in the years to come.
	www.desware.net (621 words)

	Using saline water for irrigation
		Osmosis is a natural process where water, passing through a semi-permeable membrane, moves from a solution of low levels of dissolved salts to one with a higher salt level.
		This process allows water to move from a solution of relatively low concentration (the irrigation water) into a solution of relatively high concentration (in the plant root cells) in an attempt to establish equilibrium in the two solutions.
		Desalinisation for saline waters is technically possible, but its use is limited by cost (initial capital cost of the equipment, and high operation and maintenance costs) and the problem of disposing of the residual saline concentrate.
	minister.agric.nsw.gov.au /reader/10898 (1234 words)

	Water Quality Criteria for Irrigation, EC97-782
		Water entering the soil which is not stored or consumed by evapotranspiration moves through the crop root zone, eventually reaching the water table.
		Salinity causes reduced crop growth and yield loss because the plant must redirect energy from growing to extracting pure water from the saline water in its root zone.
		When saline conditions are present or suspected, soil samples from throughout the root zone are critical to determine what management practices are required to minimize or eliminate the salinity hazard.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /irrigation/ec782.htm (3733 words)

	Gaps in saline ground-water knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Local and national governmental agencies and users of water, particularly in the western states, are likely to require detailed information on saline water in the future.
		For example, most of the well and spring records complied for the saline water map were entirely without discharge information or the discharge figure was only an estimated one.
		You are urged to consider increased accumulation of saline ground- water information as a part of areal investigations wherever practicable and wherever warranted.
	water.usgs.gov /admin/memo/GW/gw65.02.html (383 words)

	SOFIA - WRI 94-4010: Distribution of Salinity - Saline-Water Zone
		These lower salinity values in the saline-water zone could have been because of invaded drilling fluid still present in the formation when the water samples were collected.
		Water with salinity similar to or higher than of seawater is present in the saline-water zone of the Floridian aquifer system.
		Water samples with a chloride concentration of 22,000 mg/L and a dissolved-solids concentration of 40,100 mg/L were collected from well S-1533 at a depth interval of 2,100 to 2,304 ft (table 2).
	sofia.usgs.gov /publications/wri/94-4010/salwtrzone.html (492 words)

	Water Supply Protection
		Salinity in the river, frequently reported and measured as total dissolved solids (TDS) in milligrams per liter (mg/L), derives from the marine geology of the basin through both natural (discharge from saline springs, erosion of saline geologic formations, and native runoff) and human (irrigation, reservoir evaporation, and municipal and industrial wastewater discharges) caused processes.
		The threat of salinity is a major concern in both the United States and Mexico; affecting agricultural (reduced crop yields and increased water demands), municipal (decreased useful life of household plumbing and water utility equipment, increased costs to treat and recycle water), and industrial water users (decreased useful life of equipment).
		The Salinity Control Act of 1974 (PL93-320, as amended by PL 98-569, 104-20, 104-127, and 106-459) authorizes the Secretaries of the U.S. Department of Interior (Interior) and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to enhance and protect the quality of water in the Colorado River for use in the United States and the Republic of Mexico.
	cwcb.state.co.us /WaterSupply/Salinity.htm (936 words)

	Saline Water
		In mid-May when salinity in the nearby ship channel had risen to about 25 ppt, freshwater in the infested habitat was pumped down as low as possible.
		The area was then reflooded with high salinity water, resulting in an average salinity level of 20 ppt.
		The high salinity water had extended as far back as the infested marsh ponds, about 1.5 miles on either side of the canal.
	salvinia.er.usgs.gov /html/saline_water.html (377 words)

	Mass DEP :: MA DEP Resource Protection - Water Management: Salt Water Withdrawal Policy
		The purpose of this policy is to clearly outline the regulatory requirements which apply to the withdrawal of saline or brackish water pursuant to the Water Management Act, MGL,C. 21G, and the regulations promulgated pursuant thereto at 310 CMR 36.00.
		The Department did not require registration statements to be filed for saline withdrawals, nor does the Department require persons withdrawing saline water for consumptive uses in excess of the threshold volume to file permit applications pursuant to the Act.
		Water samples shall be taken at high tide and tested for specific conductivity by a certified laboratory.
	mass.gov /dep/water/laws/saline.htm (596 words)

	Ground Water
		Hardness (water) - A property of water that causes the formation of an insoluble residue when the water is used with soap and a scale in vessels in which water has been allowed to evaporate.
		Potentiometric surface - An imaginary surface representing the static head of ground water in tighty cased wells that tap a water-bearing rock unit (aquifer); or, in the case of unconfined aquifers, the water table.
		Saline water - Water that is considered generally unsuitable for human consumption or for irrigation because of its high content of dissolved solids; generally expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L) of dissolved solids; seawater is generally considered to contain more than 35,000 mg/L of dissolved solids.
	capp.water.usgs.gov /GIP/gw_gip/glossary.html (383 words)

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