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Topic: Salishan languages

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	Classified List of BC Native Languages
		The Athabaskan language family as a whole is fairly closely related to Eyak, a language once spoken in the Cook inlet area of southern Alaska.
		Salishan languages are spoken in much of the southern half of British Columbia.
		The Tsimshianic languages are spoken on the northwest coast and in adjacent areas of the interior.
	www.ydli.org /bcother/bclist.htm (1153 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		Among the tribes speaking Salishan languages are the Bella Coola, Klallam, Coeur d’Alene, Colville, Nisqualli, Okanogan, Pend d’Oreille, Puyallup, Salish or Flathead, Shuswap, Spokan, and Tillamook.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	Salishan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Salishan (also Salish) languages are a group of languages of western Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
		Many Salishan groups consider their variety of speech to be a separate language rather than a dialect.
		It has been proposed that the Salishan languages may be related to Wakashan and Chimakuan languages in a hypothetical Mosan family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salishan_languages (338 words)

	Language families and languages - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Most languages are known to belong to language families ("families" hereforth).
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Language_families_and_languages (501 words)

	Don Macnaughtan - Lane Community College Library - American Indian Languages of Western Oregon
		Athapaskan languages were spoken mainly in southwest Oregon, with two tiny pockets of speakers in northwest Oregon, near the mouth of the Columbia River.
		Penutian languages - a family that is rather loosely defined - were spoken on the central Oregon Coast, along the Lower Columbia, in the Cascades, in the Willamette Valley, and in the Rogue Valley.
		An isolated Salish language (Tillamook) was spoken on the northern Oregon coast, and a small pocket of the Hokan family (Shasta) was spoken in the southern Rogue Valley.
	www.lanecc.edu /library/don/orelang.htm (1141 words)

	Encyclopedia: Salishan languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use.
		A language isolate is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language.
		In linguistics, a language is said to possess vowel harmony (also metaphony) when it has a phonological rule that requires all vowels in a word to belong to a single class.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Salishan-languages (1572 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		Endangered Languages: Revival and Revitalization: Laura's essay on maintaining and reviving Native American languages
	www.native-languages.org (1208 words)

	Center for the Study of the First Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For example, Basque is an isolate standing alone in Europe, where languages of the Romance Family are spoken in the south, Germanic languages in the north, Celtic languages along the northwestern fringe, and languages of the Slavic Family in the east from the Arctic to the Mediterranean.
		Seven languages called Interior Salish form a subgroup of the Salishan family and are distributed for the most part in the northern part of the Plateau Culture Area, with some extension into the southern part of the area where the Sahaptian languages predominate.
		Language spreads when a population in an area is replaced by another population that speaks a different language.
	www.centerfirstamericans.com /mt.html?a=54 (2597 words)

	Hul'qumi'num Treaty Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Hul'q'umi'num' language is spoken on Vancouver Island from Malahat in the south to Nanoose Bay in the north, with some dialect differences.
		While linguists view Hul'q'umi'num', Musqueam, and Halkomelem as dialects of a common language, we think it is also appropriate to speak of each of them as a separate language, which is closely related to the other two.
		Hul'q'umi'num' is widely recognized as a language of culture and ceremony and widely used beyond its traditional territory.
	www.hulquminum.bc.ca /languages.html (734 words)

	languagehat.com: ANYONE FOR SALISHAN?
		I'm trying to find out which Salishan languages, if any, still have a reasonably healthy speaking community (e.g., spoken in most households in at least one place and has at least some speakers under the age of 10.) Ethnologue suggests that the answer is none.
		Chinook being a trade language is easier for anyone to learn--we were communicating in it after a weekend--so it's an option for people who want to keep a hold on their culture but are daunted by Halkomelem.
		Language is one of the most visible and most decisive elements of identity, especially in America.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/001209.php (2417 words)

	The earliest classifications of Northwest coast languages were often impressionistic, based more on geography than on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The earliest classifications of Northwest coast languages were often impressionistic, based more on geography than on linguistic similarities.
		Swadesh (1950) presented a redefined classification of Salishan languages, showing subdivisions down (at least) to the language level, and this has also been modified (table 2).
		Large quantities of data on these languages have been collected over the years, the majority in the twentieth century.
	home.comcast.net /~spencer.seymour/Indian/ec.htm (530 words)

	Language Log: Unchanging Pronouns?
		One reason historical linguists are skeptical of this claim is that it's so easy to find languages in which personal pronouns have undergone a lot of change.
		So if you were looking for a relationship among just these three languages, the pronouns would give you little or no basis for a `yes' answer.
		Salishan languages are more closely related than Indo-European languages are.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001160.html (762 words)

	NPS Archeology Program: Kennewick Man
		This includes language both as a part of culture and as the primary means for its transmission, while recognizing that culture and language "are not necessarily correlated" (Sapir 1921:212-220).
		Firstly, the Numic languages are distributed in a broad fan-like sweep of territory between southeastern California across Nevada and Utah to southern Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado, with the Comanche (a Shoshonean-speaking group) established on the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains.
		He suggests that the distribution of the seven contemporary Interior Salishan languages is consistent with a subsequent colonization of the Plateau via movements up the Fraser and the Thompson Rivers (Lillooet, Thompson, and Shuswap) and into the upper Columbia basin via the Okanogan River valley (Okanagan-Colville, Columbia Salish, Kalispel, and Coeur D'Alene) (see Map 3).
	www.cr.nps.gov /archeology/kennewick/HUNN.HTM (8917 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Instructions to the authors You should begin by discussing the reasons your language was developed, the types of computations and the forms of parallelism it can and cannot express, and its advantages and disadvantages from the programmer's point of view.
		Readerw will infer that either the language is unable to express the more efficient algorithm or the language's character is such that it naturally suggests the less efficient solution.
		For example, if your language does not have streams but you want to use them in a solution, please give the statements defining streams in your language and the code for the stream operations you use.
	wotug.ukc.ac.uk /parallel/parlib/salishan/disclaimer (313 words)

	Northwest Coast Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Adler, F.W. A bibliographical checklist of Chimakuan, Kutenai, Ritwan, Salishan, and Wakashan linguistics, IJAL 27:198- 210.
		Kess, J.F. A bibliography of the Haida language.
		Canestrelli, P.P. Grammar of the Kutenai language (annotated by Franz Boas).
	www.lib.montana.edu /~bcoon/nwcst.html (5048 words)

	Encyclopedia of North American Indians - - Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sapir's words celebrate both the diversity of Native American languages and their contribution to the study of one of the most important capacities possessed by human beings: the ability to construct languages.
		The family is named after the languages at its geographic extremes: Ute in the north and Aztec (Nahuatl) in the south.
		Navajo, as we have noted, is an Athabaskan language and as such is a member of the same family as the Apache languages of the Southwest and northern languages like Sarsi, Chipewyan, Dogrib, and Koyukon, among others.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_019500_languages.htm (2548 words)

	What's New at Native Languages of the Americas
		We have also added vocabulary lists for some new languages, and are currently pondering what to do about long-extinct languages of which we have nothing remaining but vocabulary lists written down by non-native people centuries ago.
		The Miami and Illinois tribes spoke the same language, but they are distinct tribes with different culture and history, so now we have new Miami and Illini pages.
		This week I split our Native Languages of the Americas homepage so it will be faster-loading and hopefully easier to use: the alphabetical master list of Indian tribes and the page of Native American society and culture are now separate.
	www.native-languages.org /new.htm (2680 words)

	Native American languages -> Languages of North America on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Rapport-building through call in teaching Chinese as a foreign language: an exploratory study.
		Jorge Gomez rings bells as the children's choir of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe practiced Christmas songs in their native language, Chochenyo, in Pleasanton, California, on Saturday, December 4, 2004.
		Sheila Guzman-Schmidt and her daughter, Rachel eye each other after singing Christmas songs in the Chochenyo language in Pleasanton, California, on Saturday, December 4, 2004.
	encyclopedia.com /html/section/natvamlang_languagesofnorthamerica.asp (1169 words)

	List of languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ethnologue lists about 6,800 main languages in its language name index (see the external link) and distinguishes about 41,000 alternate language names and dialects.
		This list deals with particular languages, and includes only natural languages spoken or signed by humans.
		See List of languages by name: Z for about 50 more.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_languages (881 words)

	Salishan languages -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Salishan languages -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		They are characterised by agglutinativity and astonishing consonant clusters—for instance the (Click link for more info and facts about Nuxálk) Nuxálk word 'he had had a bunchberry plant' is.
		Salish is a term that refers to a number of languages of the Salishan family.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sa/salishan_languages.htm (74 words)

	Native Languages of the Americas: Preserving and promoting Amerindian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and promoting American Indian languages, especially through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Amerindian languages do not belong to a single language family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of native speakers of the Amerindian language families and how little is known about many of them.
		Click on a language name to see a description and links about that language, as well as information about the Native American people who speak it.
	www.native-languages.org /linguistics.htm (751 words)

	The Wakashan Linguistics Page - A Wakashan Bibliography
		Adler, Fred W. A Bibliographical Checklist of Chimakuan, Kutenai, Ritwan, Salishan, and Wakashan Linguistics.
		Klokeid, Terry J. An Introduction to the West Coast Language of Vancouver Island.
		Renker, Ann M. Rethinking noun and verb: An investigation of AUX in a Southern Wakashan language.
	depts.washington.edu /wll2/bibliography.html (1617 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Salishan, pt. 1
		You have reached the second page on Salishan languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Languages on this page so far are Sechelt, Shuswap, Skagit, Skokomish, Spokane-Kalispel-Flathead, Squamish, Thompson, and Upper Chehalis.
		All three tongues are mutually intelligible, rendering them dialects of a single language by definition.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/salish2h.htm (846 words)

	Salish on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Their language belongs to the Salishan branch of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock (see Native American languages).
		The Native Americans of the Puget Sound area were traditionally part of the Northwest Coast cultural area (see under Natives, North American), speaking Salishan languages, living in large wooden houses, and practicing wood carving.
		Their diet was based on an abundant supply of salmon, shellfish, berries, and game until they were moved onto reservations by the treaties of Medicine Creek, Point Elliott, and others in the 1850s.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Salish.asp (668 words)

	First Nations Languages of British Columbia
		This site provides information about these languages, much of it in the form of bibliographic information and links to other sites containing more detailed information on particular languages and other relevant topics.
		Virtually all of the native languages of British Columbia are endangered: hardly any are spoken by children, and many have very few speakers at all.
		We therefore provide information on the current status of the languages and of documentation for them, as well as pointers to information on language endangerment and language maintenance and revitalization.
	www.ydli.org /fnlgsbc.htm (315 words)

	American Indian Collections at the APS
		Vocabulary of the language of the Salish or the Flat Head Nation, inhabiting the sources of the Columbia [n.d.].
		Typed D. Data relating to the Salish languages, their distribution, and the distributions of neighboring languages.
		Study of affinities among Salishan languages, based on vocabulary correspondences.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/guides/indians/info/s.htm (1239 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Salishan pt. 1
		You have reached the first page on Salishan languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		The Salishan and Wakashan branches are both found in the northwestern part of the United States and Canada, but the Wakashan languages are more closely related to the Algonkian languages than to the Salishan languages.
		Listed here are works dealing with many Salishan languges, or those in which the particular language is not more narrowly defined.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/salishlh.htm (1379 words)

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