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Topic: Salmonella paratyphi

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	Salmonella Paratyphi B in Aquariums \| CDC EID
		Paratyphi B dT+ isolate with drug-resistance phenotype ApCmSmSpSuTc was isolated in 1997 from a tropical fish in Singapore (11), raising the possibility that tropical fish and aquariums are a reservoir.
		Paratyphi B dT+ isolates SRC49 and SRC50 from 2001 (7).
		Paratyphi B dT+ were identical from humans and fish tanks with phage type RDNC Aus3 (Figure 2A) and Aus2 (data not shown).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol12no03/05-1085.htm (1827 words)

	Lathi Nair, Sudarsana J, Pushpa KK.Epidemic of Salmonella Enteritica Serotype paratyphi A in Calicut-Kerala-The Calicut ...
		Epidemic of Salmonella Enteritica Serotype paratyphi A in Calicut-Kerala
		Enteric fever is classically caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, but serotypes paratyphi A and paratyphi B can also cause enteric fever, however the symptoms are milder and the mortality is lower.
		Salmonella paratyphi A was only occasionally isolated from cases of enteric fever in Calicut till 2001 (11.1%).
	www.calicutmedicaljournal.org /2004/2/4/e2/index.htm (1171 words)

	ERIC - Enteropathogen Resource Integration Center
		Salmonella is usually spread by ingestion of food or water contaminated with animal feces, although some human-specific strains are spread via human fecal sources of contamination.
		Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) is the causative agent of typhoid fever.
		Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) was until recently the most common cause of food poisoning by Salmonella species in the United States.
	www.ericbrc.org /portal/eric/salmonella?id=entero (654 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A induced acute diarrhea
		In southeast Asian countries, Salmonella paratyphi A is not regarded as all that common enteric pathogen associated with acute diarrhea.
		Prophylactic vaccines were available against Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A and paratyphi B. Constant exclusion of the paratyphoid A, B and C components from the recent typhoid vaccines is most unfortunate.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?ms04027 (650 words)

	Outbreak of Salmonella paratyphi B linked to aquariums in the province of Quebec, 2000 - CCDR Volume 28-11
		paratyphi B, biotype Java, and lysotype Dundee was identified in six of the strains and variety 3 for the last strain.
		Salmonella is not known to be pathogenic for tropical fish.
		paratyphi B outbreak shows that aquariums may be contaminated with multiple types of bacteria, and that these bacteria are difficult to eradicate due to the way fish are maintained and transferred to new tanks.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /publicat/ccdr-rmtc/02vol28/dr2811ea.html (1842 words)

	eMedicine - Salmonellosis : Article by Michael Zapor, MD, PhD
		After ingestion, infection with salmonellae is characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the intestinal lumen.
		Virulence factors of salmonellae are complex and encoded both on the organism's chromosome and on large (34-120 kd) plasmids.
		Pulmonary: Salmonella pneumonia or empyema is rare in the absence of comorbid illnesses such as underlying lung disease, malignancy, diabetes, sickle cell anemia, or alcohol abuse.
	www.emedicine.com /MED/topic2058.htm (3336 words)

	The term enteric fever should not be viewed as old fashioned... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The causative organism of typhoid is Salmonella typhi, and Salmonella paratyphi A, B or C of the paratyphoid fevers.
		According to the new nomenclature all Salmonellae that cause enteric fever in human are grouped and named Salmonella enterica and the previous species names are assigned as serotypes eg, S enterica serotype Typhi, Paratyphi A, B, C, etc. Salmonella organisms continue to be responsible for significant number of gastrointestinal infections.
		The presence of Salmonella typhi or S. paratyphi is detected either by culture of the organism or by the demonstration of specific antibodies or antigen in the serum or urine.
	www.indegene.com /Gen/FeatArt/indGenFeatArt13child3.html (2079 words)

	Phase 1 and Phase 2 Studies of Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A O-Specific Polysaccharide-Tetanus Toxoid ...
		enterica serovar Paratyphi A is composed of a trisaccharide backbone with a branch of
		Synthesis, characterization, and immunological properties in mice of conjugates composed of detoxified lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella paratyphi A bound to tetanus toxoid, with emphasis on the role of O-acetyls.
		Multiresistant Salmonella paratyphi `A' infection in coastal Karnataka.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/3/1529 (3336 words)

	Genomic Subtractive Hybridization and Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences Identify a Novel Salmonella ...
		Salmonella typhi, the etiologic agent of typhoid fever, is adapted to the human host and unable to infect nonprimate species.
		Intracellular survival of wild-type Salmonella typhimurium and macrophage-sensitive mutants in diverse populations of macrophages.
		Nucleotide sequence of a 13.9 kb segment of the 90 kb virulence plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium: the presence of fimbrial biosynthetic genes.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/10/5106 (6007 words)

	Emergence of Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B [dT.sup.+], Canada Emerging Infectious Diseases - Find Articles
		Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) was first charactersized in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104).
		We document the rapid increase of S. Paratyphi B [dT.sup.+] isolates harboring SGI1 in Canada and provide further evidence to support that other unknown genetic factors may contribute to the rapid dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella serotypes globally.
		Incidence of S. Paratyphi B [dT.sup.+] has generally increased since 1998; the spike in S. Paratyphi B [dT.sup.+] in the third and fourth quarters of 1999 can be attributed to an outbreak in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan caused by contaminated alfalfa sprouts (7).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_7_10/ai_n6150512 (928 words)

	Untitled Document
		Salmonella typhi and paratyphi (as well as Shigella) are strictly human pathogens and domestic animals play no role in the epidemiology of these infections (although non-human primates may be infected and serve as a source for their handlers).
		(Salmonella enterica) are ubiquitously present in the environment and reside in the GI tracts of animals.
		Salmonella typhimurium from undercooked meats or fecal contamination of a variety of foods.
	www.vetmed.wisc.edu /pbs/zoonoses/GIk9fel/salmonella.html (778 words)

	Eurosurveillance Weekly 1999;3 (35): 990826
		An outbreak of infection with Salmonella paratyphi B (some known to be phage type Taunton) among travellers to south west Turkey was detected in Norway earlier this month.
		All cases of S. paratyphi B infection are being interviewed using a standardised questionnaire that asks about onset of illness and severity, dates and means of travel to and from Turkey, and places and types of exposure in Turkey, such as hotels and restaurants visited.
		The incident investigation team requests that national surveillance systems increase vigilance to recognise S. paratyphi B in travellers who have returned recently from Turkey, and report such cases to Dr Viggo Hasseltvedt (viggo.hasseltvedt@folkehelsa.no), the investigation coordinator, as soon as possible so that cases can be interviewed.
	www.eurosurveillance.org /ew/1999/990826.asp (1873 words)

	Salmonella, fish tank link found - May 1, 2006
		Ornamental fish tanks are a reservoir for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+, a cause of gastroenteritis in humans, especially young children, according to a study published this March in the Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases.
		The number of human infections of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ has been on the rise worldwide since the late 1990s, wrote the researchers in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication.
		The strain is resistant to streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides.
	www.avma.org /onlnews/javma/may06/060501k_pf.asp (193 words)

	Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi B Isolates Collected in France between 2000 ...
		serotype Paratyphi B is the predominating serotype (22, 36).
		Salmonella genomic island 1 multidrug resistance gene clusters in Salmonella enterica serovar Agona isolated in Belgium in 1992 to 2002.
		Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT 104 antibiotic resistance genomic island I in serotype Paratyphi B. Emerg.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/49/7/2793 (4218 words)

	Salmonella Lignieres 1900, genus
		In this system, the type species of the genus Salmonella is Salmonella cholereasuis (type strain ATCC 13312) and the genus Salmonella encompasses 14 validly published names of species, subspecies, and new combinations: Salmonella arizonae, Salmonella bongori, Salmonella choleraesuis, Salmonella choleraesuis subsp.
		TINDALL (B.J.), GRIMONT (P.A.D.), GARRITY (G.M.) and EUZÉBY (J.P.): Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella.
		(Smith 1894) Weldin 1927 is a heterotypic synonym of ¤ Salmonella enterica subsp.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr /s/salmonella.html (4546 words)

	Salmonella nomenclature
		Because Salmonella paratyphi is a contagious organism causing para-typhoid fever in humans, the authors requested an Opinion to include the specific epithet paratyphi (Salmonella paratyphi) in the list of epitheta specifica conservanda (conserved specific epithets in names of species of bacteria).
		These proposals were made because Salmonella typhi causes the typhoid fever and Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are important human and animal pathogens (see, Rule 56a(5) Note 1).
		TINDALL (B.J.), GRIMONT (P.A.D.), GARRITY (G.M.) and EUZEBY (J.P.): Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr /salmonellanom.html (3264 words)

	Typhoid fever genomes to help scientists seek better vaccines
		Clifton was a contributor to the projects that sequenced the genomes of Typhimurium and Paratyphi A. The Paratyphi A project published its results and a Typhi-Paratyphi A comparison in the November 7 issue of Nature Genetics.
		The Paratyphi A sequencing project was led by Richard Wilson, Ph.D., director of the GSC and professor of genetics.
		Based on their analysis of the Typhi and Paratyphi A genomes, researchers think Typhi, whose genome was sequenced by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, branched off from a bacterial ancestor anywhere from 15,000 to 150,000 years ago.
	mednews.wustl.edu /tips/page/normal/4406.html (627 words)

	Paratyphoid Fever \| AHealthyMe.com
		Paratyphoid fever, which is sometimes called Salmonella paratyphi infection, is a serious contagious disease caused by a gram-negative bacterium.
		Paratyphoid fever is caused by any of three strains of Salmonella paratyphi: S.
		paratyphi is easily cultured from samples of blood, stool, urine, or bone marrow.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100587263 (638 words)

	A chromosomal region surrounding the ompD porin gene marks a genetic difference between Salmonella typhi and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This gene is adjacent to ompD in the Salmonella typhimurium
		Amplification of the smvA gene from Salmonella strains.
		Rearrangements in the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/147/7/1897 (4172 words)

	Isolated high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Paratyphi A -- Harish et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Isolated high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp.
		Paratyphi A in enteric fever cases to be as high as 44.9
		Threlfall, E. J., Skinner, J. and Ward, L. Detection of decreased in vitro susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A. J Antimicrob Chemother 48, 740–741.
	jmm.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/8/819 (601 words)

	Salmonella Lignieres 1900, genus (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		arizonae (homotypic synonyms Salmonella arizonae, and Salmonella choleraesuis subsp.
		2000 is a heterotypic synonym of ¤ Salmonella enterica subsp.
		"Bacillus typhimurium" Loeffler 1892, "Salmonella typhi-murium" (sic) (Loeffler 1892) Castellani and Chalmers 1919.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr.cob-web.org:8888 /s/salmonella.html (4546 words)

	Molecular Properties of Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi B Distinguish between Its Systemic and Its Enteric ...
		Polymorphism of sopE1 determinants among SPV and EPV strains of serotype Paratyphi B. (A) RFLP analysis with TaqI and BfrI; (B) Southern blot of genomic DNA digested with PstI using a sopE1 PCR probe.
		Genetic population structure, clonal phylogeny, and pathogenicity of Salmonella paratyphi B. Infect.
		Weill, F.-X., Fabre, L., Grandry, B., Grimont, P. D., Casin, I. Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi B Isolates Collected in France between 2000 and 2003 Is Due Mainly to Strains Harboring Salmonella Genomic Islands 1, 1-B, and 1-C. Antimicrob.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/41/9/4270 (3166 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Editorial
		We observed a rare case of Salmonella paratyphi A infection in which multiple organs were involved and the organism was isolated from pleural fluid and blood.
		paratyphi A in which multiple organs were involved in an immunocompetent child and the organism was isolated from pleural fluid.
		Salmonella hepatitis: Analysis of 27 cases and comparison with acute viral hepatitis.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /mar2003/mar-252-254.htm (1160 words)

	Molecular Characterization of Multiresistant d-Tartrate-Positive Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B Isolates -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rapid identification of Salmonella serovars in feces by specific detection of virulence genes, invA and spvC, by an enrichment broth culture-multiplex PCR combination assay.
		Plasmid profiles demonstrate that an upsurge in Salmonella berta in humans in England and Wales is associated with imported poultry meat.
		Miko, A., Pries, K., Schroeter, A., Helmuth, R. Multiple-Drug Resistance in D-Tartrate-Positive Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B Isolates from Poultry Is Mediated by Class 2 Integrons Inserted into the Bacterial Chromosome.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/40/9/3184 (3830 words)

	Genomic analysis and growth-phase-dependent regulation of the SEF14 fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ...
		virulence plasmid and the Salmonella Typhi genome (Rodriguez-Pena
		Rodriguez-Pena, J. M., Alvarez, I., Ibanez, M. and Rotger, R. Homologous regions of the Salmonella enteritidis virulence plasmid and the chromosome of Salmonella typhi encode thiol:disulphide oxidoreductases belonging to the DsbA thioredoxin family.
		Turcotte, C. and Woodward, M. Cloning, DNA nucleotide sequence and distribution of the gene encoding the SEF14 fimbrial antigen of Salmonella enteritidis.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/147/10/2705 (5143 words)

	Composition, Acquisition, and Distribution of the Vi Exopolysaccharide-Encoding Salmonella enterica Pathogenicity ...
		Characterization of the Salmonella paratyphi C Vi polysaccharide.
		Characterization of defined ompR mutants of Salmonella typhi: ompR is involved in the regulation of Vi polysaccharide expression.
		Salmonella enterica serovar typhi uses type IVB pili to enter human intestinal epithelial cells.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/185/17/5055 (5427 words)

	Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B rma Gene, Which Confers Multiple ...
		Paratyphi B that exhibited an MDR phenotype (8).
		Salicylate induction of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: activation of the mar operon and a mar-independent pathway.
		Effect of nicardipine, verapamil, and reserpine on the sensitivity of efflux-mediated multidrug resistant Salmonella paratyphi B mutant selected by ciprofloxacin.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/46/2/360 (4309 words)

	WHO \| Message 21/2005
		They report the incidence of S. Paratyphi A is higher than of S. Typhi in China, and suggest Paratyphi A may be emerging in Asia.
		The study is remarkable because it involves Salmonella serotype information from four countries.
		WHO Global Salm-Surv Members are well-positioned to explore the hypothesis concerning the possible increasing incidence of S. Paratyphi A in Asia.
	www.who.int /salmsurv/activities/bulletin_board/mess2105/en/index.html (372 words)

	Salmonella Genomics
		Sanger Centre Several Salmonella serovars, including the published S.
		Sequence data is available from the Salmonella Typhi TY2 sequence at the University of Wisconsin
		We have a local mirror of the Salmonella genetic map available.
	www.salmonella.org /genomics (66 words)

	Salmonella paratyphi - Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
		Salmonella paratyphi - Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
		SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Enteric fever, Paratyphoid fever, S. paratyphi type A, B and C; choleraesuis serotype paratyphi; S.
		Newly discovered hazards are frequent and this information may not be completely up to date.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /msds-ftss/msds133e.html (530 words)

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