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Topic: Salt cryptography

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	salted - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Salt (diet) chemical compound, sodium chloride (NaCl), a vital constituent of the human body.
		Salt is used to enhance the flavor of foods and to...
		SALTED MUSIC is an independent record label founded by Miguel Migs in 2004.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=salted (253 words)

	salt - OneLook Dictionary Search
		SALT, salt : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Phrases that include salt: salt lick, epsom salt, salt and pepper, salt dome, salt gland, more...
		Words similar to salt: salinity, salt-cured, salted, salter, saltiness, salting, saltlike, saltness, salty, season, tar, common salt, condiment, nacl, pickle, strategic arms limitation talks, table salt, more...
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=salt (646 words)

	Cryptography > Welcome : Meso Gunus Web Guides
		Cryptography is the art of keeping messages secret by using different methods.
		Cryptology is the study of cryptography and cryptanalysis.
		The Cryptography Word of the Day is Josef Pieprzyk, be sure to check back tommorow for a new cryptography word of the day.
	cryptography.mesogunus.com (629 words)

	WinZip® - AES Encryption Information
		The "salt" or "salt value" is a random or pseudo-random sequence of bytes that is combined with the encryption password to create encryption and authentication keys.
		Although salt values do not need to be truly random, it is important that they be generated in a way that the probability of duplicated salt values is not significantly higher than that which would be expected if truly random values were being used.
		The discussion of salt values mentions a limitation that applies to the uniqueness of salt values when very large numbers of files are encrypted with 128-bit encryption.
	www.winzip.com /aes_info.htm (3935 words)

	salt - Wiktionary
		Cognate with Dutch zout, German Salz, Swedish salt; and with Greek ἅλς, Latin sal, Welsh halen, Russian соль.
		A kind of marsh at the shore of a sea (short for salt marsh, apparently not in a wide-spread use).
		(cryptography) Additional bytes inserted into a plaintext message before encryption, in order to increase randomness and render brute-force decryption more difficult.
	en.wiktionary.org /wiki/Salt (304 words)

	rfc2898
		A general approach to password-based cryptography, as described by Morris and Thompson [8] for the protection of password tables, is to combine a password with a salt to produce a key.
		4.1 Salt A salt in password-based cryptography has traditionally served the purpose of producing a large set of keys corresponding to a given password, among which one is selected at random according to the salt.
		Otherwise, the salt should contain data that explicitly distinguishes between different operations and different key lengths, in addition to a random part that is at least eight octets long, and this data should be checked or regenerated by the party receiving the salt.
	ietfreport.isoc.org /idref/rfc2898 (6564 words)

	RFC2898
		A salt in password-based cryptography has traditionally served the purpose of producing a large set of keys corresponding to a given password, among which one is selected at random according to the salt.
		RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 The length in octets of the encoded message will be a multiple of eight and it will be possible to recover the message M unambiguously from the encoded message.
		RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 The salt S, the iteration count c, the key length dkLen, and identifiers for the key derivation function and the underlying encryption scheme may be conveyed to the party performing decryption in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.4).
	www.unix.org.ua /rfc/rfc2898.html (6864 words)

	Key Iterations & Cryptographic Salts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A salt is 64 bits of random data that is added to the key before the pass-phrase.
		Salts are generally equal to the block space of the encryption algorithms.
		Salts also have to be computed using a pseudo random number generator such as Yarrow.
	www.abisoft.net /documents/KeyIterations&CryptoSalts.htm (1459 words)

	Valery's blog - Rambling concerning salts and IV (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Salt supposes to be altering cryptographic algorithm, not adding data to the input or internal state.
		Another example of correct salt is Bruce Schneier's block ciphers like blowfish that uses salt together with key for altering context of s-boxes (4KB of altering s-boxes data depending on both key and salt that effectively prevents any pipelining for purposes of brute force attacks).
		Salt was introduced during development of UNIX crypt password encryption scheme somewhere in late 70th for purpose of protecting UNIX passwords against governmental agencies that has sufficient funding for setting up huge arrays of fast hardware based DES chips for running concerted password breaking attack.
	www.harper.no /valery/PermaLink,guid,ea26f2f0-31f7-4707-89eb-191940d5bf63.aspx (720 words)

	Salt (disambiguation) Summary
		In the Upaniṣads, a grain of salt dissolved in water is a symbol of the reabsorption of the ego in the "universal self." In other Brahmanic texts, salt refers to cattle, seed, and the sacrificial essence of sky and earth.
		Salts are composed of ions rather than molecules, so the chemical symbol for a salt indicates the proportion of the elements that compose it (e.g., the symbol NaCl shows that table salt is made up of equal numbers of sodium and chloride ions).
		In chemistry, salt is a neutral compound composed of ions.
	www.bookrags.com /Salt_(disambiguation) (2498 words)

	Ritter's Crypto Glossary and Dictionary of Technical Cryptography
		Consider the idea that cryptography is used to keep secrets: We expect a cipher to win each and every contest brought by anyone who wishes to expose secrets.
		Logic and argumentation are especially important in cryptography, where measures are few and math proofs may not apply in practice.
		In practical cryptography, while some assumptions possibly could be assured by the user, others could only be assured by the cipher designer, who must then be trusted, along with his company, the entire distribution path and so on.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /GLOSSARY.HTM (9204 words)

	RFC 2898 (rfc2898) - PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Ve
		Throughout this document, a password is considered to be an octet string of arbitrary length whose interpretation as a text string is unspecified.
		It is possible, for instance, that the salt may have been copied from another password-based operation, in an attempt to exploit interactions between multiple uses of the same key.
		Output the ciphertext C. The salt S, the iteration count c, the key length dkLen, and identifiers for the key derivation function and the underlying encryption scheme may be conveyed to the party performing decryption in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.4).
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2898.html (6593 words)

	Muonics: RFC 2898 - PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0
		RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 5.1 PBKDF1 PBKDF1 applies a hash function, which shall be MD2 [6], MD5 [19] or SHA-1 [18], to derive keys.
		RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 6.1 PBES1 PBES1 combines the PBKDF1 function (Section 5.1) with an underlying block cipher, which shall be either DES [15] or RC2(tm) [21] in CBC mode [16].
		RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 7.1 PBMAC1 PBMAC1 combines a password-based key derivation function, which shall be PBKDF2 (Section 5.2) for this version of PKCS #5, with an underlying message authentication scheme (see Appendix B.3 for an example).
	www.muonics.com /rfc/rfc2898.php (6859 words)

	AspEncrypt.com - Encrypt Your Password Database with a One-way Hash
		Salt is a random string that is concatenated with passwords before being operated on by the hash function.
		The salt value is then stored in the user database together with the result of the hash function.
		Salt is calculated by concatenating together 10 random characters between 'A' and 'Z'.
	www.aspencrypt.com /task_password.html (572 words)

	[No title]
		Output the ciphertext C. The salt S and the iteration count c may be conveyed to the party performing decryption in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.3).
		Output the ciphertext C. Kaliski Informational [Page 14] RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 The salt S, the iteration count c, the key length dkLen, and identifiers for the key derivation function and the underlying encryption scheme may be conveyed to the party performing decryption in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.4).
		For instance, it may indicate that the salt value is produced from the encoding of a structure that specifies detailed information about the derived key as suggested in Section 4.1.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc2898.txt (4798 words)

	Glossary - OWASP
		Cryptography involving public keys, as opposed to cryptography making use of shared secrets.
		The probability of figuring out the internal state of the generator is related to the strength of the underlying cryptography — i.e., assuming the generator is seeded with enough entropy.
		A type of public key cryptography that — due to smaller key sizes — tends to be more efficient that standard cryptography.
	www.owasp.org /index.php/Category:Glossary (6671 words)

	PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0 [RFC-Ref]
		This memo represents a republication of PKCS #5 v2.0 from RSA Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) series, and change control is retained within the PKCS process.
		The body of this document, except for the security considerations section, is taken directly from that specification.
		This document provides recommendations for the implementation of password-based cryptography, covering key derivation functions, encryption schemes, message-authentication schemes, and ASN.1 syntax identifying the techniques.
	www.zvon.org /tmRFC/RFC2898/Output/chapter4.html (211 words)

	How To: Hash Data with Salt (C#/VB.NET)
		Appending a salt value to ' the hash may not be the most efficient approach, so when using hashes in ' a real-life application, you may choose to store them separately.
		Before the hash is computed, a random salt ' is generated and appended to the plain text.
		This salt is stored at ' the end of the hash value, so it can be used later for hash ' verification.
	www.obviex.com /samples/hash.aspx (2426 words)

	A CBC Stream Cipher in C# - madebits.com - software, downloads, tools, technology, free, .NETZ
		Password based cryptography [PBCS] is weaker that using keys directly, given that the search space of a password is smaller than for a key.
		The good news is that salt need not to be secret: if salt were to be kept secret then (a) do not use a salt at all, but use a different password/key each time; (b) it needs to be remembered, and this result in a no better position that remembering the encryption key itself.
		Thus, while the salt does not enlarge the password search space, it grows the effective key space used for the ciphertext, making it impossible to find the keys by someone which has access to all your ciphertext and all your corresponding salts.
	madebits.com /articles/aes/index.php (2541 words)

	A Secure File Encryption Utility (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, since the salt is not secret, we are interested in randomness rather than secrecy and this makes our task somewhat simpler than it would otherwise be.
		The supplied password and a salt value are converted into two keys (one for AES and one for HMAC-SHA1) and an optional password verification value using the approach set out in RFC 2898.
		On decryption it is again generated from the password and salt but is then tested against the stored value to determine if the password is correct.
	fp.gladman.plus.com /cryptography_technology/fileencrypt (1162 words)

	[No title]
		(Also, the name "salt" is used instead of "seed", as it is more reflective of the value's role.) * The encoded message in EMSA-PSS has nine fixed bits; the first bit is 0 and the last eight bits form a "trailer field", the octet 0xbc.
		The rationale for the trailer field is for compatibility with the Rabin-Williams IFSP-RW signature primitive in IEEE Std 1363-2000 [26] and the corresponding primitive in the draft ISO/IEC 9796-2 [29].
		If public key certificates are used in the authentication process, then they must be generated prior to the authentication exchange, and should be maintained so that they are readily accessible to any entity that wishes to authenticate another entity's identity.
	www.lycos.com /info/public-key-cryptography--messages.html (633 words)

	.Net Security Blog : Generating a Key from a Password
		When calling CryptDeriveKey, the salt and iteration count that are set on the PasswordDeriveBytes object are not used, so even having different salts and iteration counts will produce the same key given that the rest of the inputs are also the same.
		Salt serves to stop dictionary-like attacks, or attacks against multiple hashes (salt makes a given plaintext always compute to different hash (since the salt modifies the plaintext and it's no longer the same plaintext)).
		This way the salt and the IV don't both have to be sent along with the encrypted text, only the salt would have to go.
	blogs.msdn.com /shawnfa/archive/2004/04/14/113514.aspx (3253 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Cryptography Providers and the CryptoAPI \| April 23, 2004
		The concept of a salt is rather simple-it adds some random data to the original information to make creating a duplicate hash much more difficult (since the attacker would have to know the original salt value).
		Extracting the hash later, you would strip off the salt value and use it to append or prepend to the incoming test value before hashing and comparing to the stored value.
		Another approach is to hardwire the salt into the comparison code rather than store it in the data.
	www.ddj.com /184416931 (897 words)

	Crack in 1 line of perl
		This one has some relevance to cryptography in that it is a program to brute force the UNIX password mechanism, which use a variant of DES as the one way hash.
		If a salt were not used, it would be possible to precompute a tape with all the words in the dictionary encrypted (hashed), the dictionary attack would then degenerate to simply streaming the pre-encrytped fields from the tape, and comparing them to any password files being attacked.
		A second reason for the use of salts, is that the way that the salt is combined in a first stage which permutes the password with the salt is designed to frustrate the use of off-the-shelf DES hardware.
	www.cypherspace.org /adam/rsa/crack.html (1268 words)

	salt : Kaboodle WebSearch for salt (Site not responding. Last check: )
		is the deliberate massive use of salt to render a soil unsuitable for...
		In cryptography, a salt consists of random bits used as one of the inputs to a...
		A salt value can also be used as a key for use in a cipher or other...
	kaboodle.us /results.php?searchterm=salt (327 words)

	RFC 2898 - PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0
		Introduction This document provides recommendations for the implementation of password-based cryptography, covering the following aspects: - key derivation functions - encryption schemes - message-authentication schemes - ASN.1 syntax identifying the techniques The recommendations are intended for general application within computer and communications systems, and as such include a fair amount of flexibility.
		If the length in octets of the ciphertext C is not a multiple of eight, output "decryption error" and stop.
		Kaliski Informational [Page 32] RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 Contact Information & About PKCS The Public-Key Cryptography Standards are specifications produced by RSA Laboratories in cooperation with secure systems developers worldwide for the purpose of accelerating the deployment of public- key cryptography.
	members.tripod.com /rfc_archive/rfc_2898.html (4818 words)

	Hacking the Code: ASP.NET Web Application Security
		The salt should be a large random number uniquely generated for that purpose.
		When you use a salt, there are as many possible hashes for any given piece of data as there are bits in the salt.
		Of course, if the intruder has access to the hashes, they also have access to the salts, but the key here is to force the attacker to compute each hash individually and not gain any benefit from passwords he or she has already cracked.
	www.securityfocus.com /excerpts/13/6 (1301 words)

	salty \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		For the everyday meaning, see edible salt or its main ingredient, sodium chloride.
		For other meanings of the word salt, see salt (disambiguation).
		A salt, in chemistry, is any ionic compound composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is neutral (without a net charge).
	www.babylon.com /definition/salty (147 words)

	CS 513 System Security -- Authentication
		If the attacker knows what hash function was used, then he/she can hash every word in a dictionary and compare the result to the file with encrypted passwords, thus finding all passwords that are words from the dictionary.
		"Salt" in cryptography is random stuff you add to plaintext before encrypting.
		The obvious solutions are to use a more (longer) salt or have the system refuse crackable passwords.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /courses/cs513/2002sp/NL10.html (903 words)

	[No title]
		Salt is a way to season the passwords before hashing them, making the attacker's precomputed dictionary useless.
		With a salted password database, the attacker can't use a prehashed dictionary.
		It will also create the salt and calculate the hash for new passwords as new accounts are added to your database.
	msdn.microsoft.com /msdnmag/issues/03/08/SecurityBriefs/default.aspx (1673 words)

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