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Topic: Salt evaporation pond

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	Salt Ponds
		Most of the salt ponds ("ponds") in the Virgin Islands were bays that, over time, have been closed in by reef or mangrove growth across the bay's mouth.
		We do know that a pond is a very dynamic system with constant modifications in the natural community in response to continuous changes in salinity, temperature, turbidity, and levels of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide (from decaying organic matter) in the pond.
		Salt ponds in the Virgin Islands are an endangered habitat.
	www.maho.org /SaltPonds.cfm (723 words)

	Atacama Minerals Ltd. - Aquas Blancas - Process - Wed Dec 27, 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The acid in the brine is neutralized in a neutralization pond to reduce corrosion and pumped to the sodium sulfate crystallization plant.
		The brine then flows to the salt evaporation pond, which reclaims the majority of the sodium chloride and sodium sulfate content of the brine as pond bottom salts.
		The salts are washed to remove fine calcium sulfate solids, ground to provide a salt crystal size which can be dissolved rapidly, and recycled to the crystallization circuit for use.
	www.atacama.com /s/AquasBlancas.asp?ReportID=109035 (1040 words)

	Robert Campbell
		The Cargill salt ponds are located in San Francisco Bay near the cities of Newark, Redwood City and Napa.
		Water is drawn out of the ponds through natural evaporation, and during the five years it takes for the bay water to mature into salt brine, it is pumped from one evaporation pond to another.
		In the final stages, when the brine is fully saturated, the remaining water is pumped from the pond and a bed of salt 5 to 8 inches thick is ready for harvest.
	www.chamoismoon.com /Salt_Ponds.html (497 words)

	Salton Sea Authority - Parsons Report
		The single deep ponds, if constructed, should be operated as the first solar evaporation pond in a series with separate salt disposal ponds and/or an EES to increase the life expectancy and efficiency of the ponds.
		Consideration should be given to potential displacement benefits from in-Sea ponds and to using deeper ponds to dispose of bittern while using the surface of the ponds to evaporate Sea water.
		A series of small solar evaporation test ponds should be constructed and operated at the Salton Sea to obtain data for preliminary sizing and development of the solar evaporation pond concepts.
	www.saltonsea.ca.gov /parsons.htm (1709 words)

	Salt [ NaCl ] made the world go round
		Continuous and reliable supplies of Salt, were a matter of such importance that the establishment of early settlements, the rise and decay of civilisations, demographic shifts of populations and the development of agriculture, were intimately related to the immediate availability of salt.
		Salt is physiologically absolutely necessary for human life, but in the past prior to the Industrial Revolution the known mineral salt sources were limited so much so, that its supply was a critical demographic power factor for most communities, until industrial means of extraction from brines were devised.
		Chinese technology included drilling into a salt deposit, with at least two holes one to feed and flood fresh water into the salt diaper, and the second hole to allow the water to 'well' up after dissolving the salt, into the evaporation pans, where it could be again concentrated by evaporation.
	www.salt.org.il /prod.html (2202 words)

	California Wild Summer 2004 - Past the Salt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Salt ponds around the Napa River estuary are gradually being returned to wetlands.
		The varying colors of the salt ponds are caused by changes in the the species as the salinity increases.
		Dunaliella (Dunaliella salina) a single-cell alga, is the primary contributor to the red of the ponds.
	www.calacademy.org /calwild/2004summer/stories/pastthesalt.html (573 words)

	Welcome to ePonds.com - Pond Supplies and Water Gardening
		However, new pond owners don't understand the importance and need to be educated prior to them adding fish and plant life to their ponds.
		The addition of Pond Salt (plain NaCl or sea salt) replenishes missing electrolytes and should be added to a level of 0.1% for a water garden containing fish and plants and 0.3-0.6% for a fish-only pond.
		Ponds with plants, including algae, use carbon dioxide during the day and release it at night causing changes to the pH at different times of the day.
	www.eponds.com /index.php?page=article_pondwaterchemistry.html (933 words)

	A Test of Salinity Shows the Dying Has Begun
		Evaporation sucks away the water, but leaves salt behind, the same way mineral deposits accumulate in a steam iron.
		Evaporation now pulls more water from the sea than the rivers put in, reducing the amount of fresh water available for dilution.
		Enough salt is already present to threaten reproduction of pile worms, amphipods and barnacles, although scientists have not quantified the loss.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /salton/SalinityTestMicrocosms.html (1538 words)

	All About Salt - The Virtual Weber Bullet
		Salt is primarily found underground in rock form or dissolved in the world's oceans and some lakes.
		Salt is also found on the surface of ancient evaporated seabeds like the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah and in Death Valley National Park in California.
		The most premium of all sea salts, fleur de sel ("the flower of salt"), consists of delicate crystals skimmed from the surface of the evaporation pond by hand.
	www.virtualweberbullet.com /salt.html (2101 words)

	history of salt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The paradox is that our body needs salt but cannot produce it on its own, so we consume the salt we need but sometimes far too much, often to the point where it becomes detrimental to our health.
		Salt is naturally found in most foods, with incredibly high percentages in processed foods.
		One of the most common salted foods is gravlox, which translates loosely to English as "buried salmon." As the name suggests, it was originally a recipe that entailed salting and burying the fish in the coolness of the earth in order to preserve it.
	www.annamariavolpi.com /salt_history.html (902 words)

	Salt
		Although salt in higher concentrations may slow some disease causing bacterial growth in the pond, the predominantly accepted theories ascribe the primary benefits of salt to lowering the osmotic pressure.
		The amount of salt dissolved in water is measured either as a per cent, in parts-per-thousand (ppt), or in parts-per-million (ppm) (where 10 ppt = 1% = 10000 ppm).
		The addition of one to two pounds of salt per hundred gallons of water (1.25-2.5 ppt) is recommended for most ponds, especially in the spring and fall.
	www.akca.org /library/salt3.htm (1581 words)

	Pond Kit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Enduring a heat wave pond kit and fighting the inanimate objects that are out to get her are the hardest parts of Kit's assignment-until a body is found floating in the Robinson's ornamental fish pond.
		Salt evaporation pond - Salt evaporations ponds, also known as saltern ponds, are shallow man-made ponds designed to produce salt from seawater.
		Pete's pond - Pete's Pond is a pond in Botswana.
	www.projectneat.org /pondkit.html (676 words)

	Salt, multi-disciplinary curriculum for high school students: Earth Science
		Evaporating water left beds of salt, which in many cases were buried by rock strata formed from other sedimentary deposits.
		In conventional underground salt mining a shaft is sunk into the deposit, where the salt is drilled, undercut and blasted with explosives, similar to coal mining.
		The brine is moved from pond to pond, and finally, the salt crystallizes on the floor of the last ponds in the series.
	www.saltinstitute.org /42j.html (807 words)

	bonniesplants.com Salt versus pond plants
		Salt was measured once a week using a refractometer and LaMotte salinity test kit.
		Water was replaced as need because of evaporation and the salt level then adjusted for that period.
		I increased the salt by 2-week periods because it is generally recommended that salt be put in the pond for a minimum of 2 weeks in the case of parasites.
	www.bonniesplants.com /how_to/salt_vs.html (274 words)

	US Bureau of Reclamation - Salton Sea Project Office - Salton Sea Brochure - 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Salts would be exported through the outflow rather than remaining in the Sea and increasing in concentration as water evaporates from the surface.
		In this concept, water flowing into the impoundment area carries a heavy salt load, while inflows to the main body of the Sea from the Alamo River, New River, and other sources carry a smaller salt load, thereby decreasing the salt concentration of the main body of the Sea.
		For example, if a small area of the Sea were enclosed to provide some salt concentration, then the pump-out costs for salt removal from this enclosure would be reduced because less liquid would have to be pumped to remove the same amount of salt.
	www.usbr.gov /lc/region/saltnsea/ssbro.html (2998 words)

	Poplars That Cope With Salty Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Evaporation ponds burden growers and the environment alike.
		A 1-acre evaporation pond for drainage disposal is needed for every 10 irrigated acres in some parts of California, for instance.
		But the ARS study is among the first to scrutinize the hybrids' ability to withstand chloride salt, boron, and selenium in amounts sometimes present in irrigation drainage water.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/jun98/salt0698.htm (721 words)

	Salt Evaporation Pond - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Salt Evaporation Pond - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Salt is produced in the San Francisco area mainly by solar evaporation, where seawater is fed into large ponds that are gradually evaporated by the sun and the wind.
		After the water is evaporated, the salt is collected, cleansed of impurities, and packaged.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461547209/Salt_Evaporation_Pond.html (51 words)

	Solar Pond
		The pre-requisites for establishing solar ponds are: a large tract of land (it could be barren), a lot of sun shine, and cheaply available salt (such as Sodium Chloride) or bittern.
		The pond was lined with a composite material (concrete blocks and cement plaster) and this liner material selection was made on the basis of cost, availability and thermal conductivity.
		Its thickness differs for different ponds, depending on factors such as the maximum pond temperature, the amount of energy to be stored and the availability of salt.The RMIT pond has a 10 centimetre top layer, 60 centimetre gradient layer and a 15 cm storage layer.
	www.green-trust.org /solarpond.htm (1194 words)

	Salt Pond Bay Beach & Trail
		The salt pond has a foam on top of it that looks like detergent and tastes like salt.
		This pond, which is a foot below sea level, gets underground sea water, but the pond water does not flow back into the sea.
		As the water evaporates the salt is left behind.
	stjohntour.com /SaltPondBay.html (296 words)

	Fleur de Sel - M. Gilles Hervy
		The salt fields of Guérande are long narrow series of basins that are flooded by gravity.
		The size allows an artisan paludier (craftsman salt harvester) to "sweep" the top of the evaporating sea water to harvest the precious sel gris de Guérande (hand harvested sea salt with a grey cast which is an entire season's evaporation).
		On warm, breezy afternoons when there is no rain, that single day's evaporation of salt crust on top of the salt pond is harvested as the Fleur de Sel.
	www.saltworks.us /shop/product.asp?idProduct=178 (345 words)

	San Francisco Bay Restoration: Conversion Of Salt Evaporation Ponds To Tidal Marsh
		The purchase of 16,500 acres of salt evaporation ponds from Cargill Salt by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, with added contributions from several philanthropic organizations, was finalized in early 2003.
		Caspian Terns nest in a large colony and lay eggs in shallow depressions on an exposed island in a salt evaporation pond.
		Snowy Plovers have adapted to nesting on earthen levees forming salt ponds, and are often seen feeding on brine flies at the edge of ponds.
	www.johncangphoto.com /articles/sfbay.htm (755 words)

	Photos of El Paso Solar Pond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The lined pond was used by the previous owner as a source of water for fire protection, but a connection to the city water supply by Bruce Foods eliminated the need for the pond.
		Construction began in early 1985, and by spring of that year, a new liner had been placed over the existing one, evaporation ponds (for recycling salt) had been constructed, and inlet and discharge diffusers to deliver hot brine from the pond bottom had been built.
		The salt gradient was established and the pond storage zone temperature rose rapidly.
	www.solarpond.utep.edu /page1.htm (378 words)

	Salt Flat - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Salt Flat, level area of land covered with a residue of minerals following the evaporation of a body of salt water.
		Utah (quotations): Utah: At dusk we were in the Salt Lake flats with the…
		At dusk we were in the Salt Lake flats with the lights of Salt Lake City infinitesimally glimmering almost a hundred miles across the mirage of the...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Salt_Flat.html (147 words)

	ARG - Aquarium & Pond Info - The use of salt in the freshwater aquarium or pond
		There is the stuff found in the salt shaker in the dining table, there is the rock salt we use to melt ice and snow, and there is the water softener salt we use to recharge our home water softener zeolites.
		From the number of aquarium hobbyists and pondkeepers who use salt one would have to assume that it is one of the best, if not the best, treatment to use for all kinds of known and unknown diseases.
		In general aquarium and pond practice, where one is working only with freshwater fishes, the problems associated with osmoregulatory stress are essentially nil and therefore of little concern.
	www.petsforum.com /aquascience/APInfo/Salt.htm (1123 words)

	Salt pan (evaporation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Contemporary salt pans on the island of Lanzarote.
		Salt pans are large shallow open pans used to evaporate brine for the production of salt.
		Abandoned salt pans are a major feature of the southwest coast of Taiwan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salt_pan_(evaporation) (176 words)

	SALT LAYDOWN PROJECT
		The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the natural and man-made processes causing salt loss from the salt crust, and 2) quantify these processes.
		The simulated 850,000 tons of salt lost annually from the shallow-brine aquifer was based on three primary constraints: 1) 1,500 acre-feet of brine are withdrawn from the federal-lease collection ditch east of the salt crust; 2) average annual evaporation occurs at the playa surface; and 3) average annual precipitation falls on the playa surface.
		[15] "Salt crust" was defined as the area of perennial salt deposit where the salt crust was at least 1 foot thick.
	www.ut.blm.gov /SaltFlats/salt6.html (577 words)

	Science Support for Wetland Restoration in the Napa-Sonoma Salt Ponds
		However, artificial salt evaporation pond systems have become an integral habitat component for wildlife in the estuary during the past century (Ver Planck 1958).
		Ecological interactions and physical processes in these artificial salt ponds are poorly understood (see Lonzarich and Smith 1997), but the importance of lower trophic organisms and their use by migratory waterbirds has been identified in similar systems (Herbst and Bradley 1993, Herbst and Castenholz 1995, Elphick and Rubega 1995).
		We compared nutrient concentrations, algal primary productivity, and zooplankton community composition in salt ponds of varying salinity; and, we determined their importance as year-around habitats for forage fishes and as nurseries for larval or juvenile life stages, including fishes of recreational and commercial importance.
	sfbay.wr.usgs.gov /restoration/saltponds/intro.html (489 words)

	Identification and Characterization of Bacteria in a Selenium-Contaminated Hypersaline Evaporation Pond -- de Souza et ...
		The microbial composition of this terminal solar evaporation pond is of considerable interest with respect to Se bioremediation.
		The sample of solar evaporation pond salt was maintained at 4°C until it was brought back to the laboratory.
		salt from the solar evaporation pond was identified by sequencing
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/9/3785 (5901 words)

	Alviso Salt Pond Map #2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Unlike almost all the other Cargill ponds in the South Bay these ponds are largely accessible to the public as the San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge owns the land and Cargill has salt evaporation rights to the ponds.
		Originally, the ponds were numbered in order of increasing salinity, but the flow is managed differently now and A9 is also an inlet pond, just like A1.
		Beyond Coyote Creek is Alameda County and more salt ponds, but that is beyond the range of these maps and commentary.
	www.stanford.edu /~kendric/birds/PondMaps/Alviso2.html (564 words)

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