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Topic: Salt pan (geology)

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	Salt
		Salt was taxed by governments from the ancient Chinese and Romans to late medieval Burgundy, where salt was taxed at more than 100% as it came from the salt-works.
		Salt can be obtained most simply by collecting it from natural evaporation pans, such as rock crevices along dry coastlines, or in salt pans in desert regions.
		Salt was a state monopoly, the Salzmonopol, "the brightest jewel in the possession of the Hofkammer," and around 1700 provided about 10% of the total revenue of the state.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/salt.html (4048 words)

	Geology - KS-Cyclopedia - 1912
		Rock salt is obtained by sinking a shaft to the salt and mining it much as coal is mined.
		The other grade of salt is obtained by first drilling a hole, like an oil well hole, down to the rock salt and inserting a pipe which fits lightly into the well and extends down to the top of the salt.
		In early days of occupation of the plains by white men, such salt marshes were visited by people for hundreds of miles around, the salt scooped up from the ground and hauled away by wagon loads.
	skyways.lib.ks.us /genweb/archives/1912/g/geology.html (6183 words)

	Lion Salt Works Trust, Northwich Cheshire
		Lead salt pans appear to have been used until the end of the medieval period when iron pans were introduced.
		Pan No.1 is demolished and a submersible electric brine pump is installed into a new brine borehole, drilled close to the first shaft, by the canal.
		Salt made at this works was more than just plain salt and the specialist customers would have continued to buy if the Nigerian economy had not collapsed as a result of civil war.
	www.lionsaltworkstrust.co.uk /history_heritage_salt_making.asp (1921 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		The output of salt during this period was small because of the crude method of manufacture and poor transportation facilities, all salt being hauled by ox-cart or wagon to towns farther east.
		Salt was produced as salt brine, rock salt, or evaporated salt by nine companies operating at eleven localities in ten counties.
		Salt produced in Texas was used in the preparation of chlorine, caustic soda, and other chemicals, for table and household use, in food preservation and preparation, and in water softeners.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/SS/dks1.html (1589 words)

	Geology and the Civil War: Smyth County Salt Works
		Salt is also necessary for livestock; a hoof and tongue disease that appeared among the cavalry horses of Lee's army in 1862 was attributed possibly to a lack of salt (Lonn, 1933).
		Salt was also produced in places along the Confederate sea coast and a large industry of this type developed in Florida during the war (Holmes, 1993).
		He noted that the interbedded salt, anhydrite, limestone, and variegated shale in the Maccrady were sheared and macerated during overturning of the southeastern limb of the Greendale syncline by overthrusting along the Saltville fault.
	www.cwc.lsu.edu /cwc/inter-aspects/geol(salt).htm (5832 words)

	Kurlansky reviews tantalize with historical, cultural tidbits
		Kurlansky proposes was the gabelle in France, a salt tax that by the mid-17th century was a leading source of state income; violations of this tax law led to thousands of deaths and imprisonments.
		"Salt is a chemical term for a substance created by the reaction of an acid with a base," the author tells us, triggering memories of the deadly boredom, measured in hours, that was the lab science survey course experience.
		Salt is a fun book, and while you may learn a lot, you won't find the answers to those pesky health issues here.
	www.saltinstitute.org /kurlansky.html (3130 words)

	Salt
		Salt made the world go round - - the purpose is to collect evidence to support the theory that common salt and its short supply from the then known sources had catastrophic influence on the development of ancient civilizations.
		The relationship of mankind to salt is ancient, as salt is a substance indispensable for maintaining life.
		This paper outlines the history of salt cavern use beginning with the storage of liquid and gas hydrocarbons around five to six decades ago and continuing to the present uses.
	42explore.com /salt.htm (1832 words)

	Salt Flats of Death Valley
		Examples of this ongoing growth in the salt flats are the strange patterns that emerge.
		As the water evaporates the dissolved dirt and clay are left with a coating of salt.
		The remoteness and harsh environment of the salt pans does not mean that life is void in them.
	www.desertusa.com /mag00/feb/stories/salt.html (903 words)

	Geology Summary/Lesson Plan
		She takes the pie pan with the fine sand in it with her and leads the kids outside to where the fan is set up.
		She places the pie pan with the fine sand in it on the ground and points the fan at it.
		The sand in the pie pan represented one area of the earth’s surface with sand on it.
	www.msu.edu /user/irwindeb/geology.html (3813 words)

	S_A_History_Salt_Industry
		Drays or wagons were not used to transport the salt off the lake, because of the chances of breaking through the thin salt crust on the lake.
		The chief source of salt for the company was a small lake about half a kilometre to the north east of the larger lake, and was about 40 acres in extent.
		Their first harvest of salt was in 1920, but it seems things were not progressing altogether satisfactorily, and the company began experiencing difficulties, in particularin their finances.
	www.angelfire.com /rock3/rickirving/S_A_History_Salt_Industry.html (4871 words)

	Geology of Death Valley National Park
		Salts (95% table salt - NaCl) began to crystallize, coating the surface with a thick crust about three to five feet thick.
		Here at Badwater, significant rainstorms flood the valley bottom periodically, covering the salt pan with a thin sheet of standing water.
		While flooded, some of the salt is dissolved, then is redeposited as clean, sparkling crystals when the water evaporates.
	geology.wr.usgs.gov /docs/parks/deva/ftbad2.html (292 words)

	[No title]
		An undrained, usually small and shallow, natural depression or hollow in which water accumulates and evaporates, leaving a salt deposit.
		] A surface of salt on a playa, having three to eight sides marked by ridges of material formed as a result of the expansive forces of crystallizing salt, and ranging in width from an inch or so to 100 feet (30 meters).
		] A building or group of buildings where salt is produced commercially, as by extraction from sea water or from the brine of salt springs.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/S/S3/DictS3.html (1820 words)

	The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory
		The first two stages involved the use of thick heavy salt pans, containers for the evaporation of brine.
		The fabric-impressed salt pan was more widely distributed in the early Mississippi period but, for some reason, smooth-surfaced pans became more common in later years.
		At the same time as the idea of smooth-surfaced salt pans was diffusing over a good portion of the East, this pan type was disappearing in southeast Missouri /northeast Arkansas.
	www.crt.state.la.us /archaeology/salt/conc.htm (752 words)

	Geology - Reference G - J
		W., The geology of New York, Part I. Comprising the geology of the First Geological District: Albany, NY, Carroll and Cook, Printers to the Assembly, 653 p., 46 pl.
		Hart, E., l959, Geology of limestone and dolomite deposits in the south half of the Standard 7 l/2-minute quadrangle, Tuolumne County, California: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report 58, 25 p.
		Hatch, N. L., Jr.; and Stanley, R. Post-Taconian structural geology of the Rowe-Hawley zone and the Connecticut Valley belt west of the Mesozoic basins, p.
	www.hofstra.edu /Academics/HCLAS/Geology/GEO_gjref.cfm (12230 words)

	ISM Geology Online - Lesson Plan 1.1: Rocks and Minerals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Using salt from a salt shaker, the children will sprinkle the wet areas heavily with salt.
		Shake off the excess salt and the children will have a beautiful design with sparkle and texture.
		Dissolve 2-1/2 teaspoons of Epsom Salts in 1-1/2 inches of water in a cup.
	geologyonline.museum.state.il.us /tools/lessons/1.1/lesson.html (3053 words)

	Death Valley Geology Field Trip: Devil's Golf Course
		The lumpy salts you see here are the residue of Death Valley’s last significant lake, which had evaporated by 2000 years ago.
		The musical sound of literally billions of tiny salt crystals bursting apart as they expand and contract in the heat provides the backdrop for this salty story.
		Salts (95% table salt - NaCl) began to crystallize, coating the muddy lakebed with a three to five feet thick crust of salt.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/usgsnps/deva/ftdev1.html (347 words)

	International Society for Salt Lake Research
		Influence of salinity on the growth, pigmentation and ascorbate peroxidase activity of Dunaliella salina isolated from Maharlu salt lake in Shiraz.
		The Upper Strawberry Watershed and Lytle Preserve accentuate the tremendous variety in habitats that are important for birds in Utah - from a high mountain valley and reservoir dominated by sagebrush steppe, mountain riparian, aspen forest and conifer forest to Mojavian Desert, lowland riparian and desert scrub.
		The second distinct area, northeast of the salt lake, is the Fassouri marshes made up of a matrix of freshwater habitat types, including grazing marsh and reedbeds.
	www.isslr.org /news/news2001.asp (14102 words)

	Geology - Reference U - Z
		Vanuxem, Lardner; and Keating, W. On the geology and mineralogy of Franklin, in Sussex County, New Jersey: Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Journal, v.
		Wade, J. A., and Maclean, B. C., 1990, The geology of the southeastern margin of Canada, Chap.
		Walker, R. G., 1969a, The juxtaposition of turbidite and shallow-water sediments: A study of a regressive sequence in the Pennsylvanian of North Devon, England: Journal of Geology, v.
	www.hofstra.edu /Academics/HCLAS/Geology/GEO_uzref.cfm (12497 words)

	Geology of Death Valley National Park
		Occurs as clastic grains in sediments underlying salt pan and as sharply terminated crystals in clay fraction of carbonate zone and in sediments underlying sulfate zone.
		Obtained in artificially evaporated brines from Death Valley; not yet identified in salt pan; may be expected in carbonate zone of Cottonball Basin.
		Not yet identified but probably will be found in carbonate zone and as clastic grains in sediments underlying salt pan.
	wrgis.wr.usgs.gov /parks/deva/devasalt.html (493 words)

	Crystal Structure Lab
		Pour the salty water onto the fl paper in the pie pan.
		When you leave the pan in the sun, the water evaporates and the salt forms crystals shaped like long needles.
		That's because table salt and Epsom salt are chemically different, so the crystals that they form are very different.
	www.lnhs.org /hayhurst/geology/cslab.htm (843 words)

	Mojave I: Death Valley
		Our six-day visit was jam-packed with hikes, scenic drives, and ranger-led walks and talks on the history, geology, and ecology of the park’s 3.3 million acres.
		Desert pupfish are relics from wetter times; these tiny fish have adapted to life in intermittent pools of warm water three times as salty as sea water.
		Here the salt pan surface is covered with jagged, razor-sharp spikes of rock salt, caused by erosion from wind and rain.
	members.aol.com /canoehull/4Deserts/1DeathValley.htm (829 words)

	Students dig rock and road on IAP trip - MIT News Office
		Geology students have been taking advantage of this unusual IAP course offered periodically since 1994.
		Students drove through the valley and saw the result firsthand--the Owens salt pan, formerly Owens Lake.
		On desert evenings, the group relaxed by roasting marshmallows on yucca-plant spits while swapping geology jokes as they earned academic credits thousands of miles from campus.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/2004/geology-0204.html (410 words)

	Greater Salt Lake Basin and Ecoregion Virtual Tour - Antelope Island Stop5
		Unfortunately some of the better tufa sites around the Great Salt Lake are not easily accessed.
		Unfortunately, Antelope Island, even as a park and wildlife preserve is not free of human impact and controversy today.
		Recently Antelope Island has become the focus of a major land use controversy regarding plans to build a causeway direct from Salt Lake City across the Jordan River delta and through the wetlands near the International Airport to the southern tip of the island.
	resweb.llu.edu /rford/docs/VGD/GSLVT/gslstop5.html (1246 words)

	Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley - GEOLOGY.COM
		Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley - GEOLOGY.COM
		Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley
		Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley - Table of Contents
	geology.com /store/geology-underfoot-death-valley-owens-valley.shtml (421 words)

	Roger's Web Site \| Death Valley 1999
		Despite the name, the dramatic history of human suffering and its reputation for searing heat, Death Valley is actually one of the most hauntingly beautiful places on earth.
		We stopped at Ashford Mill ruins, the site of an old gold mine and walked out on the salt pan at Badwater before arriving at Furnace Creek ranch, our home for the duration.
		The Visitor Center is a short walk from the Ranch, and has excellent books and maps on Death Valley geology and history.
	www.public.asu.edu /~icrjc/Geology/DeathV/deathv.htm (1317 words)

	Basin and Range Geology of Death Valley
		This "pulling apart" of the Earth's crust allowed large blocks of land to slowly slide past one another along faults, forming alternating valleys and mountain ranges.
		Badwater Basin, the Death Valley salt pan and the Panamint mountain range comprise one block that is rotating eastward as a structural unit.
		The valley floor has been steadily slipping downward, subsiding along the fault that lies at the base of the Black Mountains.
	digital-desert.com /death-valley-geology/geo-basin-and-range.html (227 words)

	Shuttle images of IRAN
		NAMAK SALT FLAT: • • • • •
		Salt, Diet and Health : Neptune's Poisoned Chalice : The Origins of High Blood Pressure
		SALT DESERT: • • • •;
	rove.to /iran (677 words)

	salt on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
		I assume this is a natural sea salt pan?
		I like also the beach that origin this salt.
		Sign up for a free account, or sign in (if you're already a member).
	www.flickr.com /photos/al-pin/262898170 (135 words)

	SIU Geology - Eric C. Ferré - Publications
		SIU Geology - Eric C. Ferré - Publications
		Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Abstracts with Program, Vol.
		Institute on Lake Superior Geology 2004 Annual Meeting, Duluth.
	www.science.siu.edu /geology/people/ferre/publications.html (2393 words)

	Photo: Detail of jagged salt crust at Devils Golf Course, Death Valley National Park, California; Stock Photo image ...
		Photo: Detail of jagged salt crust at Devils Golf Course, Death Valley National Park, California; Stock Photo image picture photo Phograph art decor print wall mural gallery.
		Detail of jagged salt crust formed by evaporation
		of water in salt pan, Devils Golf Course, Middle Basin,
	www.enlightphoto.com /webpages/cadv/cadv4_09.htm (106 words)

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