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Topic: Salt water aspiration syndrome

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	Swimming Encyclopedia Article @ Endured.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Roughly, 70% of the body is water; while the Total Immersion are filled with the Summer Olympic Games, the body is slightly less dense than the surrounding water, which exerts a density force on it.
		Since salt water (e.g., the ocean) is denser than fresh water (e.g., most swimming pools), less effort is required to stay afloat in salt water than in fresh water.
		Water cools the body much faster than air and most researchers believe that subsequently the body aims to maintain a layer of fat under the ^ for snakes.
	www.endured.org /encyclopedia/Swimming (3957 words)

	Pulmonary aspiration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In medicine, aspiration is the entry of secretions or foreign material into the trachea and lungs.
		During labour, early respiratory movements by the baby facilitate filling of alveolar ducts and alveolar lumens with elements of amniotic fluid: amniotic cells, squames and squamous cells from fetal skin, lanugo, meconium.
		Significant aspiration can only occur if the protective reflexes are absent (in neurological disease, coma, drug overdose, sedation or general anesthesia).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration (570 words)

	Drownings
		However, the amount of water aspirated is the variable that cannot be determined, but in most cases when the victim is found unconscious in the water, it is about one third the total amount of fluid the lungs can hold.
		From this it can be concluded that the salt water victim will have a greater amount of hypoxia, due to the reduction in the number of working alveoli.
		Keep in mind that aspiration of salt water draws fluid into the alveoli whereas fresh water destroys surfactant resulting is pulmonary shunting and atelectasis.
	www.rescuediver.org /med/drown.htm (2786 words)

	Pulmonary aspiration
		The commonest cause of severe aspiration is reguritation of stomach contents by semiconscious patients.
		During labor, early respiratory movements facilitate filling of alveolar ducts and alveolar lumens with elements of amniotic fluid: amniotic cells, squames and squamous cells from fetal skin, lanugo, meconium.
		If one is sitting or standing up, the aspirate ends up in the posterior basal segment of the right lower lobe.
	www.mrsci.com /Neurology/Pulmonary_aspiration.php (415 words)

	Diving Accident Management
		If the diver is unconscious and beneath the surface of the water, then they should be surfaced and decompressed in the head upright, normal anatomic position with special attention being paid by the rescuer to the maintenance of a patent airway.
		It is noteworthy that administration of 100% oxygen is the definitive treatment of the salt-water aspiration syndrome and most pulmonary barotrauma, including the majority of pneumothoraces.
		In-water treatment of DCI is practiced and advocated by some, but is logistically difficult, requires dedicated and effective equipment (e.g.
	www.scuba-doc.com /dvacc.htm (1380 words)

	BSAC Incident Report 1994/95
		They were given assistance to exit the water by scaling a rock slope, where Diver A slipped and broke her ankle.
		It was reported that the water was very cold and the casualty had not dived for three months prior to this incident.
		A diver suffered from salt water aspiration syndrome after breathing from a regulator with two holes in the mouthpiece.
	www.chime.ucl.ac.uk /~rmhiajp/diving/ndc95/ndc95oi.htm (1182 words)

	eMedicine - Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome : Article by Todd Rothenhaus, MD FACEP
		Aspiration is particularly damaging to lung tissue, leading to an osmotic gradient that favors movement of water into airspaces of the lung.
		Aspiration may be visible with chest radiography, although the chest radiograph may be normal early in the course of the disease.
		Kollef MH, Schuster DP: The acute respiratory distress syndrome.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic15.htm (2005 words)

	Saltwater Aspiration Syndrome
		In saltwater drownings and saltwater "wet" near-drownings (those that involve aspiration), the hypertonicity of the aspirated fluid draws intravascular fluid into the already fluid-filled alveoli, resulting in ventilation-perfusion abnormalities and intrapulmonary shunting.
		Enter and exit the water with your reg in your mouth and use your regulator on the surface during rough water conditions.
		If any water remains in the second stage, tilt your head so the exhaust is at the lowest point, helping to drain the rest of the water out.
	www.scuba-doc.com /saltwasp.html (851 words)

	Zinc and salts (PIM G020)
		Oral: Poisoning following oral ingestion of zinc salts such as zinc chloride is characterised by corrosion and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and stomach, which usually becomes white; ulceration of the stomach may occur, often followed by perforation.
		The emetic concentration in water is 675 to 2280 ppm.
		This syndrome should be distinguished from the severe necrotising bronchitis and bronchopneumonia which can follow inhalation of bronze powder (70% copper, 30% zinc stearate), and from the severe and often lethal damage to the mucosa of the respiratory tract produced by zinc chloride fumes.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/chemical/zincsalt.htm (6297 words)

	Low Blood Pressure Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com
		Salt: In medicine, salt usually refers to sodium chloride, table salt, used for seasoning food, for the preservation of meat, etc. Salt is found in the earth and in sea water and is isolated by evaporation and crystallization from sea water and other water impregnated with particles of salt.
		Breathing problems such as aspiration, stridor (high-pitched breathing sounds due to airway obstruction), or cardiopulmonary arrest are the common causes of death.
		Syndrome: A set of signs and symptoms that tend to occur together and which reflect the presence of a particular disease or an increased chance of developing a particular disease.
	www.medicinenet.com /low_blood_pressure/glossary.htm (8594 words)

	Familial yellow nail syndrome
		The yellow nail syndrome (YNS), first described in 1964 by Samman and White[1], is characterized by the presence of dystrophic, thickened, and slow-growing yellow nails in association with peripheral edema.
		Despite treatment for respiratory failure with mechanical ventilation and aspiration of large pleural fluids, the patient died of nosocomial pneumonia and a complication of mechanical ventilation.
		The pathogenesis of the bronchiectasis is unknown, although it is frequently associated with sinusitis; in one patient the bronchiectasis was confined to the upper lobes [9].
	dermatology.cdlib.org /122/case_presentations/nail/razi.html (1727 words)

	Exertional Hyponatremia—Too Much of a Good Thing
		Sometimes called water intoxication due to the neurological symptoms, the mechanism is far more complex than simply drinking too much water.
		Water intoxication is an old term for exercise induced dilutional hyponatremia or exertional hyponatremia for short.
		The fear associated with hyponatremia is so severe the patients hyperventilate and have stated that they thought they were separating from their body or floating away from their body and, therefore, they were surely dying.
	www.gcrg.org /bqr/14-1/hypo.html (1408 words)

	Aspiration Pneumonia Treatment
		Aspiration refers to the passage of food, water, stomach acids, vomit, or other foreign materials (e.g.
		Aspiration pneumonia can become infected secondarily with bacteria, requiring treatment with an antibiotic.Certain types of patients are at HIGH RISK for an aspiration into the lungs.
		Aspiration can be serious and death can result in some cases.
	www.health-care-information.org /diseases/aspiration-pneumonia.html (508 words)

	Dehydration Symptoms - Benefits of Drinking Water - Signs of Fluid Imbalance
		Excess water retention or intake: Water is retained inappropriately (e.g., because of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.) or excess free water is ingested to correct isotonic fluid loss.
		Excess water and salt retention: Both water and salt are retained inappropriately (e.g., because of heart or liver failure).
		If the cause is salt and water loss, administration of fluids and salt may be indicated.
	www.heartspring.net /symptoms_of_dehydration.html (4622 words)

	BSAC Incident Report 1989/90
		He recalls noticing water spray in his mouth during dives but did not connect this with the problem until his return to the U.K. where he was diagnosed as having suffered Salt Water Aspiration Syndrome.
		On inspection afterwards, it was found that the second stage cover was slightly unscrewed and that the diaphragm had distorted allowing water in.
		During a fresh water dive to 24m a diver's second stage began to freeflow.
	www.chime.ucl.ac.uk /~rmhiajp/diving/ndc90/ndc90e.htm (690 words)

	Adult respiratory distress syndrome Encyclopedia of Medicine - Find Articles
		Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), also called acute respiratory distress syndrome, is a type of lung (pulmonary) failure that may result from any disease that causes large amounts of fluid to collect in the lungs.
		ARDS is not itself a specific disease, but a syndrome, a group of symptoms and signs that make up one of the most important forms of lung or respiratory failure.
		Breathing in (aspiration) of the stomach contents when regurgitated, or salt water or fresh water from nearly drowning.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0000/ai_2601000032 (1205 words)

	Tube Feeding Tutorial \| Glossary
		Water is drawn into the intestines resulting in nausea, cramping, and diarrhea.
		The concommitant drop in blood volume causes a sympathetic nervous system response.
		the splitting apart of a molecule with water.
	www.csun.edu /~cjh78264/tubefeeding/glossarymain.html (470 words)

	The Oxford Handbook of Sports Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pascal's Principle states that when pressure is applied to the surface of a fluid it is distributed equally and undiminished in all directions.
		Since the pressure on sea water is atmospheric pressure - that is, 100 kPa, (1 Bar, 1 atmosphere absolute, or 1 ATA)- then at a depth of 10 metre the pressure will be 1 ATA plus the pressure equal to 10 m of sea water.
		Then contraction of the contained gas during descent is compensated for by tissue collapse, outward bulging of the tympanic membrane, congestion and haemorrhage.
	www.worldortho.com /oxsportsmed/chapt26.html (4047 words)

	Salt Lake Orthopaedic Clinic
		Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome are numbness and tingling in the hand, especially at night; pain with prolonged gripping such as holding a steering wheel; or clumsiness in handling objects.
		However, most cases of ulnar tunnel syndrome are caused by a growth in the wrist and must be treated with surgery to remove the growth.
		If the syndrome does not respond to conservative treatment, your doctor may recommend surgery to cut the ligament roof and enlarge the tunnel, thus reducing pressure on the nerve and relieving symptoms.
	www.sloc.org /edhand.htm (18274 words)

	ENT Specialists - Ear Nose & Throat Doctors in Salt Lake City Utah
		To protect the ears from water take a piece of cotton, place it snugly in the outer ear, then cover it generously with Vaseline to make it waterproof.
		Salt water, Alkalol or Pretz nasal sprays: 2 sprays each nostril 5-10 times daily for 10 days, then as needed thereafter.
		If the fine needle aspiration is reported as suspicious for or suggestive of cancer, then thyroid surgery is required.
	www.myentspecialist.com /services/head-neck-surgery (14581 words)

	eMedicine - Sjogren Syndrome : Article by Eyal Muscal, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Subsequent studies showed that Sjögren syndrome may be a primary disorder or may be secondary to other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and biliary cirrhosis.
		Treatment of secondary Sjögren syndrome is determined by the severity of the overlapping autoimmune disorder (might include additional agents such as cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate).
		Reveille JD, Arnett FC: The immunogenetics of Sjogren's syndrome.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2811.htm (4951 words)

	DACC Complications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sodium metabisulfite is a stabilizing agent in equilibrium with sulfur dioxide and water, and it is the sulfur dioxide which freely crosses cell membranes.
		Boys and Norman have obtained radiographic evidence of an epidural catheter placed into the subdural space, the incidence of subdural injection is reported to be 10-16% in the radiology literature.
		The syndrome is not serious, although many patients complain of inability to breathe through their nose and need reassurance.
	acc-www.uchicago.edu /manuals/epidural.html (2614 words)

	Dive Maladies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Under water the inside and outside pressure of the body must be equal, including all air spaces.
		Caused by a diver holding his/her breath on ascent Rapid ascent with inadequate exhalation Trapping of air in lungs due to asthma, mucous, water inhalation, laryngeal spasm, common cold or cough.
		WARNING: Symptoms of salt water aspiration syndrome may be similar to those of pulmonary barotrauma.
	www.sharkysdive.net /divemal.htm (3102 words)

	326 Zoological Medicine, Spring and Fall 2004 - OpenCourseWare - Tufts University
		Stress is the sum of the biological reactions to any adverse stimulus, physical, internal or external, that tends to disturb the homeostasis of an organism.
		Oral intubation-no worry about aspiration but water fowling and coating gills are problems.
		Water should be monitored during the treatment course in case there is any loss of filter activity.
	ocw.tufts.edu /courses/5/content/215706 (3386 words)

	Clinical Trial: Evaluation and Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
		Cells and secretions from the airways are rinsed from the lung with salt water.
		A brush the size of a pencil tip is passed through the bronchoscope to scrape cells lining the airways and pieces of tissue are collected for analysis.
		For the nasal aspiration, salt water is put in the nose and then suctioned out.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00073086 (1769 words)

	Prematurity: Problems in Newborns: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Respiratory distress syndrome occurs if the lungs are not mature enough to produce surfactant, a mixture of lipids (fats) and proteins that allows the air sacs of the lungs to remain open (see Problems in Newborns: Respiratory Distress Syndrome).
		Underdeveloped Brain: The part of the brain that controls regular breathing may be so immature that the newborn has inconsistent breathing, with short pauses in breathing or periods during which breathing stops for 20 seconds or longer (apnea).
		A newborn with underdeveloped kidneys is likely to have difficulty regulating the amount of salt and water in the body.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec23/ch264/ch264c.html (1310 words)

	Delayed poisoning
		Orally administered activated charcoal is a safer alternative to vomiting or lavage and will bind the ingested drug in the stomach and small intestine to prevent absorption.
		After a thorough water wash, applying a calcium salt in solution or dissolved in a water soluble gel can help to prevent further absorption of the fluoride ion which can go on to cause systemic toxicity.
		The significance of recognizing the hazard of delayed onset toxicity from hydrofluoric acid and implementation of early skin decontamination is that it may reduce the need for other more complicated treatments later.
	www.ucihs.uci.edu /emergmed/EMS/Newletter/delpoison.htm (3577 words)

	MGN 20 (Health and Risk Assessment) Broken down into laymans terms
		Shock can kill people because of a lot of different reasons as stated below, with an amputated limb and the loss of massive amounts of blood the patient is going to haemorrhage and probably have a heart attack.
		A big factor whether the casualty lives or dies, is because the temperature of the water and whether it fresh or saltwater.
		The chance's of recovery from a person who has been immersed in salt water has a better chance of recovery.
	www.mcaorals.co.uk /MGN20.htm (1246 words)

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