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	Saltation (biology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, saltation (from Latin, saltus, "leap") is a sudden change from one generation to the next, that is large, or very large, in comparison with the usual variation of an organism.
		The term is used for occasionally hypothesized, nongradual changes (especially single-step speciation) that are atypical of, or violate, standard concepts involved in neo-Darwinian evolution.
		Saltation is generally not held to be a method by which evolution occurs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saltation_(biology) (155 words)

	Eolian Processes
		Saltation moves small particles in the direction of the wind in a series of short hops or skips.
		Saltation is downwind movement of particles in a series of jumps or skips.
		The average length of jumps during saltation corresponds to the wavelength, or distance between adjacent crests, of the ripples.
	pubs.usgs.gov /gip/deserts/eolian (1160 words)

	Experiments on Saltation of Sand in Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Saltation of sand is described in terms of statistical properties of particle trajectories such as mean values and standard deviations of saltation length, height, and streamwise particle velocity.
		Saltation height seems to be independent of particle size when made dimensionless with the particle diameter; however, the dimensionless saltation length appears to increase as the particle size decreases.
		Observations of this process indicate that most of the interactions between saltating particles and the bed are of the collision-rebound type, which contradicts previous discussions on the subject.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9804526 (243 words)

	Soil Water Conservation
		The soil carried in a saltation consists of fine particles ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mm in diameter.
		saltation is caused by the direct pressure of wind on soil particles and their collision with other particles.
		The control of wind erosion is mainly based on the reduction or elimination of movement in saltation.
	www.krishiworld.com /html/soil_water_con3.html (1446 words)

	Saltation - Geology - Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve
		Sand grains bounce or "saltate" slightly above the surface when blown by the wind.
		The average distance a grain bounces is the width between the crests of two ripples in the sand.
		Saltation accounts for about 95% of a sand grain's movement.
	www.nps.gov /archive/grsa/resources/saltation.htm (140 words)

	Saltation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Saltatory - meaning to jump or leap from latin Saltare
		Saltation (biology), an evolutionary hypothesis emphasizing sudden and drastic change.
		Saltation (geology), a process of particle transport by fluids.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saltation (104 words)

	Weather Elements: Aeolian Transport
		Saltation under typical wind speeds normally lifts particles no larger than one centimetre (0.4 inch) in diameter above the ground about a metre or two (3-7 ft).
		From a distance, a field of saltating particles appear as if they are constantly suspended, creating a fuzzy layer next to the ground.
		When saltating particles hit larger particles too heavy to hop, they nudge the larger grains (up to six times larger than saltating particles) slightly and slowly forward, a sliding and rolling movement known as creep.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/elements/aeolian.htm (620 words)

	Exploratour - The Atmosphere of Mars, page 27 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The general process by which this occurs is called "saltation".
		Saltation is the primary form of erosion of the Martian surface.
		Saltation is carried to an extreme during the frequent Martian global dust storms.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/cool_stuff/tour_mars_atm_27.html (158 words)

	The Saltation of Malcolm X (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Saltation is a geological term used to explain how a stream current transports and erodes a rock.
		In saltation, a counter current or other events causes the rock to slam against the stream-bed and grind its ruff edges into a smooth exterior.
		Saltation is an easy way to apply the necessity of the revolutionary philosophy of Malcolm X to the Civil Rights Movement.
	www.csusm.edu /Black_Excellence/documents/pg-malcolm-x.html (3305 words)

	Lake Michigan Coastal Dunes - Processes - Sand Transport
		(Saltation comes from the Latin saltare which means 'to leap'.) The grains are ejected from the ground, moved forward and given energy by higher wind speeds above the ground, and gradually descend back to the ground.
		Most saltation takes place within 30 cm (1 foot) of the ground, although small grains in strong winds can reach heights of 1.5-2 m (7-9 feet).
		Saltation is the key process in sand movement because it powers all the other processes.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/geology/coastaldunes/processes/movement3.htm (317 words)

	Saltation 吹雪 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Snow saltation is the process by which wind moves snow through thousands of small jumps.
		As well as being very important economically (blocking roads and railway tracks for example) this process is thought to take place on the surface of a dense flowing avalanche and as the relative velocities increase a suspension develops leading to powder snow avalanche.
		I am trying to develop a theory of snow saltation that includes air turbulence so that the transition to snow suspension can be understood and used to understand the genesis of powder snow avalanches.
	www.damtp.cam.ac.uk /user/jnm11/saltation/index.html (121 words)

	Cutaneous Saltation
		Sensory saltation is a class of robust illusions that has been described as a shift in the perceived location of a stimulus toward the location of a rapidly delivered subsequent stimulus [1].
		A new understanding implicates temporal integration as the mechanism of the cutaneous saltation illusion, and reveals a fundamental role for attention in the basic integrative processes underlying skin sensation.
		In their paradigm a tap, that serves as a reference point, is delivered 500 msec before the presentation of two experimental taps.
	www.utdallas.edu /~kilgard/Naturecorrespondence.html (879 words)

	IngentaConnect Seasonal Variations of Saltation Activity on a High Plains Saline... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		From December 30, 1998, to January 1, 2003, a fast-response piezoelectric saltation sensor was used to collect a continuous record of aeolian activity at a point on the playa surface.
		As a result, the saltation record is characterized by many hours of inactivity punctuated with brief periods of occasionally intense aeolian activity.
		Saltation activity is at a minimum during summer months when winds are often weak and wet conditions prevail.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bell/pgeo/2003/00000024/00000001/art00003 (399 words)

	Saltation Summary
		An individual saltating grain spends most of its time lying at rest on the bottom.
		Grains too small to settle once suspended are carried indefinitely by the current; intermediate-size grains saltate; and grains too large to saltate either remain unmoved or move by sliding or rolling.
		Quantum speciation, also known as saltational speciation, is the process by which a small population of species rapidly diverges into more than one species that is reproductively isolated from the original population.
	www.bookrags.com /Saltation (769 words)

	Saltation/Creep Traps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Saltation and Creep Traps are areas within the simulation region that will collect saltation and creep size wind erosion particles that enter them.
		WEPS assumes the "trapping efficiency" is assumed to be 100% until the trap is filled to capacity.
		When water is present in a playa lake, it acts as an infinite trap, when it is dry, it may in fact act as a substantial source of wind erodible material.
	www.weru.ksu.edu /moses/planview/fslide7.htm (168 words)

	MPF: Weathering by Wind and Sand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Saltation is the primary form of abrasion and erosion of the Martian surface.
		Features found in and near the rocks by the Mars Pathfinder lander provide evidence for both sandblasting and saltation on the Martian surface.
		The rock shown here, dubbed "Souffle", is surrounded by wind drifts as well as showing evidence of pits and holes formed in the rock by sand erosion.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/mars/exploring/MPF_sand_erosion.html (244 words)

	Macawber Group
		The velocity of the material in the air stream is the "saltation" velocity.
		The saltation velocity is unique to the particular material characteristics, such as bulk density, particle size and other factors.
		The velocity differences are considerable depending on the material and very significant and Macawber retains a data bank of material characterizations to support their specialization in this field of modern bulk materials handling.
	www.macawber.com /technology_dense_phase.html (208 words)

	saltation - wind
		Saltation refers to a bouncing like motion when the wind dislodges sand particles, suspends them in the air for a short period of time and then fall to the surface.
		The impact of the falling grains dislodges additional sand that is sent in the down wind direction.
		Saltation occurs on the windward side of dunes.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/s_u/saltation_wind.html (66 words)

	Measurement of saltation process over gobi and sand dunes in the Taklimakan desert, China, with newly developed sand ...
		The SPC detects a signal change when a saltation particle passes through the slit between the laser beam transmitter and receiver.
		We have operated this SPC in the field, and it proved to be useful for the saltation process study when data corrections and calibration were properly made.
		(3) Saltation flux at the gobi site in the 5 April case was more than 10 times larger than that of the sand dune, though the distance between the sites is 4 km.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004JD004688.shtml (562 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: SPLASH - SALTATION TRAJECTORIES OF SOIL PARTICLE UNDER WIND-DRIVEN RAIN
		Interpretive Summary: This research examined the combined effects of wind and water at detaching soil particles during a rainstorm.
		The results demonstrated that the average trajectory of a raindrop-induced and wind-driven soil particle was substantially affected by the wind shear velocity, and it had the greatest correlation (r = 0.96 for all data) with the shear velocity; however, neither slope aspect nor slope gradient significantly predicted the splash-saltation trajectory.
		More significantly, a statistical analysis conducted with non-linear regression model of showed that average trajectory of splash-saltation was approximately three times greater than that of typical saltating sand grain.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=148080 (564 words)

	Saltation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The major fraction of soil moved by the wind is through the process of saltation.
		In saltation, fine soil particles are lifted into the air by the wind and drift horizontally across the surface increasing in velocity as they go.
		Soil particles moved in this process of saltation can cause severe damage to the soil surface and vegetation.
	topsoil.nserl.purdue.edu /nserlweb/weppmain/jhtml/saltb.html (89 words)

	Evolutionary Developmental Biology - Constraint and Saltation
		In the context of development, saltations are rapid evolutionary fixations of phenotypic discontinuities guided by developmental controls, which do not permit continuity of form in polymorphic populations.
		In any case, and however important such saltational changes may be in establishing fundamental evolutionary novelties (my own betting money goes on a minor and infrequent role), phyletic discontinuity at lower taxonomic levels, based on small genetic changes with large regulatory effects, has been documented in several cases.
		The evidence that we have been able to gain via molecular biology is uncovering the actual mechanisms of macromutations that are saltational, and very well may turn out to the be mechanisms upon which macroevolution is based.
	debatingchristianity.com /forum/viewtopic.php?p=50288&highlight= (12215 words)

	Desert Diary, 27 Aug 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Well, not to belittle sandstorms, for they can be vicious in effect on both the animate and inanimate, but most of the towering clouds are of dust, not sand.
		Even in high winds, sand grains are too heavy to be lifted far above the ground, and most grains move by saltation rather than long-term suspension.
		If you know that "saltation" is Latin for "leaping", you may understand.
	museum.utep.edu /archive/climate/DDsaltation.htm (270 words)

	[word-l] saltation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The word of the day is: saltation \sawl-TAY-shun\, n.
		These last two, being smaller, can be removed by the wind and transported hundreds of kilometres, both in suspension high in the atmosphere, or by saltation -- the process of bouncing along the ground.
		[1] You may also have seen "saltimbanco" (a quack, mountebank), which, like "saltation," comes from "saltare." Oddly, so does "saltimbocca," which is a ham/veal/herbs dish.
	www.ransford.org /pipermail/word-l/2003-October/000322.html (253 words)

	Development of Auditory Saltation and Its Relationship to Reading and Phonological Processing -- Kidd and Hogben 49 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		PURPOSE: The temporal offset of auditory saltation is thought to be reflective
		in saltation thresholds as a function of age, and examine the
		CONCLUSIONS: The temporal offset of saltation is unlikely to reflect the
	jslhr.asha.org /cgi/content/abstract/49/2/352 (285 words)

	Roles of saltation, sandblasting, and wind speed variability on mineral dust aerosol size distribution during the ...
		Roles of saltation, sandblasting, and wind speed variability on mineral dust aerosol size distribution during the Puerto Rican Dust Experiment (PRIDE)
		These include dust source size distribution (constant or dynamically changing according to saltation and sandblasting theory), wind speed distributions (using mean wind or a probability density function (PDF)), parent soil aggregate size distribution, and the discretization (number of bins) in the dust size distribution.
		A Grini and C S. Zender, "Roles of saltation, sandblasting, and wind speed variability on mineral dust aerosol size distribution during the Puerto Rican Dust Experiment (PRIDE)" (2004).
	repositories.cdlib.org /postprints/144 (326 words)

	Environmental Aerodynamics - Facilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Saltation wind tunnel is designed to simulate particle flow in saltation.
		It consists of four major sections, the entrance, flow development section, test section, and diffuser.
		An AC/DC power converter supplies power to the motor, and has controllable air speed inside the tunnel of up to 20 m/s.
	mae.ucdavis.edu /~wind/facilities/saltation.html (198 words)

	Saltation Sandblasting behavior during mineral dust aerosol production
		Saltation Sandblasting behavior during mineral dust aerosol production
		The dominant process in producing fine dust aerosols during saltation is thought to be sandblasting.
		Recent studies claim that due to competing physical processes, emission efficiencies of dust aerosols oscillate with increasing wind friction speed.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002.../2002GL015248.shtml (196 words)

	Evolution and design (3)
		An extreme form of evolution by saltation was proposed in 1940 by geneticist Richard Goldschmidt, with his theory of the ‘hopeful monster’.
		He held that every so often a spontaneous ‘systemic mutation’ or macromutation – a massive reorganization of the genome of an individual organism – would occur, resulting in a ‘monster’.
		If saltational events have occurred, it is quite untenable to suppose that they occurred by mere chance.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/DP5/evod3.htm (10797 words)

	Splash-Saltation of Sand due to Wind-Driven Rain: Horizontal Flux and Sediment Transport Rate -- Cornelis et al. 68 ...
		Nalpanis, P. Saltating and suspended particles over flat and sloping surfaces ii.
		The influence of rainfall on transport of beach sand by wind.
		Williams, G. Some aspects of the eolian saltation load.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/68/1/41 (2775 words)

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