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	Gunpowder - LoveToKnow 1911
		xii.) saltpetre 41 2, charcoal 29.4, sulphur 29.4.
		335, 795), saltpetre 66.6, charcoal 22.2, sulphur I 1.1, "which are to be thoroughly mixed on a marble and then sifted through a cloth." This powder is nominally of the same composition as one given in a MS.
		Saltpetre is considerably heavier than sulphur or charcoal, and would tend to separate out towards the bottom of the containing vessel if subjected to jolting or vibration.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gunpowder (4908 words)

	Stowage: Saltpetre (1869) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When saltpetre, sugar, and rice form the dead-weight, it is recommended to stow the saltpetre in the after hold, to keep the ship in trim and the cabins free from the exhalations of the sugar, which should go in the main hold; rice in the fore hold.
		Saltpetre is considered one of the most risky articles to deal with in the long list of imported goods, owing to its liability to be washed away by sea-water, while other goods are more or less damaged by it.
		Saltpetre is generally sold on a guarantee of a "repreaction" not exceeding say 5 per cent; the remainder, say 95 per cent, is pure nitrate of soda.
	www.bruzelius.info /Nautica/Seamanship/Stevens(1869)-S856.html (486 words)

	Book 10
		The fifth is composed of one libra of saltpetre, three librae of alum, half a libra of brick dust, and three-quarters of a libra of spring water.
		The eighth is made of two librae of vitriol, the same number of librae of saltpetre, one and a half librae of alum, one libra of the lees of the aqua which parts gold from silver; and to each separate libra a sixth of urine is poured over it.
		Then one and a half sicilici of powdered saltpetre are dropped into the same copper and likewise consumed; then again half an uncia and a sicilicus of sulphur enveloped in wax; afterward one and a half sicilici of lead-ash enveloped in wax, or of minium made from red-lead.
	technology.infomine.com /historymine/Publications/DeReMetallica/drm/book10.htm (12267 words)

	Notes on Making Saltpetre from the Earth of the Caves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In leaching the ashes a similar arrangement may be used, as for the Saltpetre liquor, that is four barrels may be used together in the same way, keeping three filled with ashes and the fourth empty, and passing the lye from one to the other as before explained.
		Saltpetre made after the foregoing directions will not have above five per cent of impurities, but if carelessly made it will have much more, and as these have to be separated at the refinery, before it can be used for gun-powder, such Saltpetre is not worth so much to Government.
		That portion of the wash water which is not used in the boiler with the new charge of Saltpetre, is to be removed to the evaporating pans with the mother liquor.
	pigseye.kennesaw.edu /~rbentley/notes_on_making_saltpetre_from_the_earth_of_the_caves.html (2363 words)

	The Household Cyclopedia - Pyrotechny
		Is made by immersing lamp-wick in a solution of saltpetre with meal powder, winding it on a frame, and afterwards dusting with meal powder.
		Saltpetre, 4 oz.; sulphur, 6 oz.; sulphate of antimony, 2 oz.; rosin, 4 oz.
		The wads must be loose (only to prevent the mixing of the composition and gunpowder), and the ramming should not be begun until the case is 1/3 filled, and then should be gentle lest the stars be broken.
	www.mspong.org /cyclopedia/pyrotechny.html (2131 words)

	Joey Green's WackyScientist.com
		In ancient Chinese kitchens, saltpetre was commonly used as a preserving and pickling salt.
		Saltpetre is one of the three original ingredients in fireworks.
		Saltpetre, known to chemists as potassium nitrate, is commonly believed to reduce a man's primitive urges.
	www.wackyuses.com /experiments/smokebomb.htm (250 words)

	Joseph Leconte, 1823-1901. Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpetre
		The general conditions necessary to the formation of saltpetre are: 1st, the presence of decaying organic matter, animal or vegetable, especially the former; 2d, an alkaline or earthy base, as potash or lime; 3d, sufficient moisture; 4th, free exposure to the oxygen of the air; and 5th, shelter from sun and rain.
		But where saltpetre is manufactured on a large scale, as in the saltpetre plantations, many such beds are made and symmetrically arranged, so as to economize space; all under the same roof, with regularly arranged drains, all leading to a large cistern.
		One part crude saltpetre, four parts common salt, and one-half part charcoal, are mixed and thrown gradually in a red-hot crucible, or else heated in an iron spoon, until reaction ceases.
	docsouth.unc.edu /imls/lecontesalt/leconte.html (4164 words)

	CIVIL WAR HISTORY OF ORGAN CAVE
		Organ Cave played a significant role during the American Civil War, as the cave is an abundant source of saltpetre, one of the most important minerals sought after by armies on both sides of this conflict.
		Saltpetre (potassium nitrate) is the primary ingredient in fl powder and its raw form (calcium nitrate) can be seen glittering on the walls and floor of the cave.
		Each hopper was filled with over 2 tons of mined rock and soil, then men poured water over the soil, leaching the minerals from the earth and carrying into troughs placed beneath the hoppers.
	www.organcave.com /CWHistory.htm (435 words)

	The Tribune - Windows - Featured story
		In the beginning of the 17th century, the shortage of saltpetre in England and its excessive availability in India had drawn the attention of the East India Company to the possibility of importing this chemical from India.
		The early reference made in English Factory records to the purchase and refining of saltpetre at Ahmedabad and Surat in the beginning of the 17th century are of great importance and interest particularly because of the opposition of Mughal rulers to its export from India.
		In 1646, the president informed the company that the "best saltpetre came from Ahmedabad and was refined in their factory at Ahmedabad." The president further informed that the ‘purchase of saltpetre’ in its raw form was more economical.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2000/20000819/windows/main2.htm (1173 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for saltpetre
		saltpetre The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology...
		Nitrate salts contain the nitrate ion (NO 3 −) and some are important, naturally occurring compounds such as saltpetre (potassium nitrate, KNO 3) and Chile saltpetre (sodium nitrate, NaNO 3).
		gunpowder Explosive mixture of potassium nitrate (saltpetre), charcoal and sulphur.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=saltpetre (412 words)

	Mortadella.
		Saltpetre: What I have used is a mixture that you can buy at Dutch butcher's shops of salt, sugar and saltpetre (in a ratio of 100:2:1) In Dutch it is called pekelzout (litterally "brine salt").
		The food industry used saltpetre or nitrate a lot, but its use is not new, saltpetre was already in use in prehistoric times.
		And to conclude this short description of saltpetre: it is also a component of gunpowder (that is why you can't easlily buy pure saltpetre), and was thought to be an anaphrodisiac (but that is not true).
	www.coquinaria.nl /english/recipes/06.2histrecept.htm (1325 words)

	The Saltpetre-Man
		Before the discovery and importation of rough nitre from the East Indies, the supply of that very important ingredient in the manufactury of gunpowder was vey inadequate to the quantity required; and this country having in the early part of the seventeenth century to depend almost entirely upon its own resources.
		Charles I issued a proclamation in 1627, which set forth that the saltpetre makers were never able to furnish the realm with a third part of the saltpetre required, especially in time of war.
		Foreign saltpetre was not in equal goodness with that of our country, and the foreign gunpowder far worse conditioned and less forcible than that which is made in England.
	www.researchpress.co.uk /firearms/gunpowder/saltpetre.htm (1121 words)

	Cannon
		Saltpetre was one of the costliest expendables ever required in warfare, so there was ample incentive to use the least amount possible.
		The constituents of gunpowder, the modern fl powder, are potassium nitrate (saltpetre), sulphur, and carbon in the form of wood charcoal, in the approximate ratio by weight of 4:1:1 for a strong cannon powder to 10:1:2 for a pistol powder.
		The saltpetre and sulphur must be finely distributed in the micropores of the charcoal, so the kind of wood used for charcoal has an important effect.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tech/cannon.htm (11927 words)

	SALT.... made the world go round - ECONOMICS & MONOPOLY -
		In the hot sun from April to June the Nuniah caste families would 'boil merrily away and eliminate saltpetre and salt from this apparently useless soil.' Not only were the climatic conditions perfect, but the Indian saltpetre had the additional advantage that it contained nitrate and potassium both essential for gunpowder.
		After 1918 the saltpetre industry declined rapidly from an export total of 35,000 tons in 1860 to 8,862 tons in 1934-35 in spite of revival measures during the 1920s.
		Saltpetre as the main ingredient in gunpowder was a decisive factor in the power politics of the sixteenth century.
	salt.org.il /india.html (6260 words)

	SALT.... made the world go round - SALTPETER
		Animal dung is another useful source of fuel and we may assume that Neolithic farmers recognised its value, for tinder has been found together with flints and pyrites dating from about 700 BC in Yorkshire, England, suggesting that it was a primitive method of firemaking.
		It was a great pity, so it was, This villainous saltpetre should be digg'd Out of the bowels of the harmless earth, Which many a good tall fellow had destroyed So cowardly; and but for these vile guns, He would himself have been a soldier.
		A similar 'officina' or factory complex existed on the south side of the Wadi conveniently near the sea shore where potassium chloride was made by solar evaporation and where flotsam and jetsam could be gathered for fuel.
	www.salt.org.il /saltpet.html (1590 words)

	Health & Longevity\|THE BOOK OF HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT IV Part 16
		Tongues are excellent put into this pickle cold, having been first rubbed well with saltpetre and salt, and allowed to remain 24 hours, not forgetting to make a deep incision under the thick part of the tongue, so as to allow the pickle to penetrate more readily.
		The skin side of the pork is rubbed over with a mixture of fifty parts by weight of salt, and one part of saltpetre in powder, and the incised parts of the ham or flitch, and the inside of the flitch covered with the same.
		The salted bacon, in pairs of flitches with the insides to each other, is piled one pair of flitches above another on benches slightly inclined, and furnished with spouts or troughs to convey the brine to receivers in the floor of the salting-house, to be afterwards used for pickling pork for navy purposes.
	www.truthbeknown.com /the_book_of_household_management_iv_16.html (2031 words)

	Pork curing
		From at least Medieval times, salt was mixed with saltpetre and other ingredients such as sugar, honey or juniper berries to carry out the process of preserve the pork.
		It is this nitrite which then reacts with the constituents of the meat, and effects the curing process, producing the familiar pink colour to the ham.
		Within the UK Organic Regulations, saltpetre (the nitrate) has been approved for curing meat for some years, as it is a traditional and essential part of the curing process.
	www.graigfarm.co.uk /curing_meat.htm (764 words)

	Chile Country Information \| Tourist Information \| Pura Aventura \|
		The saltpetre beds of this region dazzle with the reflected sun and, as the viewer approaches reveal emerald-coloured lagoons and Chilean pink flamingos.
		Saltpetre, a source of immense fortunes in the past, was extracted from these regions and Chile's greatest treasures; its copper mines are here.
		They comprise a unique, ferocious landscape with their perfectly coned volcanoes and snowy peaks (reaching to over 6,000 meters), which are surround by white saltpetre beds, blue lagoons and golden pastures where guanacos and vicuñas, the Andean camels, freely roam.
	www.pura-aventura.com /chile2.asp (8874 words)

	What is the story of gunpowder?
		He soon worked out that the fl substance, which was to become known as gunpowder, was a mixture of saltpetre and other chemicals.
		A mixture of solids must burn vigorously to produce a large volume of gas, which rapidly expands from the heat of the reaction.
		The saltpetre is an oxidant, and allows the charcoal to burn far quicker than if it only had access to oxygen in the air.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /language_tips/2006-04/14/content_567657.htm (419 words)

	Industries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The manufacture of saltpetre was controlled from 1861 and was permitted under licence only, a licence fee of Rs 2 being charged for the manufacture of crude saltpetre while for refining and educing salt the cost of the licence was Rs 50.
		The saltpetre (mixed with the earth) was deposited on the sides of the vessel and in this form was sold to the refiners at a rate varying from Rsa 1.50 to Rs 3 per maund.
		The saltpetre made in the refineries was also obtained from crude saltpetre, that obtained by filtration being known as kjuthia.
	ballia.nic.in /industry.htm (4157 words)

	Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 - Presentation Speech
		The older methods by which these were made, however, ceased to play a part, at least in Europe and America, when Chile saltpetre (sodium nitrate) came into the picture and use was made of the by-products from dry distillation of mineral coal for this purpose.
		Under normal circumstances the vast majority of this saltpetre is used for fertilizer purposes.
		Now, since saltpetre is among the most important of these substances, particularly in those countries which possess neither large mineral coal deposits nor cheap hydro-electric power, the artificial production of ammonia and nitric acid has reached an unprecedented degree of importance.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/press.html (1642 words)

	Albion's Seedlings: Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards & Pyrotechnics
		Saltpetre (typically recovered from manure piles where two strains of bacteria exude nitric acid as a by-product) was always in very short supply.
		Nobleman Lavoisier was placed in charge of the French Gunpowder Administration and proceeded to rationalize the acquisition of ingredients (including always short-stocked saltpetre) and the manufacture and storage of powder.
		The Du Ponts were to bring gunpowder innovation to the Americas and in turn were to benefit for decades from the expansion of the western frontier, the mining industry, and, of course, the American Civil War.
	anglosphere.com /weblog/archives/000123.html (2287 words)

	Black Powder Solid Propellants
		In fl powder, saltpetre (potassium nitrate- KNO3) is the oxidiser, while sulphur (S), and charcoal (mainly carbon- C) are the fuel.
		1 chin 14 ounces of sulphur, together with 2 1/2 chin of saltpetre, 5 ounces of charcoal, 2 1/2 ounces of pitch, and 2 1/2 ounces of dried varnish are powdered and mixed.
		Next, 2 ounces of dried plant material, 5 ounces of tung oil, and 2 1/2 ounces of wax are also mixed to form a paste.
	www.astronautix.com /articles/blalants.htm (1250 words)

	Types of Explosives
		Saltpetre, A.K.A. nitre, is known chemically as potassium nitrate.
		Saltpetre is either a crystalline powder or white/colourless crystals.
		Saltpetre is created by the reaction between potassium chloride and either sodium nitrate or nitric acid.
	www.freewebs.com /gunsmithcats/explosivestypes.html (2001 words)

	saltpetre -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Sodium nitrate occurs, under the same conditions as ordinary saltpetre, in deposits covering immense areas in South America, abounding especially in the regions of Tarapacá and Antofagasta in Chile.
		The chief applications of Chile saltpetre are in the nitric acid industry and particularly as a fertilizer.
		Potassium nitrate occurs as crusts on the surface of the Earth, on walls and rocks, and in caves; and it forms in certain soils in Spain, Italy, Egypt, Iran, and India.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9065150?tocId=9065150 (576 words)

	Industries of Cumbria - Gunpowder
		Gunpowder is a mixture of saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur, usually in the proportion of 75:15:10, although these varied according to the purpose for which a particular type of powder was intended.
		Saltpetre was imported from India, Chile and Germany, sulphur from Italy and Sicily, originally through the local ports of Milnthorpe or Greenodd.
		The general production process involved refining the saltpetre and sulphur, which then along with the charcoal were pulverised, weighed, mixed and then incorporated by grinding and crushing them into a mixture known as mill cake.
	www.cumbria-industries.org.uk /gunpowder.htm (588 words)

	Embassy of Chile, Washington, DC © 2005
		The saltpetre beds of this region dazzle with the reflected sun and, as the viewer approaches reveal emerald-coloured lagoons and Chilean pink flamingos.
		Saltpetre, a source of immense fortunes in the past, was extracted from these regions and Chile’s greatest treasures; its copper mines are here.
		They comprise a unique, ferocious landscape with their perfectly coned volcanoes and snowy peaks (reaching to over 6000 meters) which are surround by white saltpetre beds, blue lagoons and golden pastures where guanacos and vicuñas, the Andean camels, freely roam.
	www.chile-usa.org /photo2.htm (2392 words)

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