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Topic: Salvarsan

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Magic bullet

Syphillis

Paul Ehrlich

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Alexander Fleming

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Artie Shaw

	Syphilis in History
		Salvarsan (arsephenamine, Ehrlich 606) and its derivative, neosalvarsan (neoarsephenamine, Ehrlich 914) were first administered by injection: "If either injection was not entirely within the vein severe local pain resulted" (Benedek 6).
		Salvarsan, even when administered properly, often caused necrosis (tissue death) or thrombophlebitis (a blood clot that causes the vein to swell and become irritated; may lead to infection) at the site of injection.
		Pulsford warned that an ordinary dose of salvarsan contained more than the lethal quantity of arsenic, and that the drug had to be prepared and administered with caution in order to prevent fatalities.
	doctorlasorda.tripod.com (2335 words)

	Arsphenamine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sahachiro Hata found this compound in 1908 while studying in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich, during a survey of thousands of compounds (derivates of the drug atoxyl) in search of anti-spirochete activity (the bacterium that causes syphilis is a spirochete).
		This compound was marketed under the trade name Salvarsan in 1910.
		The Composition of Ehrlich's Salvarsan: Resolution of a Century-Old Debate Angewandte Chemie 117 (6), 963-966.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salvarsan (178 words)

	Pharmaceutical Development 1897 - 1949: Salvarsan 606 & Neosalvarsan 914
		In 1910 Salvarsan appeared to the markets and it was an instant success all over the world.
		Even as Neosalvarsan was not as effective as Salvarsan, it was much more easier to handle it and that way, much easier to produce.
		Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan stayed effective treatment for syphilis all the way to the 1940’s, when antibiotics was invented.
	www.silentwall.com /Salvarsan.html (520 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		For centuries before Salvarsan, treatment was by the use of mercury and iodides but these medications usually failed to prevent the disease progressing over the years to the incurable tertiary stages.
		The contents of one tube of salvarsan should be slowly dissolved in three or four ounces of warm physiological 0.
		In congenital syphilis salvarsan should only be given when mercury fails to cure the symptoms, and mercurial treatment should be continued for at least three years.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/specoll/medical/syphilis.htm (2704 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Ehrlich finds cure for syphilis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Salvarsan also inspired other researchers, such as Alexander Fleming.
		Fleming was one of the first and few in England to administer Salvarsan in its most effective form -- intravenously.
		But Salvarsan's success encouraged Fleming in his search for drugs to treat and cure bacterial disease.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm09sy.html (443 words)

	Magic bullet - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Salvarsan was not truly the "magic bullet" for syphilis because of significant deleterious side effects.
		The phrase "magic bullet" has, however, become associated with Ehrlich and Salvarsan and is still used today to characterize wished-for drugs.
		A disparaging term used by conspiracy theorists to described the bullet which the Warren Commission claimed under its single bullet theory to have hit both President John F. Kennedy and Governor John Connally.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Magic_bullet (211 words)

	malaria.html
		Salvarsan, it was hoped, would prove to be as powerful a 'magic bullet' in the treatment of paresis as it initially seemed to be in the treatment of other forms of syphilis.26 There was, however, resistance to treating paretics at all.
		Salvarsan was initially used intramuscularly without benefit and then, in the first of a series of increasingly invasive maneuvers, it was injected intravenously without great improvement in results.The failure of intramuscular and intravenous Salvarsan to relieve paresis was explained as due to its failure to reach the central nervous system.
		This led others to inject Salvarsan into the subarachnoid space, the cisterna magna and the lateral ventricles.40 While published reports argued that these techniques were safe, the use of such invasive methods still stirred up much anxiety.41 None of these invasive procedures produced results worthy of the risk.
	bms.brown.edu /HistoryofPsychiatry/malaria.html (4424 words)

	Treatment of Syphillis in 1910
		However arsphenamine ('Salvarsan', the first chemotherapeutic 'magic bullet' and at the time a major medical breakthrough), was an arsenic compound, and certainly had a better beneficial effect with fewer side-effects than mercury.
		But as it was only synthesised in 1909 and not put on the market until 1910, I doubt your little girl would have had a chance to be prescribed it, though after she died her mother might have had it if thought to have the disease.
		Various modifications of Salvarsan were the mainstay until penicillin in the 1940s became as effective a cure as one can hope for.
	www.rand-one.com /new-6693514-4428.html (4501 words)

	Paul Ehrlich (www.whonamedit.com)
		His crowning achievement was the synthesis of Salvarsan and the demonstration of its therapeutic effacy in syphilis and allied diseases.
		The German police worked against Salvarsan because any prostitute sooner or later had to become infected with syphilis, and if Ehrlich’s compound was as efficient as was maintained, she could be healed and infected repeatedly, and so remain a ant health hazard.
		The value of Salvarsan was considered still too disputed; and before the question was settled, Ehrlich had died.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/83.html (4939 words)

	Arsenic
		While the first effect of the drug seems to be tonic and stimulating, this is soon followed by greater weakness and collapse.
		Another case treated with salvarsan in one of the large Chicago hospitals, went insane.
		In the last paragraph of this report it is admitted that the old preparation of salvarsan did much damage to the system.
	www.harvestfields.ca /HerbBooks/02/08/16.htm (1136 words)

	Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)
		Salvarsan was first tried on rabbits that had been infected with syphilis and then on patients with the dementia associated with the final stages of the disease.
		More testing revealed that Salvarsan was actually more successful if administered during the early stages of syphilis.
		Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan (1912) retained their role as the most effective drugs for treating syphilis until the advent of antibiotics in the 1940s.
	www.chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/ehrlich/pabio.htm (1098 words)

	Salvarsan Provides a Cure for Syphilis and Ushers in the Field of Chemotherapy History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Salvarsan Provides a Cure for Syphilis and Ushers in the Field of Chemotherapy
		After testing over 600 arsenic compounds, German research physician Dr. Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) announced the development of Salvarsan, a highly specific cure for syphilis, a chronic, debilitating venereal disease.
		While more modern antibiotic therapies have since replaced Salvarsan, Ehrlich's discovery has had a major impact on modern immunology, biochemistry, and chemotherapy.
	www.bookrags.com /history/sciencehistory/salvarsan-provides-a-cure-for-syphi-scit-061234 (373 words)

	Syphilis from 1880 to 1920: A Public Health Nightmare and the First Challenge to Medical Ethics
		Released in 1910, salvarsan marked a major milestone in trying to control the spread of syphilis and was the most effective drug for treating syphilis until the discovery of penicillin in 1928.
		With the discovery of salvarsan in 1909, that incentive was in sight.
		After the discovery of salvarsan, however, the need to provide for some sort of reporting and treatment mechanism of patients was generally acknowledged by physicians and the public, despite its implications for the doctor- patient relationship.
	etext.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH42/Jabbour42.html (7327 words)

	The Army Medical Department 1865-1917: The Medical Service in Action
		For their tests of the new approach, they used subjects in the Washington, D.C., area, including soldiers and patients in the Government Hospital for the Insane who were the victims of advanced syphilis.
		Time proved that Salvarsan produced significant side effects, some of which, as both civilian and military physicians soon realized, were related to the method of administration.
		Although treatment with mercury was far from ideal and doctors were eager to find something better, they were not initially sure about the dosage and timing of the new drug and thus could not accurately estimate its worth.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/spanam/gillet3/ch13.html (12644 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Alexander Fleming
		It was named salvarsan (meaning "that which saves by arsenic").
		Fleming felt there must be something, a chemical like salvarsan, that could help fight microbe infection even in wounds caused by exploding shells.
		During the course of the war, Fleming made many innovations in treatment of the wounded, but this was soon overshadowed by the work he did afterwards.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmflem.html (831 words)

	Scientific Anti-Vivisectionism ->
		It was not until the end of 1910, with the drug company establishing a plant for production that "606" was marketed as Salvarsan, and later given the approved name arsphenamine(7).
		But, clinically, Salvarsan was so dangerous that it could only be given every seven days by intraveneous injection with extreme caution - because if any of the compound escaped from the vein of the patient, necrosis could develop, leading to the loss of the patient`s arm.
		Some expressed doubts as to Salvarsan`s value as a treatment of syphilis, and some medical opinions questioned whether it was a valid substitute for mercury - a view shared in the `Journal of the American Medical Association` in 1914(8).
	www.freewebs.com /scientific_anti_vivisectionism9/antibiotics.htm (2785 words)

	Lyme Disease (Jan. 2005)
		Salvarsan was an organic compound of arsenic and may be highly toxic if not properly used.
		Salvarsan may be considered the first man-made antibiotic.
		Following the success of Salvarsan as a treatment for syphilis, other compounds of antimony and bismuth were also prepared and tried against spirochetes.
	www.townsendletter.com /Jan2005/lyme0105.htm (5611 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ehrlich was born at Strehlen, into a wealthy family and studied and worked in several German institutions (Göttingen University and Königliches Institut für experimentelle Therapie: Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt-on-the-Main).
		He invented a new staining technique for the tuberculosis bacillus, discovered uses of methylene blue in treating nervous disorders, developed a diagnostic reaction in the urine of typhoid patients, and made contributions to fever control and to eye diseases.
		But Ehrlich's greatest triumph was the discovery of the arsenic compound salvarsan (also known as "606"; 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-dihydroxyarsenobenzene dihydrochloride), the first effective cure for syphilis, his "magic bullet".
	www.math.uni-goettingen.de /exchange/newsletter/2003-08/Ehrlich.html (187 words)

	Hawaiian Territorial Medical Society. Minutes, 1914 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Appel spoke of 2000 cases in which Salvarsan had been given with good results with the exception of one case which died.
		Cooper spoke of a late case in which there was a psoriasis, and stated that the giving of Salvarsan cleared up the skin lesion beautifully.
		McChesney spoke of syphilis among the Mexicans and Central Americans and laid stress on the use of K.I. Dr. Katsuki spoke of the use of Prot - Iodide of Mercury in syphilis in new cases, and the use of Mercury Bichloride and K.I. in later cases.
	hml.org /mmhc/hma/hma1914.html (4913 words)

	[No title]
		For example, the first antimicrobial drug, salvarsan, contained the heavy metal arsenic and was used to inhibit the enzymes of the bacterium Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis.
		Actually, patients who received salvarsan were poisoned by the treatment, and treatment was risky.
		Bacteria have a faster growth rate than human cells, therefore the arsenic more rapidly affected the bacterial cells and killed them before lasting harm was done to the human patients cells when treatment was applied properly.
	wps.aw.com /wps/media/objects/920/942446/BaumanEd_ACTQ/BaumanEd_Ch5_ACTQ.doc (1885 words)

	Making the Modern World - New science, new materials, new power
		Heralded as a miracle cure, the compound was produced on a large scale by the Hoechst Chemical Company under the brand name Salvarsan.
		Salvarsan could be safely administered during only the early stages of syphilis which, as it progressed, rendered sufferers more susceptible to the toxic effects of arsenic.
		Along with Neosalvarsan (invented 1912), Salvarsan marked the beginning of modern chemotherapy and remained the most effective drug for treating syphilis until the advent of antibiotics in the 1940s.
	www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk /stories/the_second_industrial_revolution/05.ST.01?scene=4&tv=true (942 words)

	ct03
		The “606” or Salvarsan [arsphenamine] is the chlorhydrate of p.
		In 1914 appeared the Salvarsan of Erlich, that was the hope of many syphilis specialists.
		When the fad of arsenical drugs of the Salvarsan type came, and it was observed, after some time, that those patients went straight to nervous syphilis, it was said that the arsenical drugs only WHITENED the patient.
	www.iptq.com /ct03.htm (7964 words)

	1911-Balfour.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They discharge from their periplastic sheaths spherical granules, and it is apparently these granules which enter the red cells, develop in them and complete a cycle of schizogony.
		If a well-infected chick be given a dose of salvarsan, the peripheral blood is soon cleared, or nearly cleared of spirochaetes.
		If then a drop of liver juice be examined by the dark-field method, it will be found swarming with spirochaetes and with highly refractile granules.
	lymerick.ulmarweb.dk /1911-Balfour.htm (1048 words)

	Ehrlich Classics
		Ehrlich’s use of methylene blue, atoxyl and finally his magic bullet “Salvarsan” has initiated chemotherapy.
		Ever since Salvarsan’s introduction its chemical structure was not sure.
		Nothing is known about the mode of action of Salvarsan.
	www.ehrlich2004.org /htmldoc/WCDA_Symp_01_Arsenicals.htm (86 words)

	Syphilis: Chapter X
		This new salvarsan was produced in an effort to "avoid some of the disagreeable side actions of salvarsan."
		The salvarsan patents were held by the Germans.
		A condition of the kidneys called nephrosis is frequently the result of mercury and arsphenamine used in the treatment of so-called "syphilis." Degeneration of the epithelial tissues of the tubes of the kidneys occurs.
	www.soilandhealth.org /02/0201hyglibcat/020134syphilis/020134syphilis-ch10.htm (3560 words)

	Free Essays on Paul Ehrlich
		Syphilis is an infectious disease transmitted by sexual contact or kissing.
		In 1909, Ehrlich discovered salvarsan, a cure for syphilis.
		red and salvarsan marked the beginning of modern chemotherapy.
	www.123student.com /4730.htm (921 words)

	Observing Cells: Using Stains - Antibiotics in Action
		Another magic bullet Ehrlich developed was Salvarsan (1909) used to treat syphillis.
		Salvarsan was the commercial name of a compound with a very long name, dihydroxydiaminoaresenobenzenedihydrochloride!
		Salvarsan remained the drug of choice against syphilis until the advent of
	www.chemheritage.org /educationalservices/pharm/antibiot/activity/stain.htm (1303 words)

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