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Topic: Sam Loyd

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	Sam Loyd - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Samuel Loyd (January 31, 1841 - April 10, 1911) was an American puzzle author and recreational mathematician.
		Loyd popularized and is usually credited with the invention of the fifteen puzzle.
		Loyd bet a friend that he could not pick a piece that didn't give mate in the main line, and when it was published in 1861 it was with the stipulation that white mates with "the least likely piece or pawn".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sam_Loyd (317 words)

	Sam Loyd: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Sam Loyd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Samuel Loyd, (1841-1911) was an American puzzle author and recreational mathematician.
		Loyd claimed to have invented the famous fifteen puzzle.
		Loyd called the problem "Excelsior" after the poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
	www.encyclopedian.com /sa/Sam-Loyd.html (192 words)

	Sam Loyd by Bill Wall
		Sam Loyd liked to name his problems and called this one "Excelsior" (from one of Longfellow's poems) Loyd bet Julien a dinner that he could not pick a chessman which would not give mate in the main line.
		Sam Loyd has sometimes been given the credit for inventing the helpmate, but in fact, his contribution was for Black to have the first move.
		Loyd was wired the reports for free by Samuel Lipshutz, one of the participants in the London tournament.
	www.geocities.com /siliconvalley/lab/7378/loyd.htm (1607 words)

	Loyd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Sam's father had a good income from being an estate agent and the family were well off.
		Loyd's interests were by now rather diverse for as well as earning money as a plumbing contractor he had purchased a chain of music stores.
		Loyd's most famous puzzle was the 15 Puzzle which he produced in 1878.
	www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Loyd.html (1644 words)

	Sam Loyd Biography
		Sam Loyd has been dubbed America’s greatest puzzlist and an authentic American genius.
		Sam Loyd was born in Philadelphia on January 30, 1841.
		When Loyd was only 17, he invented his Trick Mules Puzzle which is deceptively difficult.
	www.knowl.demon.co.uk /page34.html (277 words)

	Loyd, Sam -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Loyd studied engineering and took a license as a steam and mechanical engineer, but he engaged in a variety of business enterprises until he was able to earn a living exclusively from his chess…
		Tremendously successful in making puzzles, the elder Loyd sold his weekly puzzle column to a national syndicate for years, and, in addition, created or adapted hundreds of mechanical puzzles fashioned of cardboard, wood, and metal that were also financially...
		Sam Rayburn was born on Jan. 6, 1882, in Roane County, Tenn. He was elected to the Texas house of representatives in 1907 and to the United States House of Representatives in 1912.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9049180 (696 words)

	Sam Loyd
		The ingenuity with which Loyd presented his puzzles is unparalleled and no-one doubts the value of his contribution to recreational mathematics.
		For example, one puzzle that is often credited to Sam Loyd is the cryptarithm or alphametic, where the digits in an arithmetic calculation have been replaced by letters, the aim being to recover the digits.
		Given the master self-promoter that Sam Loyd was, his absence from publicity is uncharacteristic, especially since the puzzle attracted world-wide interest.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /barry.r.clarke/zsamloyd.htm (735 words)

	Sam Loyd -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Samuel Loyd (January 31, 1841 - April 10, 1911) was an (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American (A toy that tests your ingenuity) puzzle author and (Click link for more info and facts about recreational mathematician) recreational mathematician.
		Loyd popularized and is usually credited with the invention of the (Click link for more info and facts about fifteen puzzle) fifteen puzzle.
		An enthusiast of (A Chinese puzzle consisting of a square divided into seven pieces that must be arranged to match particular designs) Tangram puzzles, Loyd published a book of seven hundred unique Tangram designs and a fanciful history of the origin of the Tangram.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sa/sam_loyd.htm (399 words)

	Sam Loyd's Geometric Puzzle
		The problem is of peculiar interest to those of a mathematical turn, in that it gives a positive and definite answer to a proposition which, according to usual methods, produces one of those ever-decreasing, but never-ending decimal fractions.
		I can't imagine that Sam Loyd was unaware of this route.
		Loyd was generously giving away the way in which he arrived at a particular triple 74, 116, 370.
	www.cut-the-knot.org /pythagoras/Loyds.shtml (949 words)

	snarkout: the puzzle palace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It was a puzzle, the "Fifteen Puzzle", the masterwork of the American puzzle king, Sam Loyd.
		Loyd's greatest popular success was not his greatest commercial success, however; competitors sprang up to issue the Fifteen Puzzle in dozens of variations.
		Nineteenth century law required a working model to be submitted to the patent office in order for a patent to be received; when Loyd had explained that the Fifteen Puzzle had been unsolveable, the patent office had decided that it wasn't a working model, and that was that.
	www.snarkout.org /archives/2004_04_04.php (841 words)

	Math Games: The Sam Loyd Cyclopedia of Puzzles
		Loyd is mentioned in the MacTutor History of Mathematics.
		Loyd claims should be taken with a grain of salt.
		Barry Clarke, "Sam Loyd and his Priority Claims," http://homepage.ntlworld.com/barry.r.clarke/zsamloyd.htm.
	www.maa.org /editorial/mathgames/mathgames_01_03_05.html (1053 words)

	[No title]
		Math puzzles in SAM LOYD'S CYCLOPEDIA OF 5000 PUZZLES TRICKS AND CONUNDRUMS WITH ANSWERS [Cyclopedia of Puzzles by Sam Loyd (New York: The Lamb Publishing Company) copyright 1914 by Sam Loyd] I have listed only puzzles of mathematical interest, omitting most of the word puzzles and all the riddles.
		I've also cross referenced items to Loyd's columns with Dudeney in Tit-Bits [e.g., "T30" is Tit-Bits puzzle 30], and to Dudeney's columns in The Weekly Dispatch [e.g., "P144"], and to Loyd's columns in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle [BDE].
		References to any Loyd publications outside Tit-Bits or the Brooklyn Daily Eagle should be cleared with Shortz before being published elsewhere, since I think he plans to compile a comprehensive index himself.) CP means Dudeney's Canterbury Puzzles; AM means Dudeney's Amusements in Mathematics.
	www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu /~knuth/loyd-cyc.txt (463 words)

	Sam Loyd page
		I was amused at the picture of the Uffington white horse on page 17 of Sam Loyd's book, reproduced on your Sam Loyd site.
		It is clear he never saw the horse, as it faces the other way and looks entirely different.
		A far better course is to prepend a paragraph or two explaining that that was then, this is now, and the material has merit--after all the "racism" is not the point of Sam Loyd's work.
	www.mathpuzzle.com /samloyd.htm (526 words)

	Sam Loyd's fifteen
		This puzzle was invented by Sam Loyd more than a hundred years ago.
		Please verify, on the basis of Wilson's theorem, that on the Moebius strip the puzzle is always solvable, whereas on the cylinder it is always solvable for a puzzle with an odd number of rows (and, hence, columns.)
		As Eric remarks, Sam Loyd himself used a single L spelling.
	www.cut-the-knot.org /pythagoras/fifteen.shtml (843 words)

	Puzzle King Sam Loyd's Chess Problems & Selected Mathematical Puzzles - USCF Sales
		Sam Loyd, the "Puzzle King", is an authentic American genius.
		Presented in this volume are Loyd's 710 chess problems, artful and cunning, along with 34 of his most popular prize-winning math puzzles.
		The variety of ideas, depth of conception and sheer beauty contained in Loyd's problems are food for the soul of every chess player.
	uscfsales.com /item.asp?PID=756 (278 words)

	Sam Lloyd - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sam Lloyd, actor, nephew of Christopher Lloyd and recurring guest character on several television shows including Scrubs and Desperate Housewives.
		Sam Loyd, American puzzle author and recreational mathematician.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sam_Lloyd (113 words)

	The chess games of Sam Loyd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Young Sam became deeply obsessed with chess and frequented a chess club where his interest in making puzzles started.
		His first problem was published by a New York paper when he was 14, and during the next five years his output of chess puzzles was so prolific that he was known throughout the chess world.
		When Loyd was only 17, he invented his ingeniously difficult "Trick Mules Puzzle," which was later sold to showman Phineas T. Barnum for $10,000.
	www.chessgames.com /perl/chessplayer?pid=31799 (1763 words)

	Sam Loyd - Wikipedia
		Samuel Loyd, (1841-1911) American puzzle author and recreational mathematician.
		Author of the 1914 book "Cyclopedia of Puzzles", published after his death.
		Sam Loyd claimed to have invented the famous "fifteen puzzle" where 15 of the 16 squares of a 4x4 frame are filled with numbered sliding pieces, leaving one space in which to slide on piece at a time.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sam_Loyd (138 words)

	EMPLOY THE DEAD!
		White, a friend of Loyd, writes that "while unquestionably by Loyd, [it] is a freak that he never acknowledged in his collections.
		It is not so simple to construct, as Loyd has done, a position in which this option is the shortest path to checkmate of your opponent.
		Loyd may not have been the first to compose such a task, since according to White there was an early fad for similar compositions (p.
	www.silcom.com /~barnowl/Sam_Loyd's_Dummy_Promotion.html (556 words)

	The history of the 15 puzzle
		It was not surprising that Sam drove the whole world crazy by his variation of the puzzle of 15.
		Ernö Rubik was in fact inspired by the slide puzzle when he designed his famous cube which can be seen as a 3 dimensional version of a slide puzzle.
		Since the famous Sam Loyd's slide puzzle thousands of different slide puzzles are made.
	bd.thrijswijk.nl /15puzzle/15puzzen.htm (691 words)

	Newsletter November 2003 - February 2004, Number 50 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Dubbed America's greatest puzzlist for almost half a century, Sam Loyd was America's undisputed puzzle king.
		Other famous Loyd puzzles include his Hoop-Snake Puzzle, the Get Off the Earth Puzzle, and perhaps his most famous mathematical puzzle, The 15-15 Puzzle in Puzzleland, which he is credited with inventing.
		The object was to move the blocks around, one at a time, and to return them to their starting positions, except with the 14 and 15 tiles switched.
	www.moah.org /news/2004_02/sam_loyd.html (346 words)

	[No title]
		The more than seven hundred chess problems Loyd composed and thirty-four of his logic/brain-teasers are given.
		The Loyd book is valuable in that it represents the only modern collection of this American's important work.
		This is too bad, since the book's basic value as a modern compilation of Loyd's work could have been tremendously enhanced by a brief chapter or two shedding some light on the great man's life.
	www.chesscafe.com /text/riceloyd.txt (786 words)

	SDWIN #48: Tangram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Sam Loyd's contribution to the Tangram phenomenon, which sprouted in Europe and America in the late 19th century, was more for profit, though.
		In it, Loyd convinced people that Tangrams were invented by the god Tan over 4000 years ago.
		Although most of the story was unsubstantiated, it did cover over 600 Tangram designs and made Loyd a wealthy man. Other stories which are a bit more flashy, depict the Tangram puzzle's migration to America and Europe by western sailors who stopped over in China during the early days of the opium trade.
	www.softdisk.com /sub/windows/issues/w048/sheldata/articles/prog02.htm (305 words)

	SAM Loyd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Un entusiasta de los rompecabezas de Tangram, Loyd publicó un libro de setecientos únicos diseños de Tangram y una historia imaginaria del origen del Tangram.
		Loyd apostó a amigo el suyo que él no podría escoger un pedazo que no dio a compañero en la línea principal, y con cuando fue publicado en 1861 estaba con la estipulación que los compañeros blancos "el menos pedazo probable o empeño".
		Loyd llamó el problema "virutas para rellenar" después del poema de Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/sa/SAM%20Loyd.htm (293 words)

	Search Results for puzzle*
		Sam Loyd started sending his puzzles to England in 1893 and a correspondence started between him and Dudeney.
		Loyd wrote about the puzzle in Sam Loyd's Cyclopaedia of 5000 Puzzles, Tricks and Conundrums which was published in 1914 after his death by his son (also called Sam Loyd):-.
		Around this time two professional inventors of mathematical puzzles, Sam Loyd and Henry Ernest Dudeney, were entertaining the world with a large number of mathematical games and recreations.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=puzzle*&CONTEXT=1 (3003 words)

	loyd math puzzle sam solution, math blaster, and loyd math puzzle sam solution resources
		Sam Loyd's 14-15 puzzle also involves an invariant quantity (and two orbits).
		Musings on why Sam Loyd in one of his puzzles did not apply Heron's formula, but used the Pythagorean theorem instead...
		Sam Loyd's original "14-15 puzzle" (notice that 14 and 15 have been switched) which once stirred a national craze.
	www.mathaccess.net /math/loyd-math-puzzle-sam-solution.html (562 words)

	Cut The Knot!
		This does not include the one which Sam Loyd was willing to pay money for, since it is a single transposition from the desired configuration.
		A mathematical explanation that the puzzle could not be solved (known to Loyd much earlier) surfaced in the early 1880's and the excitement petered out.
		However, for the general case, or even for the second puzzle distributed by Sam Loyd (the left upper corner blank with counters arranged in the natural order) a more general argument is needed.
	www.maa.org /editorial/knot/slider.html (2318 words)

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