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	Samanid. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Samanids were one of the first purely indigenous dynasties to rule in Persia following the Muslim Arab conquest.
		In 900, Ismail defeated the Saffarids in Khorasan, while his brother was the governor of Transoxiana; thus, Samanid rule was acclaimed over the combined regions.
		However, with the oncoming encroachment of Muslim Turks into the Abbasid Empire, the Samanids were effectively defeated; in 999, Bukhara fell under a combined force of Ghaznavids and Qarakhanids.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sa/Samanid.html (229 words)

	Samanid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Samanid mausoleum (between 892 and 943) in Bukhara, Uzbekistan (photo 2003).
		Samanids are considered the beginning of the Tajik nation.
		To further legitimate the dynasty, the Samanids claimed to be descendants of the Sassanid spahbod and once Emperor Bahram Chobin and thus descendants of the royal Mihran Clan, one of the ancient Seven Parthian clans who governed mainland Iran for centuries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Samanid (379 words)

	Nuh II of Samanid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Buyid invasion of the Samanid state was prevented only by the death of 'Adud al-Daula.
		The Karkhanids, who in addition to their seizures of Samanid territory had inherited several petty Turkish principalities that had been virtually independent from Bukhara, launched a full-scale invasion in the end of 991.
		Although peace had finally been established, the years of conflict preceding it had heavily hurt the Samanids; the Karkhanids had taken control of much of the northeast, while the Ghazvanids had entrenched themselves in Khurasan and the lands south of the Oxus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuh_II_of_Samanid (927 words)

	Samanid Renaissance & Establishment of Tajik Identity - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		Samanid rulers not only respected scholars and poets, but invited them to their court, held group discussions, and participated in the sessions as major contributors.
		Bukhara was, under the Samanid rule, the Focus of Splendour, the Shrine of Empire, the Meetingplace of the most unique intellects of the Age, the Horizon of the literary stars of the world, and the Fair of the greatest scholars of the Period.
		In fact, many of the Samanid physicians and researchers were descendants of those who had recognized the merit of Greek medicine, especially the necessity of maintaining a balance among the four elements--earth, air, water, and fire--and who had ascribed fundamental value to them as criteria for preservation of, and restoration to, health.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Geography/samanid.htm (11108 words)

	The Samanid Empire - All Empires
		Samanid loyalty towards the Abbsaid Sunni caliphs might be explained from the religious point of view as an understandable recognition because of their belonging to the same branch of Islam.
		Moreover the Samanids were far from feeling IThe Samanids had good relations with the Abbasid caliphs, and even they always formally sought the sanction of the caliphate to govern their territories.
		From the mid-10th century, Samanid power was gradually undermined, economically by the interruption of the northern trade and politically by a struggle with a confederation of disaffected nobles.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=samaniad_empire (2856 words)

	SamanidState
		A factor, which came to have importance in the political, social, cultural, and religious life of the Muslims during the Abbasid period, was the disintegration of the regions and the establishment of local dynasties in the western and eastern parts of the caliphate.
		The Samanids became more important in the time of the first real governor of this dynasty Ismaili Samani (892 —907), who was the victorious in the struggles with the Saffarids, and was recognised by the caliph as a legal ruler of Khurasan.
		In September 1999 by the order of Tajik government the 1100th anniversary of the Samanid state was celebrated, and the memorial centre to the Samanids with 50 meter monument of Ismail in central square of Dushanbe, the Ozodi (freedom) in front of the Parliament, was opened.
	members.tripod.com /~khorasan/Miscellaneous/SamanidState.html (2866 words)

	Science and Culture in the Samanid period - Bukhara History
		Bukhara of the Samanid period was rightly considered to be an "abode of glory, a meeting place for eminent people of the epoch".
		Under the Samanids, Bukhara appeared to be the center of religious sciences and a glorious pillar of Islam.
		The Samanid emirs esteemed religious authorities so highly that they were the only subjects granted the right not to kiss the ground in the face of a king.
	www.advantour.com /uzbekistan/bukhara/history/008.htm (753 words)

	Ghaznavid Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He and Abu al-Hasan Simjuri, as Samanid generals, competed with each other for the governorship of Khorasan and control of the Samanid empire by placing on the throne emirs they could dominate when Abdul Malik I of Samanid died in 961.
		The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the Oxus but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the Buwayhids, and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the rise of the Ghaznavids.
		Samanid weakness attracted into Transoxania the Qarluq Turks, who had recently converted to Islam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ghaznavids (915 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Samanids) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		By the late 10th century, the Samanids had largely lost the support of nobles and clergy and were totally dependent on their ghulam armies.
		The Samanids were the first Central Asian rulers to rely mainly on armies of slaves or ghulam (literally "boys") recruited from the steppe.
		The Samanids extracted silver from the mines of the Hindu Kush, until these were captured by the Karakhanids in circa 983.
	members.aol.com /mokosh/Samanids.html (386 words)

	Iranica.com - NASáR (I) B. AH®MAD (I) B. ESMAÚ¿IL
		Layt¯ in 287/900 and was held under a caliphal grant, hence subsequent Samanid efforts were now directed westwards, with the aims of securing Ray as the gateway to Jeba@l and of exerting overlordship in the Caspian provinces.
		Samanid coins re-appear from the Ray mint from 329/940-41 to Nasár's death two years later, although a new, more dangerous opponent of the Samanids was to emerge in northern Persia in the person of the Buyid Rokn-al-Dawla.
		Samanid successes in the Caspian lands against the Zaydi Imams and various of the Jilite and Deylamite condottieri mentioned above were only intermittent.
	www.iranica.com /articles/sup/Nasr_b_Ahmad.html (1586 words)

	History of Islam
		Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr II, accession of Nuh.
		Death of the Samanid ruler Abdul Malik, accession of Manauf.
		Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur, accession of Nuh II.
	www.muslimaccess.com /sunnah/historyofislam/centuries/century10.html (592 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Though not many of Samanid buildings survived but those that remained are testimonies to the originality and greatness of their architecture.
		The Mausoleum of Ismail Samanid still stands in Bukhara and is a good example of the architecture of their time.
		Nuh II the Samanid under continuing pressure of Turkish people and in the hope of retaining some control confirmed a former Turkish slave, Sabuktagin, and appointed his son Mahmoud as governor of southern part of Khorasan.
	members.tripod.com /~khorasan/TajikPersonalities/SamanidDynasty.htm (615 words)

	Samanid - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Samanids were the first native rulers of Iran and Central Asia after the Arabic conquest, and they are considered the beginning of the Tajik nation.
		To further legitimate the dynasty, the Samanids claimed to be descendants of the Sassanid emperor Bahram Chobin and thus descendants of the royal Mihran Clan (one of the Seven Parthian clans).
		Samanid, Samanid Amirs, See also, External links and History of Iran.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Samanid (312 words)

	Iransaga - Persian Art, The Samanids
		The Samanid rulers were great art patrons and they turned Bukhara and Samarkand in Transoxiana into famous cultural centres.
		On the other hand, Khorasan pottery of the Samanid period, known primarily from material excavated at Nishapur, did not eliminate the human form, and there are examples of human figures against backgrounds abounding in animals, flowers and inscriptions.
		It is inscribed to Abu Mansur Bukhtegin, a high official of the Samanid court who was put to death by Abd-al-Malik ibn-Nuh in 960.
	www.art-arena.com /samanid.htm (473 words)

	info: Samanid_dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		History of Iran: Ghaznavid Dynastyescended from a Sassanid general who established himself a ruler of Transoxania, the Samanid Dynasty in 960 CE found itself torn between two military families, one of which was headed by the Turkic...
		Samanid Mausoleum --- Tourist Gems of UzbekistanThe mausoleum was built as burial vault of the Samanid dynasty after the death of its founder, Ismail Samani, in 999.
		The capital of the Samanid dynasty in the 9thÂ—10th centuries, it later was...
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Samanid_dynasty.html (709 words)

	Mansur I of Samanid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Alptigin, the leader of the Samanid Turks and the governor of Khurasan, supported Abdul Malik's brother, while Fa'iq, who had known Mansur since his childhood, pressed for the latter's coronation.
		The Buyids would continue to move against the Samanid position; 'Adud al-Daula wrested Kirman from Samanid control, and effectively uprooted Abus, a son Vushmgir and the Samanid candidate to succeed him, from Tabaristan and Gurgan.
		In 969 the Saffarid Abu Ahmad Khalaf arrived at the Samanid court, requesting for assistance against his brother Tahir.
	www.1bx.com /en/Mansur_I_of_Samanid.htm (333 words)

	Harvard Asia Quarterly - The Politics of History in Tajikistan: Reinventing the Samanids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Samanid Empire was the last time that the bulk of Iranian lands became the domain of an Iranian ruler, in the traditions of the Achaemenids and the Sasanians.
		Ismail Samanid and his successors were still pictured as feudal overlords whose empire was constantly weakened by the conflict between the ruler and the ruled.
		Another new motif that contributes to the explanation of the ignominious end of the Samanids is that of the loss of traditional spiritual values, the diminished vigilance, the weakening of discipline, and the excessive luxury and outright debauchery which enabled barbarian Turks to defeat civilized Tajiks.
	www.asiaquarterly.com /content/view/92/5 (5665 words)

	Abdul Malik I of Samanid
		Nuh's death in 954 had potentially spelled disaster for the Samanid state, since the rebel Abu 'Ali Chaghani was in a good position to make good on his claims to Khurasan; he had the support of both the Buyids and the Caliph.
		Unfortunately the Samanid state became increasingly internally unstable during Abd al-Malik's reign.
		The governor of Khurasan, Bakr ibn Malik al-Farghani, was murdered by the amir's Turkish guard.
	www.cooldictionary.com /words/Abdul-Malik-I-of-Samanid.wikipedia (280 words)

	Architecture in the Samanid period - Bukhara History
		There also was a musalla (the place for holiday prayers) in the Registan square, but under the Samanids the urban population had grown, so that the old musalla could not cope with such numbers of people, so in 97 1 a new musalla was built at a half forasakh distance (3-4 km) from the citadel.
		The only monumental structure that survived from the Samanid epoch in Bukhara is the Samanid Mausoleum which is the oldest Muslim memorial structure in Central Asia and the oldest building made of fired bricks from basement to crest.
		Under the Samanids duties were raised in dirkhems and gitrifi.
	www.advantour.com /uzbekistan/bukhara/history/007.htm (626 words)

	Iranica.com - FAÚ÷EQ K¨AÚS®S®A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Khorasan 389/999), Turkish eunuch and slave commander of the Samanid army in Transoxania and Khorasan during the closing decades of that dynasty's power.
		Except that he was part of the Samanid amirs' slave guard nothing is known of Fa@÷eq's antecedents, but at the beginning of the reign of the minor Nu@há II b.
		In the last year of Samanid independence he espoused the cause of the transient amirs Mansáu@r II b.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v9f2/v9f227.html (295 words)

	The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire - Chapter 13
		Its walls were decorated with representations of the planets and twelve signs of the zodiac, identical to the Zurvanite motif found in the throne room of the Iranian Sasanid palace, Taqdis, centuries earlier.
		The Samanids were Sunni, but Nasr II was also sympathetic to the Shiite and Ismaili sects.
		The Samanids were even sympathetic to the much-persecuted Manichaeans, and many found refuge in Samarqand during their rule.
	www.berzinarchives.com /e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_13.html (2186 words)

	History of Iran: Samanid Dynasty
		The successors of Ismail could not continue his policy, and they left under the influence of their Turkish guard, who became dominant in the court (Alp-Takin and later established by him Ghaznavid dynasty), and alongside with the Qarakhanids ended the rule of the Samanids in 999 CE.
		For instance the time of Nasr ibn Ahmad (914 - 943 CE) is described by many authors as the golden age of the Samanid rule, because of flowering of literature and culture.
		The main role in this process was played by the Samanid vazirs, the primer ministers, who themselves were the scholars of their time.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/samanids/samanids.php (831 words)

	BBC News \| Analysis \| Tajiks row with Uzbeks over ancient empire
		The Samanid poets, Rudaki and Ferdowsi, are revered among Tajiks as the fathers of their modern language and many people trace their roots to Bukhara and Samarkand, from which they were severed in Soviet times when Moscow drew borders between the Central Asian peoples.
		They say that to commemorate Samanid civilisation would be acceptable, but to celebrate a state which encompassed the most famous cities in what's now Uzbekistan would tread on sensitive nerves.
		The Samanid debate has become the most public forum of a deep row between Tashkent and Dushanbe which has been simmering ever since the fall of the Soviet Union.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/analysis/21960.stm?CFID=1859575&CFTOKEN=35582097 (758 words)

	Samanid Renaissance and Establishment of Tajik Identity
		In order to keep the Central Asian Turks away from Baghdad, the caliphs trusted the rule of the eastern lands to Iranian governors, provided that the latter would pay an appropriate amount of tribute, would mention the name of the caliph in the khutba (Friday sermon), and would not mint new coins without caliphal approval.
		The burning of Persepolis by Alexander the Great and the burning of libraries by the Muslim Arabs in the wake of their conquest of Central Asia have intrigued scholars, making them wonder about the motives behind such destructive acts.
		For instance, the appointment of a Turkish slave general like Alptekin that changed the whole direction of Samanid government, to the most important province of the country, Khurasan, was made by the hajib.
	www.angelfire.com /rnb/bashiri/Samanid/Samanid.html (11109 words)

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