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Topic: Samaritan Hebrew language

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	JewishEncyclopedia.com - ALPHABET, THE HEBREW:
		The Aramaic language, which had then already spread over the whole of Asia Minor, though used by the side of the local dialects, was gradually accepted by the Jews, together with its script.
		In the Saracenic, or, as they were called, Sephardic (Spanish) lands the Hebrew Alphabet is distinguished for its roundness, for the small difference between the thickness of the horizontal and upright strokes as well as for the inclined position of the letters.
		For though it is true that within their own country the Jews, in exchanging their language for that of another nation, adopted also the alphabet of that nation, yet, throughout the Diaspora, the vernacular of the country, which was invariably adopted by the Jews, was written by them with Hebrew characters.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=1308&letter=A (7619 words)

	Hebrew language - Theo
		Hebrew was reborn as a spoken language during the late 19th and early 20th century as Modern Hebrew, replacing Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, and other languages of the Jewish diaspora as the spoken language of the majority of the Jewish people living in Israel.
		While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, it has been postulated that the classical Hebrew language was essentially identical to the language spoken by their neighbors, the Phoenicians and Canaanites.
		Hebrew is therefore not spoken by them nor is it understood much by the vast majority of Jews in many areas outside of Israel where there are large Jewish populations, especially in countries such as Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Russia, South Africa, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
	forumhost.us /theo/index.php?title=Hebrew_language (5430 words)

	Hebrew Language
		Hebrew is written from right to left, rather than left to right as in English, so Alef is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet and Tav is the last.
		The Early Hebrew alphabet, like the modern Hebrew variety, had 22 letters, with only consonants represented, and was written from right to left; but the early alphabet is more closely related in letter form to the Phoenician than to the modern Hebrew.
		The Hebrew languages refer to a variety of Canaanite languages and dialects historically spoken by various peoples in the region of Canaan whom Abrahamic religion believes to have been Hebrews who emigrated from the Chaldees.
	www.crystalinks.com /hebrew.html (900 words)

	A GRAMMAR OF THE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Amharic, and Coptic; to which, of course, the Greek and Latin may be added.
		The Samaritan is chiefly a compound of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac.
		This supposition, together with the fact that the independence of the Samaritans appears to have had no existence after the time of Alexander, would at least be presumptive evidence that it is coeval with the Targumin; because, generally speaking, works for national use not undertaken when a nation’s nationality is destroyed, or its independence lost.
	www.the-samaritans.com /html_articles/grammarof.html (1968 words)

	Samaritans
		Samaritans, from the ancient Hebrew word "guards", believe that the Mount Grizim is famous Moria and consider themselves heirs of the ancient Israel Kingdom.
		According to Tanach, modern Samaritans are descendants of pagan tribes from Mesopotamia, North Syria and Western Iraq, who were conquered by the Assyrian king and deported to the territory of the destroyed Israel Kingdom.
		Samaritans are concerned that probable Israel-Palestine agreement could split their little community and bring them back to the situation before the Six-day war in 1967 year.
	www.jewishmag.co.il /78mag/samaritans/samaritans.htm (1955 words)

	Semitic Languages (and the Phoenician language)
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these many Middle Easter countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
		Hebrew was originally written in the Canaanite-Phoenician alphabet, but in the 4th century BC the Jews adopted from Aramaic the square alphabet still in use.
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
	www.phoenicia.org /semlang.html (2844 words)

	Samaritan Hebrew language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Samaritan Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew as pronounced and written by the Samaritans.
		It is used in the reading tradition of the Samaritan Pentateuch.
		It is written in the Samaritan alphabet, a direct descendant of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet (itself a variation on the Phoenician alphabet), whereas all other varieties of Hebrew are written in the later Hebrew alphabet, a variation on the Aramaic alphabet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew_language (498 words)

	Yiddish language Summary
		While Hebrew always remained the official language of Jewish prayer, the Hasidim mixed considerable Yiddish into their Hebrew, and were also responsible for a significant secondary religious literature written in Yiddish.
		Between assimilation to German and the beginnings of the revival of Hebrew, Western Yiddish was largely squeezed out, surviving mainly as a language of "intimate family circles or of closely knit trade groups such as the cattle-dealers of the Eifel Mountains".
		Yiddish was then regarded as the language of "Jewish proletariat"; at the same time, Hebrew was considered a "bourgeois" language and its use was generally discouraged.
	www.bookrags.com /Yiddish_language (4979 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Hebrew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Until then the use of Hebrew had been restricted mainly to religious spheres, but it was expanded to non-religious areas such as secular literature, etc., laying the foundation for the functioning of Hebrew as a spoken language later.
		Yeivin, I. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
		Jerusalem: Department of the Hebrew Language, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
	www.jewish-languages.org /hebrew.html (1216 words)

	Language and Scripts
		Some languages are, or have historically been, written in more than one script.
		For less common languages it is often difficult to determine the precise list of characters used to write them.
		The "Notes" field lists some countries in which the language is used, especially for lesser-known languages, but is not intended to be exhaustive.
	www.unicode.org /onlinedat/languages-scripts.html (268 words)

	Hebrew language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Hebrew is a member of the Canaanite group of Semitic languages.
		It was the language of the early Jews, but from 586 BC it started to be replaced by Aramaic as the everyday language of the Jews.
		Academy of the Hebrew Language / האקדמיה ללשון העברית
	www.omniglot.com /writing/hebrew.htm (528 words)

	CNN.com - Amid conflict, Samaritans keep unique identity - Oct. 8, 2002
		Samaritans are descendants of the ancient Israelites who broke from Judaism some 2,200 years ago and were centered mainly in and around the region of Samaria -- now a part of the West Bank.
		The Samaritans are Israeli citizens and recognized as Jews according to the law of return.
		The Samaritans of Mount Gerizim are faced with the toughest challenges, says Daphna Tsimcchoni, a researcher at the Truman Institute for Peace at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/meast/10/08/samaritans (1180 words)

	A Brief History of the Hebrew Language
		At the end of the 6th century BC ketav Ivri was replaced by the Hebrew square script (ketav meruba).
		Biblical Hebrew – aka Classical Hebrew; by the time of Jesus, Aramaic was the common language, but Hebrew was used in synagogues and in Temple worship.
		Eliezar Ben Yehuda (1858-1922) led the rebirth of Hebrew as a spoken language.
	www.hebrew4christians.com /Grammar/Unit_One/History/history.html (1145 words)

	Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Samaritan Hebrew alphabet, as it is called by scholars, is a slight development of the paleoHebrew, the ancient Hebrew script.
		On the left side of the tablet there are Persian, Aramaic, Jewish Hebrew scripts alongside the Paleo-Hebrew and on the right side of the tablet is the pronunciation of the ancient Hebrew letters.
		There they learn the script and the reading of the ancient Samaritan Hebrew as well as their special dialect of the Aramaic taught by Samaritan teachers in order to maintain the tradition from generation to generation.
	www.mystae.com /reflections/messiah/scripts/alphabet.html (276 words)

	United Church News: July-August 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Samaritan elders lead Passover festivities on the West Bank's Mount Gerizim in early May. Closely related to the Jews, the 670 remaining Samaritans trace their lineage to ancient Israel.
		They write in ancient Hebrew script, the language of their Torah, and pray in the ancient Hebrew dialect spoken by Jews through the first millennium AD.
		Samaritan men are permitted to find a wife outside the group, but only on the condition the bride adhere strictly to the community's laws and traditions.
	www.ucc.org /ucnews/aug04/samaritan.htm (1225 words)

	Samaritan Origins by David Steinberg
		From that time until the present the Samaritans claim to have maintained an unbroken priestly succession and, though a minority within Israel, to be the True Israel untainted by the paganism and quasi-paganism later rife in the kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
		It is clear that the form of the Samaritan script cannot be explained as a significantly later or earlier departure from the mainstream Jewish Palaeo-Hebrew script.
		The text implies that the Samaritan temple was already quasi-pagan and that, unlike the Jews, the Samaritans did not resist the Hellenizing of their temple and the banning of Torah law.
	www.adath-shalom.ca /samaritan_origin.htm (5836 words)

	IBSS - Languages - Hebrew
		The basic Hebrew text is called the Masoretic Text (MT), which is named after a group of scribes in the ninth century that preserved the text and added vowels and punctuation marks.
		The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), is an important witness to the Hebrew text.
		It is preserved in ancient Hebrew called "paleo-Hebrew," whereas the MT is in Aramaic block script.
	www.bibleandscience.com /languages/hebrew.htm (675 words)

	Hebrew
		Early Hebrew was the alphabet used by the Jewish nation in the period before the Babylonian Exile up to the 6th century before Yeshua.
		The Torah which is written in Biblical or Classical Hebrew refers to the language of the Hebrews as the language of Canaan or Judah.
		Biblical or Classical Hebrew, which was a spoken language in Palestine until the third century before Yeshua, was a basic language with a limited vocabulary and its verbs had only two tenses.
	www.torahbytes.org /sechel/hebrew.htm (435 words)

	An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax (Waltke/O'Connor)
		Reference grammars are available; every advanced student of the Hebrew text needs to have at hand the grammar of Gesenius, Kautzsch, and Cowley to check a variety of details in an ample and well-informed framework.
		The distortions of using the Hebrew language as the key to an alien mindset are not part of our program; current scholarship has outgrown such views.
		In general, Hebrew is given in characters in the text and in transliteration in the notes, but some variation is to be found in both directions.
	www.logos.com /products/details/1962 (2998 words)

	The Samaritan Pentateuch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is because the Hebrew Scriptures were codified by the Jewish community (the Masoretes) and declared fixed and correct, and since then have been preserved with painstaking care and nitpicking detail by each successive generation of scribes.
		Samaritan Hebrew grammar is not quite the same as Masoretic Hebrew grammar, and their pronunciation and vocalization are totally different (though that's probably best saved for another article).
		The Samaritan version is often grammatically neater (and stylistically somewhat later in the development of the language) than the Masoretic version.
	web.meson.org /religion/torahcompare.php (1938 words)

	The Samaritans' Own Contribution ....
		In these talks, the Samaritans described the components of their tradition, thus helping those who asked questions and those who read the various publications, to a better understanding of the traditions and social life of the Samaritan community.
		Samaritan oral tradition provided by these persons was of great assistance to researchers in the areas of language, literature and music, enabling them to learn directly about the authentic tradition in each of these fields.
		The creative efforts of the Samaritans, as expressed in terms of the seven variables mentioned above, are a constant source from which researchers can set out to study the most extensive realms of Samaritan life.
	members.tripod.com /~osher_2/text1.html (1657 words)

	Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode
		It seems that a particular set of conventions is used for general publications in Hebrew, especially in Israel, but various other conventions, in which more fine distinctions are made, are used mainly for quality editions of biblical and other religious texts.
		The result is the current Hebrew Bible text, consisting of consonants as base characters, and vowels and accents as combining marks (and a few as base characters e.g.
		The main consequence of this is that two different accents (cantillation marks) are attached to many of the words in these passages, and as the accent is generally positioned above or below the stressed syllable in the word, in most cases the two different accents are combined with the same base character.
	www.qaya.org /academic/hebrew/Issues-Hebrew-Unicode.html (4372 words)

	Jewish, Jewish, Everywhere, & not a drop to drink
		But Hebrew is not purely the realm of Judaism; it is also the realm of Samaritans, Christians and Abrahamic religion as a whole, and also secular Canaanite languages studies.
		It is a fact that Hebrew is the language of the Hebrew BIBLE and the Hebrew Bible was written in one Hebrew language (except for the brief sections in Aramaic which is also the language of the Zohar and Talmud).
		The Samaritans still cherish their language a great a deal, and refer to their patriarchs as Aphrime and Manatch, and that live tradition is worth mention among the distinctive Jewish, Christian and Islamic names and traditions in each theology article.
	simshalom.blogspot.com /2004_09_01_simshalom_archive.html (10496 words)

	Hebrew Studies Bookstore - Biblical Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		As the Hebrews view of the world was very different from our modern perspective, these books will provide details into how the Hebrews thought and perceived the world around them as well as their view of God and other subjects of the Bible.
		There are many different Hebrew texts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, Masoretic text and Samaritan text as well as ancient translations such as the Greek Septuagint, Aramaic Targum and Latin Vulgate.
		Hebrew poetry is very different from our own and a good understanding of it can reveal Biblical passages and proper interpretation.
	www.ancient-hebrew.org /hebrewstudies/canada/biblical.html (594 words)

	The Israelite Samaritans
		The reaction of the audience in the worlds' festivals to the Samaritan songs is a combination of excitement and tears.
		Recently the Samaritan Ensemble represented Israel in the 5th world symposium of Choral Music in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, July 1999.
		The Menorah, one of the main utensils of the tabernacle, is the national symbol of the Samaritan Israelites.
	www.mystae.com /reflections/messiah/samaritans.html (244 words)

	Greek, Hebrew & Samaritan Fonts for Masonic Scholars
		The Samaritan alphabet was derived from the Old Hebrew alphabet by the Samaritans, a tribe originally from Mesopotamia who moved to Palestine at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC and adopted the Jewish religion and culture.
		This alphabet is still used by a few Samaritans in the city of Nablus.
		One of the alterations which Albert Pike made in his revised edition of the rituals of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite is that he changed most of the Hebrew script from the standard "square" form to the older Samaritan lettering.
	www.phoenixmasonry.org /greek_hebrew_samaritan_fonts.htm (366 words)

	Welcome to Linguist's Software
		The Hebrew Scriptures in Unicode for Windows and Macintosh are now available in twelve arrangements (up from seven a few months ago).
		Included in LaserPaleo-Hebrew are fonts representing the character shapes of the inscriptions found in level VI of the Arad excavations, the Gezer inscription, the Samaritan inscriptions, the Zakkur inscriptions, and the inscription in the Siloam tunnel.
		We have just released the Hebrew Scriptures in Unicode transliterated (SBL-style), and both the Greek Old Testament and the Greek New Testament in Unicode, both transliterated according to the SBL-convention.
	www.linguistsoftware.com (3340 words)

	THE SAMARITANS SCRIPT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Samaritan script is the original ancient script of the Hebrews, unlike the modern Hebrew script of today that originated from Babylon.
		The two tablets of testimony were written in the correct and original Hebrew language, and containing all the Decalogue, against whomever may transgress them or change them or garble them.
		They were called so also, probably, because the children of Israel testified unto themselves to accept them and to act in accordance with all of what God spoke in Mount Sinai in their hearing and presence.
	www.the-samaritans.com /script.htm (646 words)

	Area of Study: Hebrew Language and Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		About five million live in Israel, where Hebrew is one of three official languages, along with English and Arabic.
		Scholars wonder whether it might be the original language mentioned in the Bible, used by God to speak the universe into existence, to speak with Adam, and used by Adam to speak with his family and the animals.
		On this basis, the scholars speculate that the one language that is supposed to have preceded the divine scrambling may have been Hebrew.
	www.iseek.org /sv/22030.jsp?id=310613 (453 words)

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