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Topic: Sami history

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	Sami history.
		The settlers moved into the areas "unused" by the Sami's, farming and cattleranches was a source of livelihood which contrasted strongly with the traditional Sami lifestyle.
		The economic foundation of the Sami hunting culture was destroyed and starvation becomes widespread among the Sami's.
		Some Sami's in the forestarea founded homesteads on their own land, but until the 1970's there was a law stating that a Sami wasn't allowed to build a house larger than a rather modest size.
	boreale.konto.itv.se /history.htm (2105 words)

	Sami history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The genetic lineage of the Sami is unique, and may reflect an early history of geographic isolation, genetic drift, and genetic bottle-necking.
		All claim the right to tax the Sami people, and Finnish-speaking tax collectors from the northern coast of the Gulf of Bothnia reach the northern coasts, their Russian colleagues collect taxes as far west as the Harstad area of Norway and the Norwegian tax collectors collect riches from the inland of the Kola peninsula.
		However, the Sami areas are being increasingly exploited by the new mines in Kiruna and Gällivarre, and the construction of the Luleå-Narvik railway.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sami_history (2406 words)

	Sami people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Traditionally, the Sami had a variety of livelihoods; fishing on the coast and in the inland, trapping animals for fur, sheep herding, etc. The best known livelihood is reindeer herding, but only a small percentage of the Sami have been mainly reindeer herders over the last centuries.
		Sami were still free to cross the border between Sweden and Norway according to inherited rights laid down in the Lapp Codicil of 1751 until 1940, when the border was closed due to Germany's occupation of Norway.
		Sami language is studied in several universities in all countries, most notably the University of Tromsø, which considers Sami a mother tongue, not a foreign language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sami_people (2683 words)

	The Sami in Finland — Virtual Finland
		The history of the Sami in Finland and the other Nordic Countries has usually been presented in a way that does not conform with the past of the people; emphasis has been put on the status of the main population and, consequently, the place of the Sami has been undervalued.
		The Sami practised Fishing, hunting and small-scale reindeer herding in an area reaching from Lake Ladoga to the Arctic Ocean and from the White Sea to the Köli Ridge.
		Sami culture is based on the divers and sustainable use of their territory in order fulfill the basic needs of the people.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/saameng.html (3093 words)

	The Sami - Official Travel Guide to Norway - visitnorway.com
		For a long time the Sami were an oppressed people and their culture was in danger of dying out.
		She is a proud symbol of Sami culture in urbane, modern Norway.
		Sami people live nowadays in an area which spreads from Jämtlands Län in Sweden through northern Norway and Finland to the Kola Peninsula in Russia.
	www.visitnorway.com /MWTemplates/QWFeature.aspx?id=175768 (223 words)

	Pursuing Sami Genealogy
		In comparison, the Sami seemed to have suffered little from this epidemic due to their isolation from the main European trade connections, which were the main transportation routes of the plague.
		The Sami herded reindeer and fished for their own food, the Norwegians farmed and fished for cash as they were connected to a greater European economy and were recorded as such.
		Many of the Sami who immigrated to North America during the turn of the century hid their heritage in order to blend within the local Scandinavian community as Sami were often considered a lower social class during this period.
	lavvu.com /geno/SamiArtical.html (1766 words)

	Sami history.
		The settlers moved into the areas "unused" by the Sami's, farming and cattleranches was a source of livelihood which contrasted strongly with the traditional Sami lifestyle.
		The economic foundation of the Sami hunting culture was destroyed and starvation becomes widespread among the Sami's.
		Some Sami's in the forestarea founded homesteads on their own land, but until the 1970's there was a law stating that a Sami wasn't allowed to build a house larger than a rather modest size.
	www.itv.se /boreale/history.htm (2105 words)

	Wikinfo \| Sami history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The culture of the fenni is a tribe described by the Roman historian Tacitus, dwelting in the wilds and together with the animal enemies in a povertry, where children grew up without shelter over their heads, but all of them being positive.
		Guido, a 7th century geographer from Ravenna, divides the latter group into Rerefinni and Scritifinni, where the former probably ought to mean their decoyed reindeers and the latter a hunting exclusive group wearing snow-shoes (called Schrit.) In general, groups of peoples, especially in Scandinavia, seems to have been termed after their way of living.
		The terms have earlier in history not been associated with Sami, due to the unwillingness to be associated with this culture.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Sami_history (886 words)

	The Ultimate Sami people Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		The Sami people (there are other names and spellings including Sámi, Saami and Lapp) are an indigenous people of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and Russia, covering a total area in the Nordic countries corresponding to the size of Sweden.
		Sami religion shared many common elements to the Norse mythology and the latter's spiritual parts are often considered to be derived from an aboriginal life style.
		The Sami language is part of the Finno-Ugric family, related to Finnish and Hungarian but not to Norwegian and kin, however due to prolonged contact with the Scandinavians, there is a large number of Germanic words in Sami.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Sami_people (1178 words)

	ipedia.com: Sami history Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many Sami families were forced to leave their old way of life, accept the authority of a new government and adopt the Lutheran religion.
		Since their dialects or languages differ so greatly according to latitude, the Samis might well be considered as consisting of many ethnic groups rather than as one homogeneous group, like Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Icelanders, etc. Of the original nine Sami groups, only seven remain.
		The literature from 19th century described the pre-historic Sami culture as "wild" and "primitive." It was also deduced (from the Danish Chronicle Saxo?) that the Sami had immigrate recently, in the medieval period.
	www.ipedia.com /sami_history.html (1012 words)

	Wikinfo \| Sami (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Sami are one of the largest groups of indigenous peoples in Europe.
		Sami inhabitants have in Sweden, Norway and Finland (but not Russia) a voting length in their special designed authority, the Sami Parliament (SP).
		The Sami language is part of the Finno-Ugric family, related to Finnish but not to Norwegian and kin, however due to prolonged contact with the Scandinavians, there is a large number of Germanic words in Sami.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Sami (578 words)

	Nunatsiaq News
		Of the estimated 20,000 Sami in Sweden today, about 2,500 are full-time herders, travelling with their reindeer from mountain valleys in the winter to the higher alpine meadows in summer.
		Sami also have a unique (and very ancient) language, but like Inuktitut today, it has very distinctive regional dialects.
		Their current insistence on the use of their own name (Sami) is just one example of their efforts to reassert their identity in recent times.
	www.nunatsiaq.com /archives/nunavut980531/nvt80515_04.html (648 words)

	Fuvahmulah.NET - Homepage of Fuvahmulah, Maldives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Sami Collections - A Sami museum in Norway with a cultural history department, a art collection and an open air museum.
		The Sami Siida of North America - Network of regional communities and individuals who share the heritage of the Sami culture of Northern Scandinavia, Finland and the Kola Peninsula.
		Somby, Ande - Cyberilbmi - A joik performer of the Sami or Laplander people, Somby also is a designer and photographer, and he is associate professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Tromsø.
	themaldives.net /fuvahmulah/web/odp/scat.asp?ID=Society/Ethnicity/Sami (594 words)

	SAMI HISTORY - SAMI KEFALONIA GREECE
		The antagonism that existed between these city states is evidenced by the existence of mighty Hellenistic Period acropoles such as the double-hilled Acropolis of Sam (the Hellenistic Period is dated between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C.).
		Sami was the only city state that resisted with determination.
		Sami finally surrendered in January 188 B.C. - following the arrival of siege artilery from Amvrakia- suffering extensive plundering.
	www.travel-to-kefalonia.com /page.php?page_id=33 (272 words)

	The Saami (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The land of the Sami is called Sápmi and are divided between four countries, Norway, Finland, Russia and Sweden.
		In Sweden reindeer herding is a Sami right, and according to the reindder herding legislation it is only the sami who have the right to carry on reindeer herding.
		The forest Sami villages carry on reindeer herding in the forest area all year around, while the mountain Sami villigaes migrate with the herds from winter grazing areas in the interior on both sides of the Swedish - Norwegian border.
	dragonfire.freeservers.com /page51.htm (811 words)

	Common Objectives and Joint Measures of the Sami Parliaments
		The Sami Parliaments of Finland, Norway and Sweden are prepared to take on the inherent responsibilities by presenting own initiatives to the UN system, the nation states, and in the collaboration with other indigenous peoples.
		In spite of the fact that the Sami Parliaments of these countries are the most democratic indigenous organs in the world today, many countries have come much further in terms of giving indigenous peoples the responsibility for controlling their own development and the means to do so.
		The Sami parliamentary co-operation shall be strengthened politically and economically to safeguard its role as the supreme common body of the Sami.
	www.suri.ee /uc/4/samiobj.html (2080 words)

	The Sami Hungerstrike in Oslo in 1979 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Oslo seven young Samis declared that they started a hungerstrike, since the Norwegian government and the Norwegian Parliament had stated that they were willing to use force in order to make the Alta dam.
		It made a report, which resulted that the Norwegian constitution got a Sami article where the Sami culture and soceity is formally recognised.
		The Sami Parliament was established, and the elections took place for the first time in 1989.
	www.jus.uit.no /ansatte/somby/hunger.html (255 words)

	Sámidutkan - Saamentutkimus - Sámi Studies
		The studying material of this subject is based on multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary perspective, by means of archaeology, linguistics, cultural study and population genetics.
		On the basis of the knowledge of history students get engaged in the problematics of indigenous peoples, and their social and international organizing as well as in other minority and human right issues.
		Members of the multidisciplinary editorial board are Christian Carpelan (archaeology and history), Ulla-Maija Kulonen (Finno-Ugrian language studies), Risto Pulkkinen (religion), Jelena Sergejeva (mythology and ethnology) and Irja Seurujärvi-Kari.
	www.helsinki.fi /hum/sugl/saami.html (981 words)

	The Sami and World War II
		The Sami that fought in the war were excellent skiers and navigators because this knowledge and skill have been a part of the Sami way of life for thousands of years.
		Many of the Sami that the Germans forced to act as their guides had originally been employed by the Norwegian government as part of the ski cavalry (http://hem.fyristorg.com/robertm/norge /norway_reference.htm).
		So, not only did the Sami lose their homes but also their way of living and making a living and of keeping their families fed. The last of the German troops went from Norway on April 23, 1945 and the “Lappland War” was declared at an end few days later on April 25th, 1945.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/sami/dieda/hist/wwii.htm (4371 words)

	sametinget - The Sami National Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Sami conference in Helsinki in 1992 it was decided that the Sami national day should be celebrated on February 6
		The Sami national day is common for all Sami, irrespective of where they live, whether in Sweden, Norway, Finland or Russia.
		It was the first time in Sami history that North- and South Sami from Norway and Sweden came together to a meeting to discuss and shed light on common problems.
	www.sametinget.se /sametinget/view.cfm?oid=1432 (321 words)

	CNN.com - A warm weekend in the frigid Arctic - Jan. 20, 2004
		When Samis, the reindeer-herding indigenous people once known as Lapps, converge on Jokkmokk for the annual winter market, the gray skies and white snow seem to recede, becoming just a background for the finery -- sapphire coats stitched with yellow and orange, caps topped with shimmering crimson plumes.
		Samis have been coming to this town of 3,000, perched just above the Arctic Circle, for a market in the first week of February since the early 1600s.
		Sami craftwork is marked by its understated elegance -- intricately carved objects of antler and wood, knives so well-balanced that the hand seems to draw strength from them.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/01/20/sweden.market.ap/index.html (1054 words)

	Sami Culture Library - Sami People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Presenting general overviews and in some cases detailed information on many facets of Sami culture, these sites are a good introduction to the Sami people.
		Sami Rock Engravings from the Mountains in Laponia, Northern Sweden
		In this jubilee exhibition of the Sami Duodji, which is a handicraft Society of 300 members, there will be, for instance, handicrafts from private collections of the members.
	home.earthlink.net /~arran4/siida/sami-people.htm (469 words)

	S A M I T O U R
		The Sami flag was officially recognized by the thirteenth Sami Conference in Åre, Sweden, in 1986.
		This symbol goes back to old Sami legends, in which the Sami are presented as the sons and daughters of the sun.
		The Nordic Sami Institute is a Sami research institution whose aims are to strengthen and develop the Sami language, culture and society.
	www.samitour.no /english/3-attraksjoner.html (1934 words)

	Library of Economics and Liberty: About the Columnists, Biographies
		He is a specialist in European economic history, and has written numerous papers on French and British history including "The Myth of Free-Trade Britain and Fortress France" in the Journal of Economic History, 1991 and "Tax Britannica: Nineteenth Century Tariffs and British National Income" with Sami Dakhlia, forthcoming in Public Choice.
		Sandra Peart is professor of economics at Baldwin-Wallace College and Director of the Summer Institute for the Preservation of the History of Economics at George Mason University.
		She serves on the Executive Committee of the History of Economics Society, and is working with David Levy on visual representations of human heterogeneity.
	www.econlib.org /library/Columns/columnbios.html (1997 words)

	www.eng.samer.se - Home
		[History] When the dissolution of the union was completed, the Sami living in these two countries were faced with major problems.
		In northernmost Sweden, the Sami had moved with their reindeer herds to the Norwegian coast and islands every spring for many years.
		[History] If you think paying tax to one country is difficult, imagine what it must have been like paying tax to several countries at the same time.
	www.eng.samer.se (268 words)

	The competencesenter for sami language, history and cultur
		Aja Samisk Senter is located to an idyllic area along the riverside in Manndalen, in the nural district of Kåfjord.
		Aja Samisk Senter was buildt in 1980, extended in 1994, when the senter for sami language and tale culture was established.
		The main aims is to develop sami culture, language, the way of living in coastel fjords especially, but also sami conditions in generell in Sapmi (The northern area of Norway, Sweden, Finnland and Russia).
	www.ajasamisksenter.no /index.php?id=77165 (132 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Sami history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Sami peoples have inhabited the northern regions of Scandinavia for a long time in coexistance with other peoples.
		The now extinct Kemi Sami group, presumably assimilated into the Swedish population, is typically described as the most hellish (meaning “the most heathen”;) in old court records.
		The genetic lineage of the Sami is very unique, and may reflect an early history of geographic isolation, genetic drift, and genetic bottle-necking.
	random.dragonslife.org /sami-history/5445 (1140 words)

	Sámi Culture in the Nordic Countries – Administration, Support, Evaluation
		The book is put together from old photographs and newly written poetry that tie together past and present, documentation and fiction in a form untried and creative and with a content that unites picture, word and music.
		The history of the Sámi press is actually rather long, but all the same a history of scanty resources.
		Here lies perhaps one of the largest pitfalls in the cultural activity of small peoples – the internal criticism is non existent, and to the degree that anyone tries critical activity, it is not accepted with gratitude, rather with a disproving and depreciative posture that doesn't at all encourage the critic to continue his efforts.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/sami/dieda/hist/nordic.htm (16159 words)

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