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Topic: Sample return mission

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	Outreach Essay - Sample Return Missions
		Of the NASA missions planned for the next twenty years, the Sample Return Mission of 2013 is by far the most daring.
		The sealing of the samples must be sufficient to prevent even air particles in the earth's atmosphere from penetrating the seal.
		The return of a sample would expand the possibility of mining Mars for mineral resources that are not abundant on Earth but could be useful to industry in the future.
	cti.itc.virginia.edu /~meg3c/200R/Projects/fall_2002/nasa/essay-8.html (445 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Assessment of Mars Science and Mission Priorities (2003)
		The other perspective is that a state of diminishing returns has been reached (after the missions through 2005) in acquiring data to identify promising sites; enough is known now to select fruitful sites, and the best strategy is to move to sample return as quickly as possible to guide future Mars exploration.
		Sample return should be deferred, therefore, until everything has been done that can be done with remote sensing and through numerous in situ measurements of key indicators such as reduced carbon, to ensure that the samples with the most compelling potential to answer the question, Did life ever arise on Mars?, are obtained.
		The committee argues (see Chapter 11) that, with or without additional remote-sensing studies, there is no danger that the surface samples returned by the first mission will be identical to SNC meteorites, or that they will be uninteresting, whether or not they contain evidence bearing directly on the question of martian life.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309089174/html/99.html (999 words)

	MarsNews.com :: Mars Sample Return (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In fact, during the late nineties, plans called for the first elements of a sample return mission to be launched in 2003, for a return of samples by 2008.
		Samples taken directly from Mars could definitively prove that water was (or is) present on the surface, and perhaps even that Life on Mars existed (or exists presently.)
		One issue that is frequently raised by opponents of Mars Sample Return is the possibility that organisms or other organic materials from Mars could contaminate the Earth and cause problems for life here.
	www.marsnews.com /missions/sample_return (411 words)

	Clark to head asteroid mission research team
		The mission is scheduled to be launched from a Japanese M5 rocket in Kagoshima, Japan, in January 2002.
		The target for the space mission is the asteroid 4660 Nereus, with the asteroid 1989 ML as a backup.
		The asteroid mission will test a number of new technologies, including solar electric propulsion, autonomous landing and sampling and the hyperbolic re-entry of the sample return capsule to Earth.
	www.news.cornell.edu /Chronicle/99/7.8.99/Clark.html (643 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The mission¹s primary purpose is to return soil samples that will disclose a detailed description of the chemical and physical characteristics of the planet¹s surface and atmosphere.
		Sample Acquisition Requirements 3.2 Concept Descriptions Near the beginning of the project there was a period of time that was devoted exclusively to the generation of new concepts for a sand sample acquisition device.
		Once the clam shells have closed on a sample, the DC motor is turned on in the reverse direction to lift the sample toward the body to provide adequate ground clearance for the traversal back to lander.
	www-robotics.usc.edu /~behar/mas.doc (7861 words)

	Mars Exploration: Missions
		NASA remains committed to creating additional "Scout" missions, such as the Phoenix lander, which would be selected from proposals submitted by members of the science community.
		One proposal is for a Mars Sample Return mission that would use robotic systems and a Mars ascent rocket to collect and send samples of martian rocks, soils, and atmosphere to Earth for detailed chemical and physical analysis.
		It would be the first mission since Viking in the 1970s to look specifically for evidence of past or present life.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/future/futureMissions.html (503 words)

	Private Lunar Sample Return Mission Proposed
		ASR says it expects to launch its lunar sample return mission, the Lunar Retriever, by September 2000, the 30th anniversary of Luna 16, the first robotic sample mission to soft land on the moon.
		In 1993, a sample of lunar material said to be from the Apollo 14 mission was sold publicly despite a federal policy prohibiting private ownership of material collected during the U.S. manned lunar landings.
		This sample, alleged to be lunar dust collected off Dave Scott's lunar EVA suit, sold for $42,500 based on the speculation that it was lunar in origin-scientific authentication was never performed.
	www.terradaily.com /news/luna-return98a.html (1128 words)

	SPACE.com -- How Genesis Crash Impacts Mars Sample Return
		While the high-speed impact of the return canister was not planned, the capsule’s design did permit the survival of some samples.
		The return sample canister was banged up and severely damaged by the high-speed impact, leaving scientists to pluck through trashed and twisted hardware in the hopes of salvaging science data.
		DiGregorio is also director for the International Committee Against Mars Sample Return (ICAMSR), an activist group established to increase public awareness regarding Mars-to-Earth transit of samples, along with any possible negative consequences that could occur due to an MSR canister either becoming opened unintentionally on impact, or lost during entry into the Earth’s atmosphere.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/mars_genesis_040916.html (1630 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		The Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission is a cooperative endeavor between NASA and the French National Space Agency (CNES) which will utilize many flight elements, including four launch vehicles, two Martian landers, two Martian surface rovers, an orbiter, two orbiting sample (OS) canisters, and two Earth Entry Vehicles (EEVs).
		A few other trade studies of extreme importance that arose in the design of the MSR mission involved the staging of the Mars Ascent Vehicle, the staging of the Orbiter, and the landing of the Earth Entry Vehicles.
		The CNES provided Orbiter for the 2005 Mars Sample Return mission is allotted a 2700 kg launch mass, which must include the Orbiting Sample Capture and Return (OSCAR) system, as well as the four Netlanders.
	ccar.colorado.edu /asen5050/projects/projects_2002/adams (5825 words)

	Mars Program Gears Up For Sample Return Mission
		This spring, McCleese led a NASA team studying the feasibility of returning scientifically significant samples from Mars as early as the 2005 mission, within the budget that's already been allocated by Congress for the Mars Surveyor program.
		McCleese's team reported to the agency that a sample return mission launched in 2005 could be accomplished within Mars Surveyor's present budget of approximately $ 100 million per year plus launch costs.
		The "accelerated" option proposes a 2003 launch, with a sample return by 2006, while the "aggressive" option would launch a Mars surface "field geologist" rover to Mars in 2001 as well as return a sample by 2006.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /snc/nasa3.html (1227 words)

	NASA: COMET SAMPLE RETURN MISSION PICKED AS NEXT DISCOVERY FLIGHT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Stardust was one of three Discovery mission proposals selected for further study as part of a February 1995 announcement by NASA that a Moon-orbiting mission called Lunar Prospector had been selected as the third Discovery flight.
		The Stardust mission team is led by Principal Investigator Dr. Donald Brownlee of the University of Washington in Seattle, with Lockheed-Martin Astronautics, Denver, as the contractor building the spacecraft.
		Stardust was selected over a proposed mission to study the circulation of the atmosphere of Venus, known as the Venus Multiprobe, and a proposed mission to collect samples of particle matter from the Sun, called Suess-Urey.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_pasa/is_/ai_851974551 (765 words)

	The Life on Mars Dilema and the Sample Return Mission
		A major objective of the Mars Sample Return Mission should be the resolution of the life problem.
		The sample size required for all phases of this study would be aliquots of one cc for a total not exceeding 100 cc.
		In addition to testing surface samples, as was the case with Viking, attempts should be made to obtain deep-hole samples from environments possibly similar to those unexpectedly found to support life in the Antarctic.
	mars.spherix.com /spie2/96scan.htm (902 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many sample collection devices have been proposed and have even flown on missions (Sears and Clark, 2000), these considerations might suggest that touch-and-go collectors should be carried on the first asteroid sample return missions.
		The science driving the Hera mission was summarized by one of the community panels of the NRC Decadal Survey (Sears et al., 2001a; 2002a) and most of their arguments were adopted by the Primitive Bodies Panel in their contribution to the final report (Space Studies Board, 2002).
		Regolith samples of the moon were remarkably successful in identifying the major global rock types and the global geology because the components could be geochemically and petrologically identified.
	www.uark.edu /misc/hera/WSC-collector.html (3340 words)

	SpaceViews Breaking News: Future Missions to Mars
		They include Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter, a follow-up mission to Mars Global Surveyor; Mars Surveyor '98 Lander; which is planned to be the first spacecraft to land on Mars's polar caps; and Planet B, the first Japanese mission to Mars.
		Future American missions are planned for the launch opportunities in 2001, 2003, and 2005, cumulating in 2005 with the launch of a sample return mission.
		NASA Administrator Goldin acknowledged that the sample return mission may be moved up if there is a scientific justification for it.
	www.seds.org /spaceviews/hotnews/missions960808.html (603 words)

	MarsNews.com - Mars Sample Return
		The mission, which could launch in 2009 if approved by the European Space Agency (ESA), is designed to cost well under the $1 billion that NASA had allotted for a similar mission that presently is on indefinite hold.
		NASA’s plans to return samples of soil and rock from Mars could cost at least $1.5 billion and dominate the agency’s agenda for the Red Planet for nearly a decade, virtually precluding all other martian exploratory missions during that time, a top Mars scientist said.
		When the Mars Sample Return mission faces the chore of collecting rock cores to bring back to Earth, sometime during 2004, the whole mission will be standing on the head of a pin, Stephen Gorevan likes to say.
	www.marsnews.com /missions/sampret (4216 words)

	Robot Explorers 2 \| Romance to Reality - Moon and Mars Mission Plans \| David S. F. Portree \| Faculty \| Mars Institute - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At the end of the MSR mission, the EAC arrives near Earth inside a drum-shaped, 3.15-meter-long, one-meter-wide ERV with two solar panel "wings." The EAC separates and skims through Earth's upper atmosphere at a height of about 70 kilometers to slow down.
		Each time it returns to the lander, the rover uses its robot arm to place individual filled sample vials inside the SCA in the MRV.
		Before it does, however, it notes that "planning for Mars missions is somewhat uncertain at the moment" because of the National Commission on Space (NCOS) planning effort [read].
	www.marsinstitute.info /rd/faculty/dportree/rtr/rs14.html (1535 words)

	The First Sun Sample Return Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		October 12, 2000 -- NASA's Genesis spacecraft, the first mission to collect and return samples of the solar wind, is moving closer to launch.
		Because the outer layers of the Sun are composed of nearly the same material as the original solar nebula, samples returned by Genesis will shed new light on the chemical evolution of meteorites, comets, lunar samples, and planetary atmospheres.
		When samples are back on Earth, special techniques will be used to etch the metal layer by layer, releasing the particles of gas for laboratory study.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast12oct_1.htm (935 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations (1997)
		In the decades since the lunar sample-return missions, changes have occurred in the perception of risk associated with large-scale scientific endeavors (NRC, 1996, 1989) and in the manner in which programmatic decisions are made for such activities.
		During the early years of the Apollo program, while lunar sample-return missions were still in the initial planning phase, it was recognized that planetary protection, particularly protection against back contamination of Earth by hypothetical lunar organisms, was a critical issue that had to be addressed before sample-return missions could go forward.
		Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations 8 Program Oversight In the decades since the lunar sample-return missions, changes have occurred in the perception of risk associated with large-scale scientific endeavors (NRC, 1996, 1989) and in the manner in which programmatic decisions are made for such activities.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309057337/html/34.html (1429 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Second GSLV rocket launched
		A compact Japanese space probe embarked on an ambitious mission today bound for a series of close encounters with an almost equally small asteroid to gather samples for return to Earth.
		These sample collections consist of a tiny metal projectile fired toward the surface at very close range, which will cause an impact crater and debris from the asteroid to be trapped within a funnel that then will feed the material into the chamber within the capsule that will return to Earth.
		Gemini 12: The NASA Mission Reports covers the voyage of James Lovell and Buzz Aldrin that capped the Gemini program's efforts to prove the technologies and techniques that would be needed for the Apollo Moon landings.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0305/09musesc (784 words)

	INTERVIEW OPPORTUNITY: Stardust - NASA's First Sample Return Mission Since Apollo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This capsule, the critical, final piece of the Stardust mission puzzle, must survive Earth reentry at 28,600 miles-per-hour and deliver the encased comet samples to researchers in pristine condition.
		Stardust is the first U.S. mission dedicated solely to a comet and will be the first mission launched that will collect and return extraterrestrial material from outside the orbit of the Moon.
		Stardust's main objective is to capture a sample from a well-preserved comet, Wild-2 (pronounced "Vilt-2"), in Jan. 2004 and bring the comet material samples safely back through Earth's atmosphere, concluding with a parachute landing on the plains of Utah in Jan. 2006.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /news_rels/1999/Jan99/99-004.html (229 words)

	Leonids sample return mission update
		Meanwhile, Noever and his colleagues plan to launch an identical balloon this month, on April 10, to sample the dust environment of the stratosphere when the Earth is not passing through a major meteoroid debris stream like the Leonids.
		The Leonid Sample Return Mission -- Nov. 16, 1998.
		NASA scientists hope to capture a Leonid meteoroid and return it to Earth.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast01apr99_1.htm (858 words)

	Sample Return (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One scenario for a future martian sample return is the MISR (Mars In-situ Resources Sample Return) mission which cuts costs by relying on martian atmosphere to produce the oxygen for the return trip to Earth.
		We would like samples that are spread through martian history, especially samples bracketing the time of purported martian climate change.
		Samples of soil and rocks returned by intelligent robotic rovers could significantly improve our knowledge of Mars.
	www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov /curator/antmet/marsmets/samplereturn.htm (362 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Analysis of a Solar Sail Mercury Sample Return Mission
		A conventional Mercury sample return mission requires significant launch mass, due to the large delta-v required for the outbound and return trips, and the large mass of a planetary lander and ascent vehicle.
		Propellant mass is not an issue for solar sails so a sample can be returned relatively easily, without resorting to lengthy, multiple gravity assists.
		Nominal launch is in April 2014 with sample return to Earth 4.4 years later.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=37071 (276 words)

	Robot Explorers 2 \| Romance to Reality - Moon and Mars Mission Plans \| David S. F. Portree \| Faculty \| Mars Institute - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Following the Soviet Union's fall, Russia began work with NASA on cooperative Mars projects, including a Phobos sample return; hence the presence of Thomas Duxbury, a NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineer, among the authors of the present paper.
		Mars departure (July-August 2005) and Earth return (March-April 2006): The sample return spacecraft operates on Phobos for "at least a week," then the Earth-return vehicle separates and maneuvers away, abandoning the spacecraft's main body on the little moon.
		This last design might later be employed by a Mars surface sample return mission to avoid accidentally contaminating Earth with any martian microbes that might exist.
	www.marsinstitute.info /rd/faculty/dportree/rtr/rs31.html (632 words)

	Sample Return (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One scenario for a future martiam sample return is the MISR (Mars In-situ Resources Sample Return) mission which cuts costs by relying on martian atmosphere to produce the oxygen for the return trip to Earth.
		We would like samples that are spread through martian history, especially samples bracketing the purported martian climate change.
		Samples of soil and rocks returned by intelligent robotic rovers could significantly improve our knowledge of Mars' history.
	rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov /marslife/marsmet/samplereturn.htm (290 words)

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