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	Samuel Pierpont Langley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Samuel Pierpont Langley (August 22, 1834 in Roxbury, Massachusetts near Boston, – February 27, 1906, Aiken, South Carolina) was an American astronomer, physicist, inventor of the bolometer and pioneer of aviation.
		Langley's aircraft was modified and flown by Glenn Curtiss, in 1914, as part of his attempt to fight the Wright brothers' patent, but the court upheld the patent.
		Langley served as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1887-1906.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Samuel_Langley (688 words)

	Airplanes Inventors: Samuel Pierpont Langley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834 - 1906) is often used as a contrast to the Wrights.
		Langley felt it would be safest to fly over water, so he spent almost half of his funds constructing a houseboat with a catapult that would be capable of launching his new craft.
		In spite of 18 years of well-funded and concerted effort by Langley to achieve immortality, his singular contribution to the invention of the airplane was the pair of 30-lb aerodromes that flew in 1986.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~stwright/WrBr/inventors/Langley.html (522 words)

	LANGLEY, SAMUEL PIERPONT. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He continued his study of the solar spectrum and made new determinations of the solar constant of radiation and, in 1904, announced his conclusion that this solar constant was a variable.
		He constructed power-driven model aircraft with specially designed light engines, which, in 1896, performed successfully in the air, thus proving to Langley’s satisfaction and to the satisfaction of a few of his followers that mechanical flight was possible.
		Langley, assisted by Charles M. Manly, built a machine which in 1903 he twice attempted to launch on the Potomac.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/la/Langley.html (249 words)

	Samuel P. Langley
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was born in Roxbury, Massachusets, in 1834.
		Today Langley is primarily remembered for his pioneering work on the measurement of the solar constant, and equally pioneering studies of the infrared portion of the solar spectrum.
		Langley was a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, and was for a time president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
	www.hao.ucar.edu /Public/education/bios/langley.html (540 words)

	FLYING MACHINES - Samuel P. Langley
		Samuel P. Langley had been interested in flight, he said, "...as long as I can remember anything." He began aerial experimentation in earnest early in 1887 while employed at the Allegheny Observatory in Pennsylvania, where he had taught physics and astronomy, as well as being director of the observatory.
		Langley and his assistants eventually built and tested over 100 of the model "aerodromes" and managed to secure flights of from 6 to 8 seconds and distances of between 80 and 100 feet.
		Langley continued his work as an astromomer, specializing in solar astromomy, and remained a very active and involved Secretary of the Smithsonian, reinforcing his comments that he had ended his research on flying machines.
	www.flyingmachines.org /lang.html (1001 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts on August 22, 1834.
		Unfortunately, Langley devoted too much time to the subject of propulsion and not enough to considering the added stresses that would be placed on a large vehicle that was to carry a human passenger.
		Langley was severely criticized by the press and Congress for his waste of money.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/Langley/DI30.htm (260 words)

	The Pioneers : An Anthology : Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834-1906)
		Langley's technique of catapult launching from the roof of a houseboat was unforgiving, while the Wrights' technique of launching with skids on the sand allowed for several initial failures and adjustments before their final success.
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was an old man when he began the study of aeronautics, or, as he himself might have expressed it, the study of aerodromics, since he persisted in calling the series of machines he built 'Aerodromes,'...
		Samuel Langley, born in 1834 is often compared with the Wright brothers because they were aiming for the same goal at around the same time.
	www.ctie.monash.edu.au /hargrave/langley.html (11768 words)

	University of Pittsburgh - Physics & Astronomy Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Langley had not published anything of note; had not made himself known in the universities; had made no popular addresses; had not pushed himself into notice in any way: yet there was in him something which attracted strong leaders in science, inspired respect, won confidence, and secured him speedy advancement.
		Langley's greatest desire was to measure the Solar Constant, that is, the of amount of radiation received by the earth from the sun at the top of the earth's atmosphere.
		Langley also was awarded the Rumford Medal by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and both the Janssen Medal of the Institute of France, and the Medal of the Astronomical Society of France.
	www.phyast.pitt.edu /Resources/History/langleybio.html (3283 words)

	Military.com Content
		Langley's new career was a splendid success, but he was not happy -- he felt unfulfilled and intellectually isolated from mainstream science.
		Langley, the natural choice as successor, was officially elected to the position toward the end of 1887.
		Langley believed until the end of his life that less power was required to fly faster than slower.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent?file=PRlangley (2097 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Langley was born in Roxbury, Mass., in August 1834.
		Langley had hoped to attempt his launch in privacy, but the Potomac was full of boats, including a couple filled with Smithsonian staff.
		Langley died in Aiken S.C., on Feb. 27, 1906, and the newspapers that ridiculed him so severely now said he died of a broken heart.
	www.af.mil /news/story_print.asp?storyID=123006457 (872 words)

	Langley Aerodrome A
		Langley mostly ran tests with flat plates, but he also mounted small model airplanes he called aerostats, and even stuffed birds, on the arm.
		Charles M. Manly, Langley's assistant, extensively reworked the Balzer engine, turning it into a water-cooled radial that generated a remarkable 52.4 horsepower at 950 rpm with a power-to-weight ratio of 1.8 kg (4 lb) per horsepower (including the weight of the radiator and water), an amazing achievement for the time.
		A Washington reporter on the scene remarked that it entered the water "like a handful of mortar." Langley was bitterly disappointed and rationalized the failure as a problem with the launch mechanism, not the aircraft.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/aero/aircraft/langleyA.htm (1397 words)

	Aeronautics - Samuel Langley
		One of several Americans to enter the field of aviation prior to the Wright Brother's historic flight was Samuel P. Langley.
		Langley was an astronomer and the director of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider.
		Langley made some important contributions to flight, but he spent far too much time on the power plant and too little time on how to control the aircraft once it was flying.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /aero/slangley.htm (430 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Samuel P. Langley
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was a significant pioneer in the early days of aeronautical research.
		In this book, Langley methodically explored the measurement of atmospheric properties and the aerodynamic force on flat plates, the effect of aspect ratio on lift, propeller design, the movement in center of pressure as it relates to stabilty and control, and the power required for flight.
		Despite the rather disappointing conclusion to his experiments, Samuel Langley's contributions to the field of aviation cannot be overemphasized.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/history/q0004.shtml (825 words)

	The Object at Hand - Langley's Feat - and Folly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Langley was no harebrained dreamer, but a serious scholar with a background in mathematics, architecture and astronomy.
		Langley had decided on a tandem wing configuration — two sets of wings of almost equal span set one behind the other — for what he called his "aerodromes." They had a large dihedral; that is, the wings formed a squashed V when seen head-on.
		Langley's mistake was in scaling up his small models without accounting for the fact that on the full-sized plane, drag would be increased exponentially.
	smithsonianmag.com /smithsonian/issues97/nov97/object_nov97.html (1743 words)

	EO Library: Samuel Pierpont Langley Page 3
		Encouraged by his findings, Langley set out to build a series of large working models of steam-powered flying machines he called "aerodromes," and, in 1896, became the first to build heavier-than-air machines capable of sustained (although uncontrolled) flight.
		Langley built two unmanned craft, each of which had two sets of 14-foot (4.3-meter) wings, weighed 26 pounds (11.8 kilograms), and were powered by steam engines.
		Langley's memory lives on in the names of the NASA Langley Research Center, the adjacent Air Force base, and several place names across the country.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/Giants/Langley/langley_3.html (284 words)

	Samuel P. Langley -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the first bolometer, invented by the American scientist Samuel P. Langley in 1880, a Wheatstone bridge was used along with a galvanometer that produced a deflection proportional to the intensity of radiation for small...
		Samuel Langley, Henry Draper, and other American scientists needed a highly sensitive instrument that could be used to measure minute temperature changes in heat emitted from the Sun's corona during a solar eclipse along the Rocky Mountains on July 29, 1878.
		Langley, Samuel P. On May 6, 1896, a strange machine flew one half mile (800 meters) over the Potomac River near Washington, D.C. The odd craft was about 16 feet (4.8 meters) long and weighed some 26 pounds (12 kilograms).
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9275371?tocId=9275371 (779 words)

	Langley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the last name of Samuel Pierpont Langley.
		There are also Langley Common, Langley Mill, Derbyshire; Langley Heath, Kent; Langley Lower Green and Langley Upper Green, Essex; Langley Park, Durham; Langley Street, Norfolk; Langley Burrell, Wiltshire.
		Langley, Virginia, most famous as home to the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Langley (189 words)

	North Side: People: Samuel Pierpont Langley
		The writer was associated with Professor Langley for more than thirty years, and in all those years he has only pleasant, aye delightful recollections of his personality, his magnificent intellect--one never satisfied with a half proven hypothesis--but always reaching out for final proof before he announced any of his great discoveries.
		In his studies in the domain of solar physics, Professor Langley was early impressed with the idea that much of the radiant energy from the Sun was not recognized by the instruments then in use and after a long series of experiments, discovered and developed that marvelously delicate instrument, the bolometer.
		Professor Langley wrote several letters from Aiken to his friends, particularly to those associated with him in the Smithsonian Institution, and great hopes were entertained that his recovery was only a matter of time, but it was not so to be.
	www.clpgh.org /exhibit/neighborhoods/northside/nor_n112.html (2394 words)

	The Air Force Association (AFA)
		For his study of solar radiation, Langley invented an electric thermometer, known as a bolometer, to measure the heat in various bands of the sun's spectrum.
		Langley might have spent the remainder of his life in astronomy had he not been captivated in 1886 by a lecture on bird flight.
		Langley might have taken comfort in the knowledge that his writings were among those the Wrights devoured when they first thought of flying.
	www.afa.org /magazine/1990/0190airplane.asp (2705 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1834.
		Langley invented the bolometer in 1880, an instrument which recorded the infrared radiation of the Sun quantitatively in terms of an electric current.
		Langley was ridiculed by the press and criticized by members of the Congress for wasting taxpayers money.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /SCIlangley.htm (359 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley - USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Of all the early trail blazers one of the most controversial, and surely one of the most unlucky, was Samuel Pierpont Langley.
		Before attempting a full-scale version of the Langley Aerodrome, he built a quarter-size model which flew successfully, the first time a gasoline engine had actually driven an airplane.
		A mechanic stooped, cut the cable holding the catapult; there was a roaring, grinding noise--and the Langley airship tumbled over the edge of the houseboat and disappeared in the river, sixteen feet below.
	aviation-history.com /early/langley.htm (519 words)

	Samuel Langley, from failure to posterity.
		Samuel Langley however faced the same problems as those of his rivals: mainly the difficulty in obtaining a lightweight engine developing enough power.
		Langley had been convinced early in life, that the internal combustion engine would offer more performance in terms of power/weight ratio than the steam engine.
		Samuel Langley and Charles Manley (left) on the floating launching platform anchored on the Potomac.
	aerostories.free.fr /precurseurs/langley/page2.html (802 words)

	Birth of Carriers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This was a curious reactions because Langley's inventive aircraft launching apparatus was a steam catapult built over a houseboat, a device quite similar in function to the launching equipment later used on Navy cruisers.
		Samuel’s engineering feats might be better remembered for the technology that went into his launching platform rather than his aircraft.
		Snubbed, the brothers grew to hate Langley and much of the government establishment to such an extent that after their deaths, their original plane was willed to a museum in Europe rather than the more appropriate Smithsonian where Langley was its director.
	wgregg.home.cyberverse.com /webdoc1/birth_of_the_carriers.html (1555 words)

	EO Library: Samuel Pierpont Langley Page 2
		Langley's chief scientific interest was the sun and its effect on the weather, and believed that all life and activity on the Earth were made possible by the sun's radiation.
		Langley's highly original and innovative research earned him honorary doctorates, awards, and medals from universities and scientific societies around the world.
		Left: A drawing of a bolometer used by Langley to measure the infrared energy emitted by the sun.
	eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov /Library/Giants/Langley/langley_2.html (195 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Samuel P. Langley was an engineer, architect, draftsman, and scientist who became internationally known as an astrophysicist through his work at several American observatories.
		In 1887 he became the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and also began experimenting with aircraft design, convinced that mechanical flight was possible with the technology of the day.
		Langley built and flew two small, unmanned aircraft models in 1896, the first sustained flights by unmanned, heavier-than-air craft.
	www.hill.af.mil /museum/history/langley.htm (154 words)

	The Smithsonian at the Turn of the Century - Samuel P. Langley and the Aerodrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Langley was fascinated by the idea of human flight and wanted to make the first manned flying machine.
		Secretary Langley also spent many hours in the South Shed in the South Yard of the Smithsonian Institution Building which in 1900 was used as the Aerodrome Shop.
		Langley and his staff conducted research in aeronautics and worked on building the Aerodromes.
	www.si.edu /archives/century/langley.htm (243 words)

	Fredericksburg.com - First in Flight (Almost)
		If Samuel Langley's test flight at Widewater in the fall of 1903 had been a success, the Wright brothers would be a footnote in aviation history, Kitty Hawk, N.C., would offer little more than sand dunes with an ocean view, and Virginians would be driving cars with "First in Flight" license plates.
		Langley was a self-taught scholar with a background in mathematics, architecture and astronomy.
		Langley was delayed in Washington and was not present at the Widewater test flight.
	www.freelancestar.com /News/FLS/2003/102003/10042003/1084042 (2775 words)

	University of Pittsburgh - Physics & Astronomy Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One of those great men of science which America seemed to offer to posterity with regularity during the ninteenth century, Langley was a largely self-educated astronomer who acheived fame through his study of the sun while director of Allegheny Observatory, and achieved notariety with his attempts at constructing a heavier-than-air machine.
		Langley's "Aerodrome 5" flew for 1/4 mile and only stopped because it ran out of fuel.
		The airplane was powered by the world's first radial cylinder gas engine, desinged by Langley's brilliant assistant, Charles M. Manley.
	www.phyast.pitt.edu /Resources/History/Langley.html (187 words)

	June 6, 1995 Colloquium Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Samuel Pierpont Langley's highly successful career as an astrophysicist, scientific administrator and aviation pioneer during the late 1800's has been unfairly overshadowed be thefailure of his Great Aerodrome.
		During his early years Langley developed a reputation as a distinguished astronomer and astrophycist by making detailed measurements of the sun's spectrum with an instrument of his own design.
		Langley was the only professional scientist of his day who believed that man was destined to fly.
	shemesh.larc.nasa.gov /Lectures/OldColloq/c-950606.htm (534 words)

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