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	Samuel Pierpont Langley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Samuel Pierpont Langley (August 22, 1834 in Roxbury, Massachusetts near Boston, – February 27, 1906, Aiken, South Carolina) was an American astronomer, physicist, inventor of the bolometer and pioneer of aviation.
		Langley was the founder of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
		Langley's aircraft was modified and flown by Glenn Curtiss, in 1914, as part of his attempt to fight the Wright brothers' patent, but the court upheld the patent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley (756 words)

	Airplanes Inventors: Samuel Pierpont Langley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834 - 1906) is often used as a contrast to the Wrights.
		Langley felt it would be safest to fly over water, so he spent almost half of his funds constructing a houseboat with a catapult that would be capable of launching his new craft.
		In spite of 18 years of well-funded and concerted effort by Langley to achieve immortality, his singular contribution to the invention of the airplane was the pair of 30-lb aerodromes that flew in 1986.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~stwright/WrBr/inventors/Langley.html (522 words)

	FLYING MACHINES - Samuel P. Langley
		Samuel P. Langley had been interested in flight, he said, "...as long as I can remember anything." He began aerial experimentation in earnest early in 1887 while employed at the Allegheny Observatory in Pennsylvania, where he had taught physics and astronomy, as well as being director of the observatory.
		Langley and his assistants eventually built and tested over 100 of the model "aerodromes" and managed to secure flights of from 6 to 8 seconds and distances of between 80 and 100 feet.
		Langley continued his work as an astromomer, specializing in solar astromomy, and remained a very active and involved Secretary of the Smithsonian, reinforcing his comments that he had ended his research on flying machines.
	www.flyingmachines.org /lang.html (1001 words)

	Samuel P. Langley
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was born in Roxbury, Massachusets, in 1834.
		Today Langley is primarily remembered for his pioneering work on the measurement of the solar constant, and equally pioneering studies of the infrared portion of the solar spectrum.
		Langley was a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, and was for a time president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
	www.hao.ucar.edu /Public/education/bios/langley.html (540 words)

	The Pioneers : An Anthology : Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834-1906)
		Langley's technique of catapult launching from the roof of a houseboat was unforgiving, while the Wrights' technique of launching with skids on the sand allowed for several initial failures and adjustments before their final success.
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was an old man when he began the study of aeronautics, or, as he himself might have expressed it, the study of aerodromics, since he persisted in calling the series of machines he built 'Aerodromes,'...
		Samuel Pierpont Langley, born on August 22, 1834 in Roxbury, Massachusetts...Langley's interest in flight came in 1886, at the age of 52, when he attended a lecture of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
	www.ctie.monash.edu.au /hargrave/langley.html (11768 words)

	American National Biography Online
		Langley, Samuel Pierpont (22 Aug. 1834-27 Feb. 1906), astrophysicist and aviation experimenter, was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, the son of Samuel Langley, a wholesale merchant and banker, and Mary Sumner Williams.
		In 1866 Langley was appointed assistant professor of mathematics with responsibility for reestablishing the U.S. Naval Academy observatory.
		The official papers of Samuel Langley are held by the Smithsonian Institution Archive, which also holds a microform copy of all Langley manuscript material in the collections of the University of Pittsburgh.
	www.anb.org /articles/13/13-00946-print.html (1712 words)

	Langley, Samuel Pierpont. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He continued his study of the solar spectrum and made new determinations of the solar constant of radiation and, in 1904, announced his conclusion that this solar constant was a variable.
		He constructed power-driven model aircraft with specially designed light engines, which, in 1896, performed successfully in the air, thus proving to Langley’s satisfaction and to the satisfaction of a few of his followers that mechanical flight was possible.
		Langley, assisted by Charles M. Manly, built a machine which in 1903 he twice attempted to launch on the Potomac.
	www.bartleby.com /65/la/Langley.html (303 words)

	University of Pittsburgh - Physics & Astronomy Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Langley had not published anything of note; had not made himself known in the universities; had made no popular addresses; had not pushed himself into notice in any way: yet there was in him something which attracted strong leaders in science, inspired respect, won confidence, and secured him speedy advancement.
		Langley's greatest desire was to measure the Solar Constant, that is, the of amount of radiation received by the earth from the sun at the top of the earth's atmosphere.
		Langley also was awarded the Rumford Medal by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and both the Janssen Medal of the Institute of France, and the Medal of the Astronomical Society of France.
	www.phyast.pitt.edu /Resources/History/langleybio.html (3283 words)

	Langley, Samuel Pierpont (1834-1906)
		Born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, Langley was educated in the Boston public schools but taught himself engineering as a young adult.
		Langley began his experiments with flying machines that used twisted rubber bands for propulsion.
		Unfortunately, Langley devoted too much time to the subject of propulsion and not enough to considering the added stresses that would be placed on a large vehicle that was to carry a human passenger.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/Langley_Samuel.html (331 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Samuel P. Langley
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was a significant pioneer in the early days of aeronautical research.
		Langley was serving as director of the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh when he attended the American Association of the Advancement of Science in 1886.
		Langley was so sure of success that he invited several prestigious guests from Washington and local newspaper writers to witness the event.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/history/q0004.shtml (1088 words)

	LANGLEY, SAMUEL PIERPONT - LoveToKnow Article on LANGLEY, SAMUEL PIERPONT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		LANGLEY, SAMUEL PIERPONT (18341906), American physicist and astronomer, was born at Roxbury, Boston,Massachusetts, on the 22nd of August 1834.
		After acting for a short time as assistant in Harvard College Observatory,he was appointed assistant professor of mathematics in the U.S.Naval Academy in x866, and in the following year became directorof the Allegheny Observatory at Pittsburg, a position which heheld until his selection in 1887 as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington.
		Thefirst difficulty was to make it sufficiently light in relation tothe power its machinery could develop; and several machineswere built in which trials were made of steam, and of compressedair and carbonic acid gas as motive agents.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LA/LANGLEY_SAMUEL_PIERPONT.htm (2314 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts on August 22, 1834.
		He attempted twice in 1903 to launch the Aerodrome by catapulting it from the roof of a houseboat anchored in the Potomac River and both attempts failed the aircraft fell apart and plunged into the Potomac.
		Langley was severely criticized by the press and Congress for his waste of money.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/Langley/DI30.htm (260 words)

	Langley Aerodrome A
		rofessor Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834-1906) was a leading scientific figure in the United States in the latter nineteenth century, well known especially for his astronomical research.
		Langley mostly ran tests with flat plates, but he also mounted small model airplanes he called aerostats, and even stuffed birds, on the arm.
		Charles M. Manly, Langley's assistant, extensively reworked the Balzer engine, turning it into a water-cooled radial that generated a remarkable 52.4 horsepower at 950 rpm with a power-to-weight ratio of 1.8 kg (4 lb) per horsepower (including the weight of the radiator and water), an amazing achievement for the time.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/aero/aircraft/langleyA.htm (1397 words)

	North Side: People: Samuel Pierpont Langley
		The writer was associated with Professor Langley for more than thirty years, and in all those years he has only pleasant, aye delightful recollections of his personality, his magnificent intellect--one never satisfied with a half proven hypothesis--but always reaching out for final proof before he announced any of his great discoveries.
		In his studies in the domain of solar physics, Professor Langley was early impressed with the idea that much of the radiant energy from the Sun was not recognized by the instruments then in use and after a long series of experiments, discovered and developed that marvelously delicate instrument, the bolometer.
		Professor Langley wrote several letters from Aiken to his friends, particularly to those associated with him in the Smithsonian Institution, and great hopes were entertained that his recovery was only a matter of time, but it was not so to be.
	www.clpgh.org /exhibit/neighborhoods/northside/nor_n112.html (2394 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory was established in 1890 in Washington, D.C., by Samuel Pierpont Langley, the third secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, for the specific study of the Sun's radiation.
		Langley's successor as observatory director in 1906, Charles Greeley Abbot, limited the facility's attention to the study of the amount and character of, and...
		Langley, Samuel P. On May 6, 1896, a strange machine flew one half mile (800 meters) over the Potomac River near Washington, D.C. The odd craft was about 16 feet (4.8 meters) long and weighed some 26 pounds (12 kilograms).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9047103 (768 words)

	The Object at Hand - Langley's Feat - and Folly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Langley was no harebrained dreamer, but a serious scholar with a background in mathematics, architecture and astronomy.
		Langley had decided on a tandem wing configuration — two sets of wings of almost equal span set one behind the other — for what he called his "aerodromes." They had a large dihedral; that is, the wings formed a squashed V when seen head-on.
		Langley's mistake was in scaling up his small models without accounting for the fact that on the full-sized plane, drag would be increased exponentially.
	www.smithsonianmag.si.edu /smithsonian/issues97/nov97/object_nov97.html (1743 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley
		Professor Langley accompanied the parties that were sent out by the United States coast survey to observe the total eclipses of 1869 and 1870, being sent during the former year to Oakland, Kentucky, and to Xeres, Spain, during the latter year.
		Professor Langley has delivered courses of lectures before the Lowell and Peabody institutes, and in 1882 was invited to address the British association for the advancement of science at Southampton.
		Professor Langley is a member of numerous foreign and American scientific societies, and in 1876 received an election to the National academy of sciences.
	www.famousamericans.net /samuelpierpontlangley (966 words)

	EO Library: Samuel Pierpont Langley Page 3
		Encouraged by his findings, Langley set out to build a series of large working models of steam-powered flying machines he called "aerodromes," and, in 1896, became the first to build heavier-than-air machines capable of sustained (although uncontrolled) flight.
		Langley built two unmanned craft, each of which had two sets of 14-foot (4.3-meter) wings, weighed 26 pounds (11.8 kilograms), and were powered by steam engines.
		Langley's memory lives on in the names of the NASA Langley Research Center, the adjacent Air Force base, and several place names across the country.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/Giants/Langley/langley_3.html (284 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1834.
		Langley invented the bolometer in 1880, an instrument which recorded the infrared radiation of the Sun quantitatively in terms of an electric current.
		Langley was ridiculed by the press and criticized by members of the Congress for wasting taxpayers money.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /SCIlangley.htm (359 words)

	Samuel Langley, from failure to posterity.
		Samuel Langley however faced the same problems as those of his rivals: mainly the difficulty in obtaining a lightweight engine developing enough power.
		Samuel Pierpont Langley was a renowned and competent scientist.
		Samuel Langley and Charles Manley (left) on the floating launching platform anchored on the Potomac.
	aerostories.free.fr /precurseurs/langley/page2.html (802 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Samuel P. Langley was an engineer, architect, draftsman, and scientist who became internationally known as an astrophysicist through his work at several American observatories.
		In 1887 he became the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and also began experimenting with aircraft design, convinced that mechanical flight was possible with the technology of the day.
		Langley built and flew two small, unmanned aircraft models in 1896, the first sustained flights by unmanned, heavier-than-air craft.
	www.hill.af.mil /museum/history/langley.htm (154 words)

	Samuel Pierpont Langley - USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Of all the early trail blazers one of the most controversial, and surely one of the most unlucky, was Samuel Pierpont Langley.
		Before attempting a full-scale version of the Langley Aerodrome, he built a quarter-size model which flew successfully, the first time a gasoline engine had actually driven an airplane.
		Langley died a broken man in February 1906.
	aviation-history.com /early/langley.htm (519 words)

	Samuel Langley's Steam-Powered Flying Machines
		Langley's new career was a splendid success, but he was not happy-he felt unfulfilled and intellectually isolated from mainstream science.
		Langley's large "whirling table" apparatus was constructed at Western University of Pennsylvania in 1887.
		Langley, the natural choice as successor, was officially elected to the position toward the end of 1887.
	www.thehistorynet.com /ahi/blsamlangely (1220 words)

	EO Library: Samuel Pierpont Langley Page 2
		Langley's chief scientific interest was the sun and its effect on the weather, and believed that all life and activity on the Earth were made possible by the sun's radiation.
		Langley's highly original and innovative research earned him honorary doctorates, awards, and medals from universities and scientific societies around the world.
		Left: A drawing of a bolometer used by Langley to measure the infrared energy emitted by the sun.
	eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov /Library/Giants/Langley/langley_2.html (195 words)

	DANFS: USS Langley (CVL-27)
		Samuel Pierpont Langley, born August 1834 in Roxbury, Mass., became a distinguished American astronomer, physicist, and pioneer in the development of heavier-than-air craft.
		Langley's aircraft had assisted in the destruction of the carriers Zuiho and Zuikaku, the latter being the only remaining carrier of the six that had participated in the Pearl Harbor attack.
		During November, Langley was lending her support to the Philippine landings and striking the Manila Bay area, Japanese reinforcement convoys, and Luzon airfields in the Cap Engano area.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USN/ships/dafs/CVL/cvl27.html (1050 words)

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