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	Samuel ibn Naghrela - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Samuel ibn Naghrela, also Shmuel ha-Nagid, Samuel ibn Nagdela, or Samuel ha-Nagid (993-1056), lived in Spain at the time of the Moorish conquests.
		When Habbus died in 1038, Naghrela made sure that his son Badis succeeded him.
		Naghrela's son Joseph inherited those jobs, but apparently it went to his head (he was only twenty years old), for he was arrogant as well as talented.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrela (215 words)

	History of the Jews in Spain Biography,info
		Samuel Ha-Nagid ibn Nagrela (993-1056) served Granada's King Habbus and his son Badis for thirty years.
		These court rabbis were men who had rendered services to the state, as, for example, David ibn Yah.ya and Abraham Benveniste, or who had been royal physicians, as Meïr Alguadez and Jacob ibn Nuñez, or chief-tax-farmers, as the last incumbent of the court rabbi's office, Abraham Senior.
		The suffering, according to a contemporary writer, Samuel Z.arz.a of Palencia had reached its culminating point, especially in Toledo, which was being besieged by Henry, and in which no less than 8,000 persons died through famine and the hardships of war.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain (10734 words)

	This set down: Book Review: A Vanished World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There are brief yet engaging accounts of Isidore of Seville, the shrine at Santiago de Compostela, the Martyrs of Cordoba, Pope Sylvester II and Samuel ibn Naghrela.
		Whereas the first half of the book is a series of entertaining and informative vignettes, a sort of curio cabinet of history, the second half slowly builds to a moral conclusion.
		In chapter 7 for example he shows that Samuel ibn Naghrela (Samuel ha-Nagid) attained his position because his Muslim rulers could trust the minority Jews who had no power base, rather than because they practiced a primitive form of affirmative action.
	thissetdown.blogspot.com /2005/05/book-review-vanished-world.html (1517 words)

	A History of Europe, Chapter 8
		This was Samuel ibn Naghrela (993-1056), who fled Cordova when the Berbers took the city in 1013.
		The Almoravid leader, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, invaded Spain with a Berber army and destroyed Alfonso's army at the battle of Sagrajas in 1086; Alfonso and a handful of his men barely escaped with their lives.
		Meanwhile, ibn Tashfin went back to Morocco with most of his army (which was a great relief to the Spanish Moslems!), leaving behind three thousand of his dreaded "Holy Ones" to support the king of Seville.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /europe/eu08.html (18953 words)

	other religions - Ummah.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is a letter to the servant of God Umar [ibn al-Khattab], Commander of the Faithful, from the Christians of such-and-such a city.
		Samuel happened to be a great poet of the time.
		Ibn Abdun also forbade the selling of scientific books to dhimmis, under the pretext that they translated them and attributed them to their co-religionists and bishops.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showthread.php?p=350562 (5435 words)

	Medieval Spains: Advanced Skills
		Samuel ibn Naghrela on the Battle of Alfuente (MI84-90)
		Bahya ibn Paquda, Duties of the Heart (CK41-43)
		Poems of Moses ibn Ezra -- Muslim versus Christian Spain (CK75-76)
	medspains.stanford.edu /demo/advskills/syllabi/church_mosque.html (1477 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Jews of Islam: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ibn Khaldun in his Muqadimah brought this issue up, by questioning the numbers comprising armies that fought battles with muslims.
		An 828 letter from Louis the Pious to the Christians of Merida summarized their plight under Abd al-Rahman II, and during the preceding reign: confiscation of their property, unfair increase of their exacted tribute, removal of their freedom (probably meaning slavery), and oppression by excessive taxes.
		In Grenada, the Jewish viziers Samuel Ibn Naghrela, and his son Joseph, who protected a once flourishing Jewish community, were both assassinated between 1056 to 1066, followed by the annihilation of the Jewish population by the local Muslim community (at least three thousand Jews perished in an uprising surrounding the 1066 assasination, alone).
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0691008078 (2125 words)

	Israpundit: Fitzgerald: The persistent myth of Andalusia
		When the Jewish viziers Samuel ibn Naghrela and his son Joseph were both murdered, and then the entire Jewish community of Grenada was massacred as well — yes, in Grenada, home of the "Alhambra" of which Washington Irving sung -- it was not something without deep Islamic roots.
		The records of the Muslim jurists, such as Ibn Abdun, confirm that the tolerance of Muslim Spain is a myth.
		In his opinion on the treatment of the Christians and Jews of Seville, Ibn Abdun insisted that "No...Jew or Christian may be allowed to wear the dress of an aristocrat, nor of a jurist, nor of a wealthy individual; on the contrary they must be detested and avoided.
	www.israpundit.com /archives/2005/11/fitzgerald_the.php (1660 words)

	The Fatwa wars [Archive] - Sean Hannity Discussion
		That era also produced ibn Sina (doctor of doctors) from what is today Uzbekistan, El Zahrawi (father of surgery) from Cordoba (aka Spain during Islam) and Alhazen of Egypt who discovered pretty much everything there was to know about the physics of water and the physics prior to the age of Kepler.
		Ibn Taymiya was repeatedly imprisoned by the Cairo authorities.
		The third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, was killed by mutineers in 656 AD, and a struggle for succession ensued between Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and Muawiya, governor of Damascus.
	www.hannity.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-16494.html (7767 words)

	The Legacy of Jihad - Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims [Andrew G. Bostom] - Jihad begot the Crusades (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Non-payment of the head-tax by a dhimmi made him liable to all the Islamic penalties for debtors who did not repay their creditors; the offender could be sold into slavery or even put to death.
		[26] In Granada, the Jewish viziers Samuel Ibn Naghrela, and his son Joseph, who protected the Jewish community, were both assassinated between 1056 to 1066, followed by the annihilation of the Jewish population by the local Muslims.
		This deportation was carried out by virtue of a decree which the Kady Ibn Rushd grandfathter of the famous Averroes- had procuredEleven years later a second expulsion took place, and very few were left in Andalusia.
	www.andrewbostom.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54&Itemid=27 (6057 words)

	The Islamization of Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A distinctive sign must be imposed upon them in order that they may be recognized and this will be for them a form of disgrace.
		, the Jewish viziers Samuel Ibn Naghrela, and his son Joseph, who protected the Jewish community, were both assassinated between 1056 to 1066, followed by the annihilation of the Jewish population by the local Muslims.
		This devastation- massacre, captivity, and forced conversion- was described by the Jewish chronicler Abraham Ibn Daud, and the poet Abraham Ibn Ezra.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/Printable.asp?ID=16493 (4216 words)

	Hugh Fitzgerald - Postings on JihadWatch - Hecklers interrupt Spanish conference to reconcile faiths
		When the Jewish viziers Samuel ibn Naghrela and his son Joseph were both murdered, and then the entire Jewish community of Grenada -- home of the "Alhambra" of which Washington Irving sung -- it was not something without deep Islamic roots.
		But Richard Fletcher's "Moorish Spain" and the scholarship of Levi-Provencal and others, all show that this "tolerance" was born from the Romantic poets-in-prose, such as Irving and Chateaubriand, and is directly contradicted by the historical evidence.
		In his opinion on the treatment of the Christians and Jews of Seville Ibn Abdun insisted that "No...Jew or Christian may be allowed to wear the dress of an aristorcrat, nor of a jurist, nor of a wealthy individual; on the contrary they must be detested and avoided.
	www.challenging-islam.org /contributors/hugh/jihadwatch/jihadineurope/spain-conf.htm (1192 words)

	Outpost, October 2003, p. 8
		An 828 C.E. letter from Louis the Pious to the Christians of Merida summarized their plight under Abd al-Rahman II, and during the preceding reign: confiscation of their property, unfair increase of their exacted tribute, removal of their freedom (probably meaning slavery), and oppression by excessive taxes.
		In Granada, the Jewish viziers Samuel Ibn Naghrela and his son Joseph, who protected a once flourishing Jewish community, were both assassinated between 1056 to 1066, followed by the annihilation of the Jewish population by the local Muslim community.
		This devastation -- massacre, captivity, and forced conversion -- was described by the Jewish chronicler Abraham Ibn Daud, and the poet Abraham Ibn Ezra.
	www.afsi.org /OUTPOST/2003OCT/oct8.htm (845 words)

	Tolerant and Humane Aspects of Muslim Civilisation - Military Photos
		Thabit ibn Qurrah, the astronomer, was a Sabean.
		And so were the historian-physicist Abu’l Faraj; ‘Ali ibn Ridwan, the Egyptian, who was the al-Hakem’s Doctor; Ibn Djazla of Baghdad, and Isa ibn ‘Ali, another famed physicist; and so on.
		Maimonides (philosopher-physicist) was Salah Eddin Al-Ayyubi’s doctor, and Hasdai ibn Shaprut, followed by his sons, held some of the most prominent positions in Muslim Spain.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=72855 (5177 words)

	Faith Freedom International :: View topic - Islam and democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Belief and faith in one's religion is not meant to harness man to goodness as animals are harnessed to their labour, but to promote his reasoning and his soul by knowledge, so that he would perform good deeds because he would understand that they are good and righteous and approved by God Almighty.
		He would also abstain from sin because he would understand its sinful consequences and the extent of its evil.
		Ibn Abdun (Arab Muslim in Spain) also forbade the selling of scientific books to dhimmis, under the pretext that they translated them and attributed them to their co-religionists and bishops.
	faithfreedom.org /forum/viewtopic.php?p=10278&... (10585 words)

	False Impressions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An 828 letter from Louis the Pious to the Christians of Merida summarized their plight under Abd al-Rahman II, and during the preceeding reign: confiscation of their property, unfair increase of their exacted tribute, removal of their freedom (probably meaning slavery), and oppression by excessive taxes.
		The leader of the muwallad rebellion in southern Andalusia (near Ronda), Ibn Hafsun (d.
		For those not hopelessly enamored of (false) utopianism, a much more accurate assessment of interfaith relationships in Muslim Spain can be found in Richard Fletcher's very engaging Moorish Spain.
	www.dhimmitude.org /archive/bostom_ltr_nro_25jul02.html (636 words)

	IslamDaily.net
		Confirming Ibn Khaldun’s assessment, the late Muslim scholar, Majid Khadduri, wrote the following in his authoritative 1955 treatise on jihad, War and Peace in the Law of Islam:
		Thus the jihad may be regarded as Islam’s instrument for carrying out its ultimate objective by turning all people into believers, if not in the prophethood of Muhammad (as in the case of the dhimmis), at least in the belief of God.
		Society was sharply divided along ethnic and religious lines, with the Arab tribes at the top of the hierarchy, followed by the Berbers who were never recognized as equals, despite their Islamization; lower in the scale came other (the mullawadun) local converts to Islam and, at the very bottom, the dhimmi Christians and Jews.
	www.islamdaily.net /EN/Contents.aspx?AID=4095 (3238 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Confused Islamic Apologetics by Andrew G. Bostom
		Another prominent Andalusian jurist, Ibn Hazm of Cordoba (d.
		In Granada, the Jewish viziers Samuel Ibn Naghrela, and his son Joseph, who protected the Jewish community, were both assassinated between 1056 to 1066, followed by the annihilation of the Jewish population by the local Muslims.
		Arnaldez, R. “La guerre sainte selon Ibn Hazm de Courdoue,” in.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=14578 (3635 words)

	More travails through Islam's cruel history: The real "Tragedy of Andalusia" [Archive] - Sean Hannity ...
		In 712 the last Visigothic king, Roderic, was killed in a decisive battle against Tariq, after which the rest of Iberia swiftly fell to the Muslims.
		The ensuing pogrom slaughtered as many as five thousand Jews, and was likely inspired at least in part by an anti-Jewish ode written by Muslim jurist Abu Ishaq:Bring them down to their place and Return them to the most abject station.
		A hadith is, essentially, an account of any saying or action of the prophet witnessed by his followers, or acts done in his presence by his followers that he either approved of or did not disapprove of.
	www.hannity.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-57326.html (5130 words)

	Jihad in Europe: Past as Prologue?
		This devastation—massacre, captivity, and forced conversion— was described by the Jewish chronicler Abraham Ibn Daud, and the poet Abraham Ibn Ezra.
		These living archetypal Islamic worldviews are consistent with the doctrine expounded by the seminal 11th century Andalusian jurist Ibn Hazm who stated explicitly that non-Muslims were only bequeathed possessions to serve as booty for the Muslims.
		Indeed such attitudes, whatever their origins, raise this larger basic question: why does the West continue to validate the raw, imbalanced bigotry that denies non-Muslims any access to Mecca and Medina—upon pain of imprisonment, torture, and death—while Muslims demand and are granted the ability to settle, with generous accommodations, within Europe or America?
	jmm.aaa.net.au /articles/16861.htm (5571 words)

	Dhimmi Watch: April 2004 Archives
		Guldunya Toren was killed for having a child outside wedlock after being raped by a cousin in southeastern Turkey.
		In a sign of the changing times, Turkey's Muslim preachers recently condemned honour killings and said all forms of murder were a sin in Islam and were forbidden.
		Given today's global climate, one might even have expected (despite the historic sins of the Crusaders, which I do not mean to mitigate) "Crusaders" to start popping up in various places, committed to defending their homes and families from jihad aggression.
	www.jihadwatch.org /dhimmiwatch/archives/2004_04.php (17861 words)

	USATODAY.com - Places to remember Jewish heritage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He also authored one of the great philosophic statements of Judaism, The Guide of the Perplexed, served as physician to the Sultan of Egypt and led Cairo's Jewish community.
		Samuel Ibn-Naghrela of Grenada was a Spanish Jewish courtier who became Secretary to the Vizier and Nagid (Chief) of the Jewish community of Spain in the 11th century.
		Grenada and Cordoba were home to the Golden Age of Spanish Jewry under Muslim rule."
	www.usatoday.com /travel/destinations/10great/2004-04-15-jewish-heritage_x.htm?POE=TRVISVA (688 words)

	CUANAS: 12/01/2004 - 12/31/2004
		The statement was signed by the group’s “emir,” or leader, the previously unknown Abu Abdullah al-Hassan Ibn Mahmoud.
		Such laws actually make Muslims a protected class, beyond criticism, precisely at the moment when the Western republics need to examine the implications of having admitted into their countries people with greater allegiance to Islamic law than to the pluralist societies in which they’ve settled.
		The courageous ex-Muslim Ibn Warraq calls upon Muslims to “admit the role of the Qur’an in the propagation of violence.” If they do not do this, what end can there possibly be to the jihad terrorism that is inspired, according to the terrorists themselves, by the Qur’an?
	cuanas.blogspot.com /2004_12_01_cuanas_archive.html (12981 words)

	AbdolKarim Soroush :: عبدالکريم سروش
		Modern Western democracy grew up among pious Christians, many of them staunch Calvinists who emphasized man’s sinful and fallen nature, and themselves grappled with the relationship between democracy and divine sovereignty.
		Subsequent Islamic states were also home to non-Muslims, who participated in government and public life, sometimes in important positions.
		Samuel ibn Naghrela, the Jewish politician-poet-philosopher known in Hebrew as Samuel the Prince, rose to the viziership of medieval
	www.drsoroush.com /English/On_drsoroush/E-CMO-20020930-1.html (10153 words)

	Israpundit: Islam is a Religion of War
		Isaiah 1:4 'Ah, sinful nation, a people loaded with guilt, a brood of evildoers'
		Amar Ibn al aas was the ruler of egypt in the Omar (second khalif).
		There was horse race in which the horse of the son of amr and the horse of a christian were competing.
	www.israpundit.com /archives/2005/12/islam_is_a_reli_3.php (11049 words)

	The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain
		This is a book that can help you read Song of Roland, El Cid, the poems of Shmuel Ha Nagid and the works of Ibn Rushid afresh.
		It's very well written, thoughtful and insightful, particularly about the intellectual heritage.
		For those not enamored of utopianism, a more accurate assessment of interfaith relationships in Muslim Spain can be found in Richard Fletcher's very engaging "Moorish Spain".
	blog.markwshead.com /info2/The-Ornament-of-the-World--How-Muslims--Jews--and-Christians-Created-a-Cult.html (9515 words)

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