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	Macedonia FAQ: Tsar Samuil
		Samuil's Empire comprised the whole of Macedonia, Thessaly, Epirus, Albania and the former coastal Sclaviniae of Duklja, Travunja, Zahumlje and the Neretva region, and also Serbia (t.e.
		Heading this conglomeration of people was Tsar Samuil, who was crowned by the Roman Pope, because Samuil was in a constant conflict with the Byzantine Empire, and the crown of the Bulgarian rules was in Constantinople.
		Following the final subjugation of Samuil's state in 1018, the Byzantine Empire dealt fiercely with the Macedonian population, particularly those living in the towns: they were banished and aliens were brought in their place.
	faq.macedonia.org /history/11.4.html (711 words)

	Samuil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 986, Samuil drove Basil II's army from the field at Troyanovi Vrata, and the emperor (barely surviving the heavy defeat in Troyanovi Vrata) soon turned to the east for new conquests.
		The multitude of other sources which refer to the empire of Samuil as to Bulgaria and to him as a Bulgarian Tsar are explained in one way or another, depending on the context, predominantly explained as belonging to state, not ethnicity.
		The recognition of Samuil as a Bulgarian Tsar by the Pope is, for example, explained by the practice of the Roman Pope to give a title to the crown which was identified with the territory of an already recognized empire, and Samuil's Empire extended over the territory of the Bulgarian Empire which had collapsed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tsar_Samuil_of_Bulgaria (1092 words)

	Samuil Marshak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Samuil was born November 3, 1887 in Voronezh his father was a foreman on a chemical plant.
		Maxim Gorky arranged for Samuil to live with Gorky's family in Yalta (1904-1907), Gorky and Chalyapin also paid for his education and therapy.
		Samuil Marshak died on June 4, 1964 and was buried in Moscow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Samuil_Marshak (526 words)

	Tsar Samuil
		At the close of the 9th century, Pope Gregory V heralded and blessed Samuil as a king, and the empire of the youngest son of the Komitadji Nikola acquired international recognition and character.
		In addition, Samuil represented a new imperial dynasty, the empire was founded on a new state and legal basis, with new twin capitals at Prespa and Ohrid, and with a precisely defined core centered around Macedonia and the Macedonian Slavs as the fundamental element of the new empire.
		In Ohrid Samuil built imperial palaces and a church to be the seat of the Macedonian church.
	www.mymacedonia.net /history/samoil.htm (2109 words)

	Macedonia for the Macedonians
		At the close of the 9th century, Pope Gregory V heralded and blessed Samuil as a king, and the empire of the youngest son of the Komitadji Nikola acquired international recognition and character.
		In addition, Samuil represented a new imperial dynasty, the empire was founded on a new state and legal basis, with new twin capitals at Prespa and Ohrid, and with a precisely defined core centered around Macedonia and the Macedonian Slavs as the fundamental element of the new empire.
		In Ohrid Samuil built imperial palaces and a church to be the seat of the Macedonian church.
	www.makedonija.info /samuil.html (1614 words)

	Samuil_Kreynes_violinist
		Samuil Kreynes earned a B.A. in music/violin at Musorgsky College of Music, and later an M.A. in music/violin in St.Petersburg Conservatory, Russia.
		In addition to his performing work from 1988 to 1998, Samuil was a faculty member at the Tutti Music College for Gifted Children in St. Petersburg and was a member of many juries which selected young musicians for state and international competitions.
		In the United States, where he has lived since 1999, Samuil was a faculty member at the Performing Arts School of Worcester and a visiting professor at Wheaton College in Norton, Massachusetts.
	www.shilakowskyarts.com /Samuil_Kreynes_violinist (188 words)

	Basil II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When all-out war broke out in 1002, Samuil had extended the Bulgarian kingdom from the Danube River in the north all the way into Greece, stopping just north of Athens.
		Samuil's force was outnumbered numerically, but he was able to avoid fighting a general engagement while harassing Basil's forces as they advanced through Bulgarian territory.
		Finally, in July of 1014, Basil II cornered the Bulgarian army and forced it to fight at the Battle of Kleidion[?], with Samuil several miles away from the battlefield.
	www.wordlookup.net /ba/basil-ii.html (1571 words)

	Second Bulgarian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 976 Samuil, the governor of Sredets (today Sofia), an efficient leader and a superb commander, he struck heavy blows on the Byzantine troops and was successful in freeing the occupied territories.
		In 986, Samuil drove Basil II's army from the field at Troyanovi Vrata (Trajan's Gate), and the emperor soon turned to the east for new conquests.
		Eventhough Samuil was the military leader, tsar Roman was the nominal ruler of the Bulgarian state in Skopje, where he built the "Sveti Georgi Brzi" monastery, until 991, when he was captured in battle by the Greeks; Samuil proclaimed himself a tsar only in 997 AD, when tsar Roman died in the Byzantine dungeon.
	lccb.scripps.edu /~amatov/bg21.html (1223 words)

	Bulgaria.com - History, Rulers of Bulgaria - Tsar Samuil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Samuil's horsemen went south all the way to Peloponnese and Corynth, and they unfurled his flag in Larissa, a key fortress for the control over Thessaly.
		Samuil moved his capital from Sredets (Sofia) to Voden, to Prespa and finally to Ohrid, in reaction to the developments in the war with Byzantium.
		Samuil fought fiercely but was forced to retreat and give away lands.
	www.bulgaria.com /history/rulers/samuil.html (944 words)

	The Macedonian Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Samuil's church did not differ from other eastern churches-it enjoyed all the typical feudal privileges, with estates at its disposal, pareikos (serfs) to cultivate its land and exemption from various dues and taxes.
		Samuil introduced the language of the Macedonian Slavs to state administration, while the church acknowledged Macedonian as well-not surprising, considering it was the language of Cyril and Methodius and their disciples Clement and Naum.
		It is significant that Basil II, after the destruction of Samuil's state, allowed Samuil's church to remain autocephalous-separating the archbishopric from the authority of the Bulgarians.
	www.unet.com.mk /mian/church.htm (1787 words)

	Macedonia from the Settlement of Slavs to the Ottoman Empire
		In the same year Samuil's brothers were killed and he became the sole monarch of the state.
		As a result of this, by the close of the 10th century, the entire territory of Macedonia (with the exception of Salonica), large parts of Bulgaria, Serbia, Duclia and Bosnia, a part of Dalmatia, part of Albania including Dyrrachium and a part of Greece had been included within the borders of this state.
		Samuil's empire, which was a typical early-feudal state, existed up to the year 1018.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /RomanMacedonia/SlavstoOttoman.html (2050 words)

	ROAD SCHOLARS - Features news
		Samuil was born in the southwestern Bulgarian lands (today’s Macedonian territory).
		Although he was not a member of a royal family but only a military commander of Tsar Roman, Samuil proved born to rule and held the throne from that time until 1014.
		In Samuil’s kingdom, the Kav-Khan remained the highest dignitary, the tsar’s right-hand man. In the heart of the state — the lands around Sofia and in Macedonia — fortified castles were erected to repel Byzantine attacks.
	www.sofiaecho.com /article/road-scholars/id_2955/catid_29 (988 words)

	Macedonian Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		With the establishment of Samuil's state, the necessity for an independent Macedonian church became imperative.
		Until the time of Samuil, the church in Macedonia had been under the jurisdiction of the Bulgarian Patriarchate founded by Tsar Symeon without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
		It was legally strengthened by the Byzantine Emperor Basil II as an ecumenical Christian institution immediately after his defeat of Samuil's state in 1018.In the 13th century at the time of the Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Asen II, in addition to the church at Trnovo, the older Ohrid Church was also an object of respect.
	www.macedonians.co.uk /church/MacChurch.htm (767 words)

	Ioannes Zonaras: JOANNES ZONARAS RECOUNTS HOW BASILIUS 11 BLINDED THE BULGARIAN SOLDIERS OF SAMUIL AND CONQUERED THE ...
		Samuil, unable to oppose the Byzantine army, tried to block the roads for him by ditches, while barring the gorges with for-tifications and putting guards in them.
		But after a certain time a servant of Ivan Vladislav's, the murderer of Gavril, arrived and announced the murder of Samuil's son and carried a letter promising submission to the Emperor.
		Understanding that Vladislav had no intention of fulfilling his promise, the Emperor again set out against Bulgaria, ravaged much of her land, by siege took the town of Okhrid where the palaces of the Bulgarian Tsars stood, and through his military commanders seized other fortresses by siege, and then re-turned to Constantinople.
	members.tripod.com /~zlatnite/zonaras.htm (562 words)

	Bulgaria: Arbitrary detention and ill-treatment of people with mental disabilities: Appeals cases
		Residents in the Samuil social care home for adults with mental disabilities endure systematic abuse, gross neglect and ghastly living conditions in violation of international human rights standards.
		Samuil is a mixed institution, housing both men and women over age 18.
		One Samuil resident complained that she was raped when living in a children's home before placement at Samuil.
	www.amnestyusa.org /regions/europe/document.do?id=DD5E09AB93BDE17F80256C400024BE76 (5771 words)

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