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	San Andreas Fault - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The San Andreas Fault is a geological fault that runs a length of roughly 800 miles (1300 kilometres) through western and southern California in the United States.
		The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895, and named by him after a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco, the Laguna de San Andreas.
		All land west of the fault on the Pacific Plate is moving slowly to the northwest while all land east of the fault is moving to the southwest (relatively southeast as measured at the fault) under the influence of plate tectonics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/San_Andreas_Fault (1657 words)

	Earthscope SAFO
		The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth is the second part of Stage I. The objective is to install instrumentation to provide the first at-depth observatory within a major active fault, the San Andreas Fault, at Parkfield, California.
		One of the goals of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth is to use the strong geometry of the deep seismometer string in coordination with the surface USArray instruments to construct a very-high-resolution tomographic picture of the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield and the surrounding areas.
		Even though the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield is one of the most intensively studied fault sites in the world, the site's earthquake locations still have large uncertainties due to the strong lateral velocity contrasts as a result of materials on either side of the fault.
	www.iris.iris.edu /HQ/EarthScope/EarthScope.saf.html (2471 words)

	Parkfield: San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
		Drilling the hole for SAFOD starts west of the San Andreas Fault and then use advanced directional-drilling technology developed by the petroleum industry to angle the hole through the entire fault zone until relatively undisturbed rock is reached on the east side.
		SAFOD will provide direct information on the composition and mechanical properties of rocks in the fault zone, the nature of stresses responsible for earthquakes, the role of fluids in controlling faulting and earthquake recurrence, and the physics of earthquake initiation and rupture.
		A 2.2-km-deep vertical pilot hole was drilled adjacent to the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield in the summer of 2002.
	quake.wr.usgs.gov /research/parkfield/safod_pbo.html (630 words)

	125th - Articles - Science - Scientists launch San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
		SAFOD will be constructed on a private ranch near Parkfield, CA, a tiny rural town located halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
		The fault marks the boundary between the Pacific plate on the west and the North American plate on the east -- two landmasses that are slowly moving in opposite directions.
		Temperatures at that depth are expected to reach 275 F. Derrick man places a new stand of drill pipe into the elevators while running in the SAFOD Pilot Hole with a fresh drill bit.
	www.usgs.gov /125/articles/sanandreas.html (1225 words)

	ScienceDaily: San Andreas Fault Observatory At Depth Reveals New Insights Into The 'Earthquake Machine'
		SAFOD is a major research component of EarthScope, a National Science Foundation-funded program being carried out in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to investigate the forces that shape the North American continent and the physical processes controlling earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
		The SAFOD project is located near the tiny Central California town of Parkfield on the notorious San Andreas Fault-an 800-mile-long earthquake-prone rift that runs between the Pacific and North American tectonic plates.
		SAFOD researchers were able to obtain some seismic data during the 2004 quake, thanks to a seismometer and tiltmeter that were installed deep inside a SAFOD pilot hole that had been drilled near the fault in 2002.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/12/051213082828.htm (2717 words)

	The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) II - Tectonophysics [T]
		SAFOD is located at the transition between the creeping and locked sections of the fault, 9 km NW of Parkfield, CA.
		The SAFOD main borehole was drilled vertically to a depth of 1.5 km and then deviated at an average angle of 55° to vertical, passing beneath the surface trace of the San Andreas fault, 1.8 km to the NW at a depth of 3.2 km.
		Construction of the multi-component SAFOD observatory is well underway, with a seismometer and tiltmeter operating at 1 km depth in the pilot hole and a fiber-optic laser strainmeter cemented behind casing in the main hole.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm05/fm05-sessions/fm05_T23E.html (3618 words)

	Stanford Scientific Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The data extracted and the knowledge gained from the observatory may enable scientists to answer long-standing questions pertaining to the origin of earthquakes and the properties of the fault at depth - specifically unusual thermal signatures and chemical compositions within.
		The researchers of SAFOD attempt to answer questions about the mechanisms of earthquakes, the physics of the fault zone and the chemical composition of the fault at depth.
		From this underground observatory, scientists measure forces in the earth, gauge the pressure of fluids within the fault and obtain core samples for laboratory study to answer pressing questions about earthquakes on the San Andreas fault.
	www.stanford.edu /~dgermain/volume4-2/articles4-2/sanAndreas.html (1101 words)

	NCEDC: SAFOD (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth)
		SAFOD is one component of the EarthScope Major Research Initiative funded by the National Science Foundations (NSF).
		The Parkfield region is the most comprehensively instrumented section of a fault anywhere in the world, and has been the focus of intensive study for the past two decades as part of the Parkfield Earthquake Experiment.
		The waveform data from the SAFOD pilot hole from 2002/09/13 through 2004/12/31 was recorded by and provided to the NCEDC by the research group of Dr.
	www.ncedc.org /safod (485 words)

	Scientists launch major earthquake drilling project along the San Andreas Fault : 06/02
		Located on the San Andreas Fault halfway between San Francisco and Los Angeles, Parkfield is considered an ideal place to study the physical processes associated with recurring earthquakes.
		The SAFOD pilot hole is located 1.1 miles southwest of the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, Calif. The drill site is situated in a meadow in the rolling ranch land of Central California.
		SAFOD drilling would start on the Pacific Plate, which forms the western boundary of the San Andreas Fault Zone, and continue in a vertical direction about 1.4 miles below the surface.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/july10/pilothole-710.html (1287 words)

	Geological Society - News - Inside the earthquake machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		SAFOD is being built on private ranchland near the rural town of Parkfield in central California, about halfway between San Francisco and Los Angeles.
		The ranch straddles the San Andreas Fault, an 800-mile-long rift that marks the boundary between the Pacific and North American tectonic plates.
		The observatory is expected to operate for 20 years and give researchers a unique window into the process of stress build-up and release in the fault zone during numerous microearthquakes.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm/template.cfm?name=SAFOD (1053 words)

	SAFOD Data at the IRIS DMC
		The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) is a deep borehole observatory that will directly measure the physical conditions under which plate boundary earthquakes occur.
		SAFOD is designed to directly sample fault zone materials (rock and fluids), measure a wide variety of fault zone properties, and monitor a creeping and seismically active fault zone at depth.
		A 3.2-km-deep hole will be drilled through the San Andreas fault zone close to the hypocenter of the 1966 M~6 Parkfield earthquake, where the San Andreas fault slips through a combination of small-to-moderate magnitude earthquakes and aseismic creep.
	www.iris.edu /earthscope/safod (518 words)

	ScienceDaily: Scientists Launch San Andreas Fault Observatory At Depth
		The fault marks the boundary between the Pacific plate on the west and the North American plate on the east two landmasses that are slowly moving in opposite directions.
		The SAFOD hole will go deep enough to get into the heart of the fault zone, where earthquakes really begin." After drilling, the entire borehole will be cased in cement to allow researchers to install seismometers, strainmeters, temperature sensors and other monitoring devices while collecting subsurface rock and fluid samples for lab analysis.
		San Andreas Fault -- San Andreas Fault is a geological fault that spans a length of roughly 800 miles (1287 kilometres) through California, United States.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/11/031125071840.htm (2573 words)

	The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) I Posters - Tectonophysics [T]
		FVM is an extension of Kirchhoff prestack depth migration (KPSDM).
		In exhumed faults several populations of discrete and mixed-layer phyllosilicates were observed, including a protolithic population (chlorite and mica), a syn-faulting population (chlorite-rich chlorite-smectite and illite-rich illite-smectite), and a post-faulting population (smectite-rich chlorite-smectite).
		The fault that offsets rhyolite against granite is a remnant SAF trace, and indicates ~3 km northeastward migration of the SAF trace.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm05/fm05-sessions/fm05_T21A.html (8990 words)

	SAN ANDREAS DRILLERS FIND STRANGELY WEAK FAULT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA--Almost 12,000 earth and planetary scientists (a new record) of every stripe met here 5 to 9 December to discuss topics as varied as the inner workings of the San Andreas fault and ancient muck on Mars.
		Drillers were extending the hole begun west of the fault by bending the hole toward the east and through the fault at a depth of almost 3 kilometers, close to a 100-meter patch on the fault that was breaking every 2 years in magnitude-2 quakes.
		The SAFOD researchers did not detect any pressure surge when they hit the fault zone, and seismic waves passing along the fault to the drill hole showed none of the expected effects of overpressurization, he said.
	www.surfingtheapocalypse.net /cgi-bin/forum.cgi?read=117152 (545 words)

	RPI Inverse Problems Center - Fault Identification
		SAFOD will place instrumentation inside the fault with the goal of understanding future earthquakes; more specifically to better understand the processes that produce earthquakes and related geological phenomena.
		Drilling, sampling, and taking downhole measurements within the San Andreas Fault zone are expected to advance scientific knowledge of earthquakes by providing direct observations of a major active fault zone.
		Their results will guide SAFOD drillers during their process; researchers also will use the SAFOD data obtained in the vicinity of the drill site to enhance images of the fault region.
	www.iprpi.rpi.edu /res_fault.html (433 words)

	LiveScience.com - Inside an Earthquake: Geologists Penetrate Fault Zone 2 Miles Down
		The San Andreas marks the boundary between two major plates of Earth's thin crust.
		The hole starts in the Pacific Plate just west of the actual fault, which is a visible and gaping scar on Earth's surface in some locations along its 800-mile length.
		SAFOD will measure the buildup of strain and its routine release in microquakes, which no one feels but which hold clues to more destructive temblors.
	www.livescience.com /forcesofnature/050804_san_andreas.html (734 words)

	EarthScope
		SAFOD will provide new insights into the composition and physical properties of fault zone materials at depth, and the constitutive laws governing fault behavior.
		Although it is often proposed that high pore fluid pressure exists within the San Andreas fault zone at depth and that variations in pore pressure strongly affect fault behavior, these hypotheses are unproven and the origin of overpressured fluids, if they exist, is unknown.
		In addition to retrieval of fault zone rock and fluids for laboratory analyses, intensive downhole geophysical measurements and long-term monitoring are planned within and adjacent to the active fault zone.
	www.earthscope.org /safod (465 words)

	Stanford, U.S. Geological Survey team up to get inside scoop on quake zone
		SAFOD, PBO and USArray will be deployed over the next five years and will operate and produce data for at least 10 years after that.
		SAFOD will be constructed on a private ranch near Parkfield, Calif. -- a tiny rural town located halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
		Temperatures at that depth are expected to reach 275 F (135 C).
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/2003/december3/safod-123.html (1367 words)

	Milton Dobrin Memorial Lecture; Scientific Drilling into the San Andreas Fault - Mon 6-Feb-06 5:30 PM at University ...
		The SAFOD main borehole was drilled vertically to a depth of 1.5 km and then deviated at an average angle of 55 deg to vertical, passing beneath the surface trace of the San Andreas fault at a depth of 3.2 km.
		San Andreas fault is a relatively weak fault in an otherwise strong crust, confirming three decades of inferences about fault strength from heat flow and stress orientation measurements.
		He is currently one of the Principal Investigators of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) project that involves a complex suite of experiments and construction of a geophysical observatory during within the active fault zone at 3 km depth.
	www.gshtx.org /en/cev/?274 (669 words)

	Center for the Science & Engineering of Materials @ Caltech
		The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) is a project aimed
		SAFOD is part of the National Science Foundation’s twenty-year Earthscope project.
		Understanding the fault zone properties and changes may give scientists the information they need to accurately predict when an earthquake is about to hit.
	www.csem.caltech.edu /material_world/safod.html (202 words)

	Millennium Ark: Increasing Tornadoes
		Parkfield, on the San Andreas fault, has been at or near the site of several large earthquakes in the past.
		Portions of the San Andreas Fault that ruptured in major historical earthquakes are shown in red, with the creeping and microseismically active segment of the fault in blue.
		Inset: Schematic of SAFOD and the SAFOD pilot hole, superimposed on electrical resistivity structure inferred from surface surveys.
	www.millennium-ark.net /EC_News/050804.drill.San.Andreas.html (676 words)

	Earthscope Overview
		These include estimating earthquake potential, determining the properties of fault zones and the physics of rupture, predicting ground motions for future earthquakes, and transferring this knowledge to engineers and the public.
		The second element of Stage I, the San Andreas Observatory at Depth, addresses the remaining uncovered observational gap in Figure 1, between 1 cm and 1km.
		The concept of the Plate Boundary Observatory was inspired by recent exciting discoveries showing the interconnectedness of fault systems and the non-seismic distortion of the crust and upper mantle that appear to be related to future seismic events.
	www.iris.iris.edu /HQ/EarthScope/EarthScope.html (2222 words)

	THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT OBSERVATORY AT DEPTH (SAFOD): TESTING FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF EARTHQUAKE MECHANICS
		In the SAFOD experiment we propose to drill into the San Andreas fault at a site characterized by creep and regularly repeating small earthquakes near Parkfield, CA.
		The second set of scientific objectives are related to establishment of a long-term observatory directly within the active fault to study to study the processes associated with initiation, propagation and arrest of seismic (and aseismic) rupture.
		In addition to drilling through the fault zone and making a broad suite of geophysical measurements, we will sample a continuous profile of fault-zone rocks and fluids and measure stress and pore pressure conditions within the SAFOD borehole.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_46856.htm (496 words)

	San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth observatory reveals new insights into the 'earthquake machine'
		The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD)-the first underground observatory to provide physical samples and real-time seismological data from deep inside an active fault zone- is yielding surprising new clues about the origin of earthquakes.
		SAFOD entails the drilling of a three-mile long borehole on the Pacific plate just west of the fault.
		From 2000 to 2003, before SAFOD drilling began, researchers from the University of California-Berkeley recorded 110 non-volcanic tremor events along the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield.
	www.continuitycentral.com /news02243.htm (490 words)

	Scoping the San Andreas Fault (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		One of them is that the rock in the San Andreas fault area only accumulates about a fifth the stresses of the rock he studied in Germany previously.
		Zoback finished his presentation by explaining that SAFOD is a significant part of one quarter of a Federal project to enormously deepen our understanding of the physical world around us.
		Zoback explained that they were drilling on the area of the San Andreas fault that creeps and then angling over to under the stiff rock part to observe it so they can be sure that their drilling won't cause a serious earthquake.
	tian.greens.org /TASC/TASC_SAFOD.html (583 words)

	Drilling San Andreas - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Drilling San Andreas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The project is using an oil-drilling rig to bore deep into the infamous fault, allowing geophysicists to plant instruments at the precise spot where earthquakes begin.
		The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth is one of several elements of EarthScope, an ambitious $200 million initiative by the National Science Foundation that is investigating the geophysical forces that shape the North American continent.
		The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth is located 25 miles northwest of the spot, near the intersection of Highways 41 and 46, where James Dean wrecked his Porsche Spyder and died on September 30, 1955, an event commemorated by an unattractive, stainless-steel roadside shrine erected by a Japanese businessman.
	www.discover.com /issues/mar-05/features/drilling-san-andreas (1251 words)

	SAFOD Observatory Reveals New Insights Into The Earthquake Machine
		When completed in 2007, the SAFOD observatory (pictured) will be equipped with dozens of underground seismological instruments installed in a segment of the fault where small earthquakes are born.
		The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD)-the first underground observatory to provide physical samples and real-time seismological data from deep inside an active fault zone-is yielding surprising new clues about the origin of earthquakes.
		SAFOD scientists from around the world will discuss these new findings on Dec. 6 at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) at Moscone Center West in San Francisco.
	www.terradaily.com /news/tectonics-05zzzzza.html (1497 words)

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