Sandinista National Liberation Front

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	Sandinista National Liberation Front - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sandinista National Liberation Front (Spanish: Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional) is a leftist political party that ruled Nicaragua for roughly 12 years from 1979 to 1990.
		The Sandinistas took their name from Augusto César Sandino (1895-1934), a leader in the country's nationalist rebellion against the United States military occupation of Nicaragua in the 1920s and early 1930s until his assassination in 1934 by the U.S.-created Guardia Nacional (National Guard) enabled Somoza to seize control of the country.
		Daniel Ortega was re-elected as leader of the Sandinistas in 1998.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front (3996 words)

	Mark Major, "The Sandinista Revolution and the 'Fifth Freedom'"
		Even though the Sandinistas were being terrorized by a military superpower, they were still able to conduct elections in 1984 and 1990 that were recognized by international observers as fair and legitimate.
		While the Sandinista institutional development was popular and benefited the majority of the population, stability and the need for food were the primary concerns due to a decade of US terror.
		One of the great Sandinista legacies was politicizing the majority of the population to become "genuine authors of development." The US and domestic elites wanted to restructure the value system established by the Sandinistas and tried to do this by assaulting the education system.
	mrzine.monthlyreview.org /major150805.html (3860 words)

	Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2000 - Nicaragua
		A series of political accords between the governing Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC) and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), though highly controversial, ceded the FSLN more power in several governmental institutions in exchange for the avoidance of the use of violent protests to achieve political ends.
		Although national figures are not available, a study conducted in Managua in 1998 found that 40 percent of the 1,200 prostitutes in the city were under the age of 18.
		National Police reports indicate that the four policemen involved in the January 1999 killings of Hilario Briones Arostegui and Santos Arostegui Torres were never investigated.
	www.usemb.se /human/2000/west/nicaragua.html (13447 words)

	WNU Supplement: 1994 FSLN Congress
		The Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) held an "extraordinary" three-day party congress from May 20-22 1994 in Managua, Nicaragua.
		In Nicaragua, where the majority of the population is under the age of seventeen, the Sandinista Front is seeking to represent the masses without a single DN member under the age of forty.
		A speaker from the Sandinista Youth proposed deferring the application of the floor to the departmental election, but said it should be applied to the election of the 45 national AS members, and to the National Directorate.
	home.earthlink.net /~nicadlw/fsln1994.html (2103 words)

	Sandinista
		The Sandinista people’s revolution will establish a revolutionary government that will eliminate the reactionary structure that arose from rigged elections and military coups, and the people’s power will create a Nicaragua that is free of exploitation, oppression, backwardness: a free, progressive, and independent country.
		The Sandinista people’s revolution will work out an agrarian policy that achieves an authentic agrarian reform; a reform that will, in the immediate term, carry out massive distribution of the land, eliminating the land grabs by the large landlords in favor of the workers (small producers) who labor on the land.
		It will guarantee the free exchange of ideas, which above all leads to vigorously broadening the people’s rights and national rights.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~vandeuse/sandinistas.htm (1643 words)

	Matilde Zimmermann - Sandinista
		The biography I've written of Carlos Fonseca, the founder of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), that led the 1979 Nicaragua revolution.
		Sandinista is full of pioneering forays into a new social history of the Left in Latin America.
		During the mid-1980s, in the aftermath of Anastasio Somoza Debayle's collapse and the ensuing Contra war, substantial attention was paid to the root causes of the revolution, the ideological framework of the Sandinistas, and America's role in the revolutionary process.
	pages.slc.edu /~mzimmermann/sandinista.html (2495 words)

	National Liberation Front -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Profile of this Nicaraguan political figure who led the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to the electoral victory in 1984 and became the president of the country.
		Algerian political leader Mohamed Boudiaf was a founder of the revolutionary National Liberation Front (FLN) and a hero of the Algerian war of independence (1954–62).
		The most radical Tamil group was the Liberation Tigers, who used guerrilla and terrorist methods to pursue their goal of an independent Tamil state to be called Eelam in northern and...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9054992 (768 words)

	Nicaragua - Sandinista National Liberation Front
		The new sevenmember National Directorate continued to meet regularly and drafted the guidelines for the document analyzing the electoral defeat that was to be discussed in the first postelection Sandinista Assembly in June 1990.
		The National Congress also decided that future national congresses, to be held every four years, would elect the members of the Sandinista Assembly, the Ethics Commission, and the National Directorate individually by a secret and direct vote.
		The departmental congresses ratified this proposal and another giving the nonelected members of the Sandinista Assembly voting rights in the National Congress.
	countrystudies.us /nicaragua/50.htm (1408 words)

	Ten Years After: Women in Sandinista Nicaragua
		Since the defeat of the Sandinistas in the 1990 elections in Nicaragua, both the FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front) as well as other popular organizations have evaluated their role during the last ten years of the revolution.
		In Nicaragua, during the years of the Sandinista revolution, it was generally believed in AMNLAE that the best way of contributing to the liberation of women was to support the revolution, which meant that the problems of women would be resolved by the revolution.
		For the first time women began to participate in a significant way in social and public activities: 60% of the teachers in the national literacy campaigns and 75% of the health promoters in the national vaccination campaigns were women.
	www.epica.org /Library/women/nica_women.htm (1142 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Nicaragua
		While the Sandinistas continue to use their organizational and institutional powers to block government initiatives that they believe threaten the social reforms of the 1979 revolution, nevertheless, Daniel Ortega has been relatively successful in portraying the FSLN as a moderate party that is committed to national unity and reconciliation.
		In these elections the Sandinista candidate, Daniel Ortega, was replaced as president by the candidate of the democratic opposition, Violetta Chamorro.
		After months of deadlock and negotiation, in July 1995 President Chamorro signed 65 amendments to the 1987 constitution that gave the National Assembly many new powers that had previously belonged to the executive branch.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Nic1.htm (504 words)

	The Militant - 11/18/96 -- Nicaragua: Rightist Wins Presidency
		The Sandinista National Liberation Front came to power on the heels of a popular revolution that overthrew the Somoza dictatorship in July 1979.
		Two days later, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) agreed to accept the results as tallied by the Nicaraguan Supreme Electoral Council, pending clarification of some "irregularities" during the vote.
		The Sandinista leadership's initial course was in continuity with nearly two decades of revolutionary work by the FSLN, codified in the Historic Program of the organization drafted by Carlos Fonseca and first published in 1969.
	www.themilitant.com /1996/6041/6041_5.html (1364 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Can the Sandinistas Still Be Stopped?
		From the viewpoint of Nicaragua's ruling Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), the war against U.S. "imperialism" is not going badly at all these days.
		...policies, on matters ranging from nuclear targeting to liberation movements, reflects a widespread rec- ognition that they are not policies at all, but rather rhetoric that satisfies some domestic po- litical needs and may contribute to decisions re- garding discrete actions in a particular field...
		...The important thing about the Sandinista view of Nicaraguan history is that it puts their country at the center of the world-historical stage, while simultaneously absolving its residents of any responsibility for Nicaragua's historical development...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V84I1P28-1.htm (6704 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		As a result of the bloody Civil War, when the revolutionary movement headed by the Sandinista National Liberation Front triumphed, the new government adopted various measures to establish a new political and legal system, in the transition brought on by the triumph of the revolution.
		Instead the National Guard is replaced by “a new, patriotic National Army dedicated to defending the Democratic Process and the Sovereignty and independence of the Nation, as well as the integrity of its territory.
		And to undertake the great task of national reconstruction in the political, social and economic spheres, for which purpose a suitable juridical structure is needed.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/iachr/country-reports/nicaragua1981-ch1.htm (3934 words)

	RIC Query - Nicaragua (23 February 2003)
		Ramírez, vice-president under Ortega in the former Sandinista government, was elected president of the MRS, and former FSLN guerrilla commander Dora María Téllez as his deputy.
		Further complicating the issue is the continued existence in Jinotega and neighboring areas of remnants of former Sandinista army units and former anti-Sandinista Contras.
		Another Sandinista dissident, Mónica Baltodano, said that “there was no opening in the congress.
	uscis.gov /graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/NIC03001.htm (1098 words)

	WEBLINK FSLN
		The FSLN was recognized as a national revolutionary movement on December 27, 1974 when the guerillas kidnapped Nicaraguan officials hoping to remove 14 Sandinistan prisoners from prison.
		The FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional) is a human rights guerilla revolutionary movement that was established in 1961, based in Nicaragua.
		Student activists, from the school of National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, in Managua, formed the beginning stages of this organization in the late fifties.
	www2.truman.edu /~marc/webpages/nativesp99/grito/weblinkFSLN.html (383 words)

	Ominous threats from US against Nicaraguan Sandinistas
		In the wake of September 11, the Bush administration is threatening the Nicaraguan people over the possible election victory of Daniel Ortega, the presidential candidate for the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), in the Central American nation’s November 4 elections.
		There is a real fear, however, that a Sandinista victory would raise mass expectations of social justice and economic equality that would be hard to contain.
		The possibility of a Sandinista victory already is causing many to pull their investments out of the country.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/oct2001/nica-o25.shtml (928 words)

	The Nation: The last Sandinista? Nicaragua's Frente has a new look - and an old face. A talk with Thomas Borge.(Sandinista National Liberation Front)@ HighBeam Research
		Thomas Borge, the only Sandinista Front founder who is still living, has been permitted to visit the US.
		Borge has enjoyed his visit, much the same as any tourist, and has emphasized that the Sandinistas are changing their image and are considering market forces as a source of financing.
		And no Sandinista leader was an object of greater American animosity than Nicaragua's hard-line Interior Minister, Comandante Tomas Borge, the sole...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:18816893&refid=holomed_1 (237 words)

	The Sandanista government of Nicaragua (1979–1990)
		On July 19,1979, the victorious fighters of the Sandinista Front for National Liberation and their supporters filled the Plaza of the Revolution in celebration of the overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship; they christened the plaza in honor of that day.
		Thousands of Sandinistas gather there to commemorate the death in combat of Carlos Fonseca Amador, the founder of the Sandinista Front for National Liberation (FSLN).
		Tomas Borge a founder of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), is the only surviving founder of the FSLN, the Sandinista National Liberation Front.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/47/index-faa.html (306 words)

	NDI - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs
		Nicaragua is locked in an impasse between the country's main political forces, including President Enrique Bolaños, the Liberal Constitutionalist Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista, PLC) and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN).
		For the 2001 national elections, NDI also trained 450 master political trainers, who in turn trained thousands of fiscales or pollwatchers to monitor the more than 9,500 polling stations in Nicaragua's 17 departments and regions, including the Atlantic Coast.
		This crisis has been fueled in part by the absence of public pressure on national leaders to implement political reforms that respond to the needs and expectations of Nicaraguans with their current democratic system.
	www.ndi.org /worldwide/lac/nicaragua/nicaragua_pf.asp (550 words)

	Sandinistas
		Ortega left office with the words: "We leave victorious because we Sandinistas have spilled blood and sweat not to cling to government posts, but to bring Latin America a little dignity, a little social justice."
		A Junta for National Reconstruction was established and in 1984 FSLN won the elections.
		In the 1990 elections the FSLN lost the elections to the UNO (Union of National Opposition).
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /COLDsandinista.htm (476 words)

	Propaganda: New Internationalist magazine 314 - The NI Interview
		It is now two decades since the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) marched triumphantly into the Nicaraguan capital of Managua.
		Before the interview I spoke to a leading Sandinista dissident who complained she had been sidelined in the FSLN for questioning Ortega& leadership.
		In spite of his claim that FSLN meetings resemble ‘those of an anarchist party’ there is widespread discontent in party circles over his tendency to stifle debate.
	www.newint.org /issue314/interview.htm (891 words)

	Nicaragua 1981 - Introduction
		In the name of the General Staff of the Nicaraguan National Guard and with the approval of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and of the Junta of the Government of National Reconstruction, I, Lt. Col.
		Once the orders issued by the joint National Directorate of the Sandinista national Liberation Front and the Junta of the Government of National Reconstruction have been carried out, the life and physical safety of every soldier who surrenders will be guaranteed.
		The victorious position that the Sandinista Front has held and continues to hold throughout the entire national territory has brought an end to the war waged against the Sandinista Front and the defeat of the National Guard.
	www.cidh.oas.org /countryrep/Nica81eng/intro.htm (3311 words)

	americas.org - No Sandinista Unity in Sight
		The Sandinista Renovation Movement, led by former Vice-President Sergio Ramírez, rejected a January 17 invitation from Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) General Secretary Daniel Ortega to form an alliance.
		Ramírez accused the Sandinistas of aligning with the government for the election, a charge denied by Ortega.
		For the third year in a row, a Christian Democratic Union representative has won the National Assembly presidency even though the party holds only six seats.
	www.americas.org /item_12707 (334 words)

	NED will not repeat mistakes made in Venezuela with Sumate exit poll
		There is no finer or more winning gentleman than Daniel Ortega, secretary general of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) of Nicaragua, who happened to be in Havana Sunday to help the Cubans celebrate...
		The Sandinista leader attended a massive May Day gathering here, and told Prensa Latina his organization has played an essential role in helping avoid a chaotic situation in the Central American country.
		But there may have be changes in the Sandinista electoral apparatus before a win happens.
	www.vheadline.com /printer_news.asp?id=32760 (762 words)

	americas.org - Sandinistas Pick Surprise Veep Candidate
		The Sandinista National Liberation Front chose Juan Manuel Caldera Lacayo as the party’s vice-presidential candidate at its May 3-5 congress in Managua.
		Still working against them, he said, is “the piñata,&; the Sandinistas’ alleged distribution of government property to party leadership during the transition to the Violeta Chamorro government.
		Ortega, a former president, explained: “We are going to fight for a government of national unity, with no rancor or hatred.
	www.americas.org /item_12523 (266 words)

	Land rights and autonomy in Nicaragua
		DOROTEA WILSON, a leader of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and a member of its National Directorate, is on a tour of Australia, speaking about the issues of land rights and autonomy.
		During the first election, held at the same time that the Sandinistas were defeated in the national elections by Chamorro and the UNO coalition of right-wing parties, supported by the US, our result was about 50% for us and 50% for UNO.
		She is from the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua and was involved in the establishment by the former Sandinista government of laws which gave the ethnically unique people of the region the right to form autonomous governments.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/1998/314/314p20.htm (1413 words)

	Sandinista Vote
		Struggling to regroup after two resounding rejections by voters that left them with shrinking influence in the country they once ruled, the leftists of the Sandinista National Liberation Front this weekend clung to their top leaders while trying to make their party less threatening to Nicaragua's emerging entrepreneurs.
		"The wars of liberation had a cost, and the people who made the revolution have to assume those costs." The former commanders were responsible for death and destruction, which ensures that a significant number of voters will never support them, she said.
		Even as the 52-year-old Ortega was once again reelected secretary-general of the Sandinistas, a position he has held continuously since 1980, he held out hope that the party might open up.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~poli354/Nicaragua/980525_Nicaragua_Ortega.html (838 words)

	NotiSur - Latin American Political Affairs; May 27, 1994
		Sergio Ramirez, head of the Sandinista bench in the National Assembly, was resoundingly defeated at the Congress, as he had been the principal advocate of sweeping changes in leadership and in the political direction of the party.
		Although 83% of the voting delegates were men, a commitment was made to elect women to at least 30% of the positions on the National Directorate and in the Sandinista Assembly.
		There was also speculation that the Ortega faction would seek to have Ramirez removed from his position as head of the Sandinista bench in the National Assembly.
	ssdc.ucsd.edu /news/notisur/h94/notisur.19940527.html (3157 words)

	MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
		In addition, Costa Rica and the terrorist organization, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), were supportive of the Sandinistas.
		Prior to 1979, the Sandinistas received support from Cuba, Costa Rica, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
		The Sandinistas' primary goal was to overthrow the Somoza regime and replace it with a communist government.
	www.tkb.org /Group.jsp?groupID=249 (451 words)

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In the News (Mon 7 Dec 09)