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Topic: Sanhaja

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	Sanhaja Information
		The Sanhaja were one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb, along with the Zanata and Masmuda.
		From the 9th century Sanhaja tribes began to establish themselves in the middle Atlas range, in the Rif Mountains and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco.
		With the invasion of the Maghreb by the Arab Banu Hilal tribe in the 11th century, the Sanhaja were gradually arabised.
	www.bookrags.com /Sanhaja (238 words)

	Richard L. Smith \| What Happened to the Ancient Libyans? Chasing Sources across the Sahara from Herodotus to Ibn ...
		Cataclysmic struggles between confederations of Sanhaja and Zanata, who are portrayed as inveterate enemies, were limited to a series of complicated proxy wars in the tenth century.
		The Fatimids used a major Sanhaja group (not of the desert), and the Umayyads used mostly Zanata groups These conflicts were dynastic, religious, political, and economic in origin but hardly ethnic, and they had no lasting impact on groups in the Sahara.
		Usfayshar, "King of all the Sanhaja," but he must have thought it odd that the king's sister was the richest individual in the tribe.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/14.4/smith.html (15808 words)

	Sanhaja Information
		The Sanhaja (also commonly spelled "Sanhadja") were one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb, along with the Zanata and Masmuda.
		From the 9th century Sanhaja tribes began to establish themselves in the middle Atlas range, in the Rif Mountains and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco.
		A part of the Sanhaja settled in eastern Algeria (the Kutama), and played an important part in the rise of the Fatimids.
	sanhaja.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Sanhaja (385 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Sanhaja
		The Sanhaja (also commonly spelled "Sanhadja") were one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb, along with the Zanata and Masmuda.
		From the 9th century Sanhaja tribes began to establish themselves in the middle Atlas range, in the Rif Mountains and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco.
		A part of the Sanhaja settled in eastern Algeria (the Kutama), and played an important part in the rise of the Fatimids.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Sanhaja (318 words)

	Mauritania - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Berber nomads moved into the area in the 1st millennium ad and subjugated the indigenous fl population.
		The newcomers belonged to the Sanhaja Confederation that long dominated trade between the northern parts of Africa and the kingdom of Ghana, the capital of which, Kumbi Saleh (Koumbi Saleh), was in southeastern Mauritania.
		The Berbers, in turn, were conquered by Arabs in the 16th century.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761571203___19/Mauritania.html (674 words)

	Algeria - Almoravids (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Almoravid movement developed early in the eleventh century among the Sanhaja of the western Sahara, whose control of trans-Saharan trade routes was under pressure from the Zenata Berbers in the north and the state of Ghana in the south.
		Yahya ibn Ibrahim al Jaddali, a leader of the Lamtuna tribe of the Sanhaja confederation, decided to raise the level of Islamic knowledge and practice among his people.
		The most famous writers of Andalus worked in the Almoravid court, and the builders of the Grand Mosque of Tilimsan, completed in 1136, used as a model the Grand Mosque of Córdoba.
	www.countrystudies.us /algeria/10.htm (311 words)

	Mystical Tours Tangier Morocco
		Sanhaja, Masmoda, and Zenata are the three tribes constituting the Berbers.
		The Sanhaja, from which sprang the Almoravide dynasty (the founders of Marrakesh) were nomads who in the
		They were camel-riding Berber of the Sanhaja group of tribes, to whom cultivation of the soil was unknown.
	www.freewebs.com /mysticaltours/history.htm (2534 words)

	FMO Research Guide: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sanhaja Berber nomads are believed to have started migrating into the area of modern-day Western Sahara around 1,000 BC.
		In the eleventh century, the Sanhaja rose to dominance again with the emergence of the Almoravids, followers of a fervent Islamic movement who conquered vast swathes of west and north Africa and ruled for a century in southern Spain.
		Invasions by the Beni Hassan in the fifteenth century led to the gradual domination and Arabization of the Sanhaja.
	www.forcedmigration.org /guides/fmo035/fmo035-3.htm (4988 words)

	IbnYasin
		Independent and dissolute, these Sanhaja, masters of the desert, were not well-disposed to someone who had come from afar to reform their morals in the form of a religious re-education.
		Fortified with the moral support of al-Wajjaj, Ibn Yasin returned to the Sanhaja milieu in the Lamtuna tribe where he received the total endorsement of two of their chiefs, Abu Bakr and Yahya ibn 'Umar, and undertook his work of reform among them.
		Therefore Abu Bakr ibn 'Umar became the Amir and the Imam of the Sanhaja confederation of Maghrib al-Aqsa.
	bewley.virtualave.net /ibnyasin.html (7824 words)

	Travel in El Aaiun Westerm Sahara History
		The Almoravids were pious Sanhaja marabouts, who left the Sahara to go north where they conquered Morocco.
		Then there was a split; one faction returned south to the desert while the other crossed the Mediterranean, invaded Andalusia, settling in large parts of Spain, as well a in the present Maghreb.
		Such actions have caused an escalation of bombardments, massacres and torture of the civilian population who have been forced to make a mass exodus to the areas controlled by the POLISARIO Front a nd over the border to Tindouf in Algeria,which has been supporting the struggle of the Saharawis for self-determination.
	www.africatravelling.net /western_sahara/el_aaiun/el_aaiun_history.htm (1379 words)

	History of morocco - The Magic Morocco
		Sanhaja, Masmoda, and Zenata are the three tribes constituting the Berbers.
		They were camel-riding Berber of the Sanhaja group of tribes, to whom cultivation of the soil was unknown.
		For a century or more they Have been conquering and converting to Islam the fl countries of the Sahara, inspired by their search for the source of gold which had been flowing into Morocco from somewhere in the region of the Niger river.
	www.magicmorocco.com /history_of_morocco.html (3036 words)

	SANHAJA Articles The Sanhaja (also commonly spelled
		The Sanhaja (also commonly spelled "Sanhadja") were one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb, along with the Zanata and Masmuda.
		With the invasion of the Maghreb by the Arab Banu Hilal tribe in the 11th century, the Sanhaja were gradually arabized.
		The Kabyles of Algeria are descendants of the Kutama tribe, and several Moorish and Sahrawi tribes (in Mauritania/Western Sahara, respectively), while often arabized, retain important elements of Sanhaja culture and society.
	www.amazines.com /Sanhaja_related.html (543 words)

	[No title]
		Ibn Khaldun distinguished three major divisions among the Berbers, i.e., the Zanata, Sanhaja and Masmuda.
		The Sanhaja were as widely dispersed in the Maghrib as the Zanata.
		The Sanhaja were split into two main branches: the Kabylia Berbers, who were sedentary, and the nomadic Zanaga, whose traditional home had been the western Sahara desert.
	www.ismaili.net /histoire/history05/history502.html (1013 words)

	Western Sahara - History
		In the XIth century, a confederation of tribes, the "veiled Sanhaja", formed the Almoravid State.
		The Almoravids were pious Sanhaja marabouts, who left the Sahara to go north where they conquered Morocco.
		Then there was a split; one faction returned south to the desert while the other crossed the Mediterranean, invaded Andalusia, settling in large parts of Spain, as well a in the present Maghreb.
	www.arso.org /05-1.htm (1606 words)

	[ El Watan :: Régions ]
		RAS au complexe des zones humides de Guerbès Sanhaja
		Grippe aviaire RAS au complexe des zones humides de Guerbès Sanhaja Selon l’inspecteur vétérinaire de la wilaya de Skikda, « toutes les dispositions ont été prises pour assurer une couverture totale des plans d’eau de la wilaya de Skikda afin de pallier toute éventualité concernant la grippe aviaire.
		A mentionner que le complexe des zones humides de Guerbès Sanhaja, classé dans la convention de Ramsar, est un ensemble de sept lacs abritant une grande diversité biologique.
	www.elwatan.com /spip.php?page=article_mail&id_article=28908 (805 words)

	People & Tribes of Timbuktu, Mali
		The tuareg are either Messufa, Lamtuna, or Judaala, they traced their ancestry back to the Sanhaja.
		The Sanhaja trace their lineage back to the Himyar who are people of Southern Arabia.
		They, however, lived among the Berbers before crossing the Sahara and settling in West Africa.
	www.timbuktufoundation.org /people.html (594 words)

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