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	Sankey Canal
		The Act authorising the Sankey Brook Navigation was passed in 1755.
		The Sankey was built for Mersey Flats, the sailing craft of the local Rivers - the Mersey, Irwell, and Weaver - and the Lancashire and North Wales coasts.
		The Sankey’s immediate commercial success, followed soon after by that of the Bridgewater, led to a mania of canal building, and for extension schemes for the Sankey.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/s/sa/sankey_canal.html (420 words)

	Liverpool and Manchester Railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The existing means of water transport, the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Bridgewater Canal, dated from the previous century, and were felt to be making excessive profits from the existing trade and throttling the growth of Manchester.
		It was intended to place the Manchester terminus on the Salford side of the river, but the Mersey and Irwell Navigation withdrew their opposition to a crossing of their river at the last moment, in return for access for their carts to the intended railway bridge.
		The Manchester station was thus fixed at Liverpool Road in the heart of Castlefield.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway (2250 words)

	Sandhoe - Sapperton \| British History Online
		The town is situated on the navigable river Stour, about two miles from its influx into the sea, near the commencement of the Roman Watling-street, and is surrounded on all sides by a considerable extent of low ground.
		The original intention of the undertakers was to deepen Sankey brook; but instead of this being the channel of communication, the navigation runs entirely separate from it, except that it crosses and mixes with that water in one place, about two miles from Sankey bridge.
		The parish is bounded on the north by the navigable river Ouse, which separates it from the county of Norfolk.
	www.british-history.ac.uk /report.asp?compid=51255 (5178 words)

	Sankey_Canal - The Wordbook Encyclopedia
		The Sankey Canal, also known as the Sankey Brook Navigation, St Helens Canal, and the Stinky Brook (due to it's offensive odour) is a canal in Lancashire, in the northwest of England - connecting St Helens with the River Mersey.
		It has always been assumed that it was the single long artificial cut of the Sankey Brook Navigation that inspired Brindley to appreciate the potential for the Bridgewater Canal, the success of which instigated the Canal Mania of the late 18th Century.
		The Sankey?s immediate commercial success, followed soon after by that of the Bridgewater Canal, led to a mania of canal building, and for further extension schemes for the Sankey.
	www.thewordbook.com /Sankey_Canal (1422 words)

	Bridgewater Canal - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Bridgewater Canal is often considered to be the first true canal in Britain in that it relied on existing watercourses purely as sources of water rather than as navigable routes.
		However, the Sankey Brook Navigation also has a good claim to that title since, though it was promoted as a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it did this by constructing an entirely new channel, and thus was effectively an artificial canal along the Sankey Brook valley.
		The Bridgewater Canal came about because the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater wanted an efficient way to transport coal from his coal mines at Worsley in Lancashire, into Manchester, where the Industrial Revolution was underway.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Bridgewater_Canal (622 words)

	Waterways Chronology from 1726
		He started his survey of the navigation and later recommended the building of a canal for the estimated cost of £12,870 against the £9,355 he estimated was needed to make the river navigable.
		He reported that the navigation between Wansford and Waternewton was very bad in places and that the commissioners seem to have had little or no authority over the proprietors, who had sole use of the tolls for themselves.
		He completed the navigation but was in dispute with the commissioners over the payment of the costs for two additional staunches that had been found to be needed.
	www.jim-shead.com /waterways/Chronology2.html (1723 words)

	Sankey - Qwika
		Sankey Viaduct Sankey Viaduct crossing Sankey Brook The Sankey Viaduct is a railway viaduct at Bradley...
		Sankey Canal The Sankey Canal, also known as the Sankey Brook Navigation and St Helens Canal, was...
		Sankey diagram Sankey diagram is the diagram of the rivers...
	www.qwika.com /find/Sankey (385 words)

	Guidance \| Water Framework Directive \| Heavily Modified Water Bodies (HMWB) Working Group
		navigation, hydropower, water supply or flood defence) would be significantly affected by the mitigation measures required to achieve good ecological status and if no other better environmental options exist, then these water bodies can be designated as "heavily modified" and good ecological potential is set as an environmental objective.
		Sankey Brook (127 km) is a tributary to the River Meuse, located east of Liverpool.
		Sankey Brook is subject to a mixture of pressures such as urbanisation, industry, flood defence and agricultural development.
	www.sepa.org.uk /hmwbworkinggroup (3919 words)

	Sankey Canal - Definition, explanation
		The Sankey Canal, also known as the St Helens Canal was the first canal built in England during the Industrial Revolution.
		The act authorizing the construction of the canal was passed in 1755, and the canal was open and carrying coal by 1757.
		The Sankey was built for Mersey Flats, the common sailing craft of the local rivers - the River Mersey, River Irwell, and River Weaver - and the Lancashire and North Wales coasts.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/s/sa/sankey_canal.php (537 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 180, CANALS: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Nowhere are canals more necessary, both for the purposes of navigation and irrigation, than in Spain; but the nature of the soil, and the poverty and ignorance of the government as well as of the people, oppose formidable obstacles to their construction.
		These difficulties in the way of river navigation seem to have suggested the expediency of abandoning the channels of most rivers, and of digging parallel to them artificial channels, in which the water might be kept at the proper level by means of locks.
		The act passed by the legislature in 1755 for improving the navigation of Sankey Brook on the Mersey gave rise to a lateral canal of this description, about 11¼ miles in length, which deserves to be mentioned as the earliest effort of the sort in England.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy180.html (7792 words)

	Newton-le-Willows : Earlestown : Burtonwood : Newton in Makerfield : http://www.n-le-w.co.uk - Sankey Navigation ( The ...
		The fall to the Thames was 86 ft. This navigation was opened in 1653 (concurrently with the first turnpike Acts), and is a typical river improvement of the time.
		A similar project was envisioned for the Sankey Brook to St Helens, but Henry Berry (1720-1812) ran his 10-mile Sankey Canal beside the river, but independently of it.
		But although the Sankey was a canal in every sense of the word, at the time it was not considered a true canal because, to simplify the passage of its authorising bill through parliament, its builders described it as a canalised river, claiming they planned to widen, deepen and make navigable the adjacent Sankey Brook.
	www.n-le-w.co.uk /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=27 (575 words)

	LIFE OF JAMES BRINDLEY Samuel Smiles
		In this case the canal was constructed separate from the brook, but alongside of it; and at several points locks were provided to adapt the canal to the level of the lands passed through.
		Some idea of the tediousness of the river navigation may be formed from the fact, that the boats were dragged up and down stream exclusively by the labour of men, and that horses and mules were not employed for this purpose until after the Duke's canal had been made.
		A large number of brooks had to be crossed, and also two important rivers, which involved the construction of numerous aqueducts, bridges, and culverts, to provide for the surface water supply of the district.
	people.emich.edu /gcross1/Brindley_smiles.htm (16357 words)

	Canals
		Rome, in fact, was later served by a large inland port made artificially, and connected with the sea by a canal, not the unreliable Tiber and the earlier port of Ostia.
		The United States was admirably suited for navigation on its coastal and river waters, and this was by far the most important means of transport until the railways, made especially effective by the introduction of steamboats around 1810.
		A natural stream, with a considerable flow, can be made navigable by building sluices or half-locks to divide the river into approximate levels and raising the water level sufficiently to allow boats to pass.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tech/canhist.htm (7072 words)

	Sankey Brook - St. Helens :: Heritage
		The main aim of making the Sankey Brook navigable (deep enough for a boat to travel along) was to provide mid-18th century Liverpool with a cheaper, more reliable supply of coal from the nearby St Helens' coalfield.
		Henry Berry was hired by Liverpool’s Common Council in 1754 to investigate whether or not the Sankey Brook could be made navigable (deep or wide enough for ships to travel along it) from Warrington to St Helens.
		Berry was very important to the Sankey Brook Navigation because he realised that the brook was too winding and shallow for navigation as was originally planned.
	www.sthelens-heritage.org.uk /index.php?title=Sankey_Brook&redirect=no (702 words)

	[No title]
		It was hailed as the first "true" canal in Britain, but in fact it was pre-dated by the Sankey Navigation just a few miles away to the west.
		At the time, the Sankey was not considered a true canal because, to simplify the passage of its authorising bill through parliament, its builders described it as a canalised river, claiming they planned to widen and deepen the adjacent Sankey Brook.
		There were several plans to connect the Sankey Navigation with the rest of Britain's inland waterway system.
	www.cottontimes.co.uk /canals02.html (304 words)

	Sankey Canal Restoration Society
		Sankey, and was normally in use on the Weaver, but was brought closer to home in the winter.
		There are remains still visible, although the waters of the Brook have been diverted wholly into a deepened channel of the canal to prevent flooding in Bewsey and Dallam at times of high tides and strong up-river winds.
		After the 1931 Abandonment Act, Newton Common Lock became the limit of navigation, and fixed stone bridges were built to replace the wooden swing bridges which had restricted the weight of road traffic to the east of St. Helens.
	www.scars.org.uk /gallery/barker.html (659 words)

	History of the British canal system . Enpsychlopedia
		By the early 18th century, river navigations (Aire and Calder Navigation) were becoming quite sophisticated, with "modern" pound locks and longer and longer "cuts" (some with intermediate locks) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of river.
		Although nominally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, Sankey Brook Navigation has a good claim to the title of the first English "pure" canal since, it included an entirely new, artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley.
		The bulk of the canal system was built in the industrial Midlands and the north of England, where navigable rivers most needed extending and heavy cargoes of manufactured goods, raw materials or coal most needed carrying.
	www.enpsychlopedia.org /psypsych/History_of_the_British_canal_system (2532 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first Act of Parliament was obtained by the City of Canterbury, in 1515, to extend navigation on the River Great Stour; followed by the River Exe in 1539, which led to the construction in 1566 of a new channel, the Exeter Canal.
		The Sankey Brook Navigation, the "Sankey", (which connected St Helens with the River Mersey) is often claimed as the first modern "purely artificial" canal, because, although originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new, artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley.
		The bulk of the canal system was built in the industrial Midlands and the north of England, where navigable rivers most needed extending and connecting, and heavy cargoes of manufactured goods, raw materials or coal most needed carrying.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=History_of_the_British_canal_system (3127 words)

	Sankey Viaduct
		The Liverpool and Manchester line had to cross the trench-like valley of the Sankey Brook.
		The Sankey Brook Navigation Company objected to the building of the railway and made life difficult for George Stephenson and his team of engineers by insisting on a 60 ft clearance over their canal.
		The Sankey Viaduct was built of brick with stone facings and cost the company over £45,000 to produce.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RAsankey.htm (173 words)

	Sankey Canal Restoration Society
		His area included the Sankey, and he became increasingly concerned with the way in which the canal was being treated around the time of its official Abandonment in 1963.
		Initially known by the title in the enabling Act as the Sankey Brook Navigation, it had in fact never been a navigation and was a canal from the start.
		This was rather a complex arrangement whereby water from the brook could pass under the canal by means of two large pipes to keep the brook at the other side of the canal in water; and a series of sluices over the brook to divert water into the canal as required.
	www.scars.org.uk /cuttings/volume5/issue5-4/lastyears.html (1105 words)

	Sankey Sankey Rodeo Schools. Home. Rodeo Schools. Rodeo. Equipment. Seminars. Bull Riding. Fantasy. Camp
		Jay Sankey is the most prolific and creative close-up magician of his generation proud to be the exclusive provider of Sankey Magic, Jay's world famous brand of magic tricks.
		Cross the trench-like valley of the Sankey Brook.
		The Sankey Brook Navigation Company objected to the building the responsibility of designing the Sankey Viaduct and came up with a.
	www.99hosted.com /names15258.html (492 words)

	History of the Bridgewater Canal
		An important landmark was reached in 1755 when it was decided to create a river navigation for the Sankey Brook, near Warrington, to carry coal from St Helens down to the River Mersey and to Liverpool.
		His father had looked at the idea of making the Worsley Brook navigable to connect with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation but nothing was done.
		A westward extension from Worsley, intended to join the Mersey and Irwell Navigation at Hollins Ferry, was abandoned after two miles had been built, when negotiations with the Mersey and Irwell company broke down.
	www.penninewaterways.co.uk /bridgewater/bri2.htm (892 words)

	History.UK.com Articles
		The Foss Dyke is believed to be the first artificial navigation canal in the UK and was probably dug around 120AD to link the nearby Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) to the navigable River Witham.
		By the early 18th century, river navigations like the Aire and Calder Navigation were becoming quite sophisticated, with "modern" locks and longer and longer "cuts" to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of river.
		As Industrial Revolution ‘canal mania’ swept the country, Sankey Brook Navigation, authorised by Acts of Parliament in 1755, 1762 and 1830, opened in 1757 and was probably the first true English canal.
	www.history.uk.com /articles/index.php?archive=69 (1682 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Bridgewater Canal is a navigable canal in the north west of England, connecting Runcorn and Manchester.
		The original section of the canal terminated at Castlefield Basin where boats used to unload their cargoes in Manchester city centre, and where there is now a connection to the later Rochdale Canal.
		Note, however, that the Sankey Brook Navigation also has a claim to be the first modern British canal.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Bridgewater_Canal (890 words)

	History ~ JustCanals.com - Canals, Narrowboats, Inland Waterways, Guides and more
		After this many schemes were introduced for the improvement of river navigations, often provoking strong opposition from water mill and fish weir owners.
		In 1757 the Sankey Brook Navigation, later called the St Helen's Canal, was opened.
		The change of name reflects the change of intention of the proprietors, who started by wanting to make the Sankey Brook navigable and ended by constructing a wholly artificial channel running alongside, and giving it claim to be the first canal of the industrial era.
	justcanals.co.uk /history.htm (888 words)

	History by Waterway from River Stour (Kent)
		He had previously shown models to the proprietors of the navigation and delivered the steam barge in 1863 but it was not to prove satisfactory.
		He started work on making the river navigable for 16 ton craft between Stourbridge and Kidderminster, building 12 locks and 4 "turnpikes" (thought to be half-locks) a task he completed in 1667.
		He estimated that £25,000 was needed to complete the navigation in addition to the £11,400 already spent.
	www.jim-shead.com /waterways/History24.html (2770 words)

	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "Bridgewater Canal"
		This is where the canal terminates, and joins to the Rochdale Canal, and where boats used to unload their cargoes.
		At Preston Brook the canal connects with the Trent and Mersey Canal, and at Runcorn, beyond the present terminus, a set of locks used to lower the canal to the River Mersey and later to the Manchester Ship Canal.
		However, the Sankey Brook Navigation also has a good claim to that title: though it was promoted as a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it did this by constructing an entirely new channel, and thus was effectively an artificial canal along the Sankey Brook valley.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=bridgewater_%43anal (753 words)

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