Sanskrit numerals - Factbites

Sanskrit numerals - Factbites
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Topic: Sanskrit numerals

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	Sanskrit Literature
		Vedic prose was developed in the Yajur-Veda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads to a tolerably high pitch; in classical Sanskrit, aside from the strained scientific language of philosophical and grammatical treatises, prose writing is to be found only in fables, fairy tales, romances, and partly in the drama.
		In Sanskrit literature, moreover, with the exception of the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the authors are generally definite persons, more or less well known, whereas the writings of the Vedic period go back either to families of poets or to religious schools.
		A noteworthy feature of the Sanskrit collections of fables and fairy tales is the insertion of a number of different stories within the frame of a single narrative, a style of narration that was borrowed by other Oriental peoples, the most familiar instance being that of the Arabian Nights.
	www.connect.net /ron/sanskritliterature.html

	Money laundering - The hawala alternative remittance system
		Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, borrowed from Sanskrit, and tends to favor Sanskrit for the creation of new words.
		These numerals, including the important sign for zero, apparently originated in South Asia (Cajori 1993: 45-70; Menninger 393-445; Maharaja 1977:xlii) and were adopted by the Arabs, and ultimately made their way to Europe.
		The amount owed is $5263.15; assume a price for 22K gold of US$ 8.64/g and 11.7 grams/tola (see Appendix F for more information on South Asian weights, measures and numerals).
	www.interpol.int /Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala (7359 words)

	The sanskrit site of G. Huet
		The project is based on a structured lexicographic database, compiled from the Sanskrit Heritage dictionary, and on the Zen computational linguistics toolkit.
		You are invited to visit the first hypertext Sanskrit dictionary, available interactively through its index.
		The declensions of all substantives, adjectives, pronouns and numerals is available as a PDF file Volume I.
	sanskrit.inria.fr (1130 words)

	Sanskrit - WannaLearn.com
		Sanskrit Pronunciation and Diacritic Guide - text-and audio-based instructional resources on the pronunciaiton of Sanskrit, covering numerals, short and long vowels, gutturals, semivowels, sibilants and more
		BUY IT Sanskrit: An Introduction to the Classical Language- An exceptionally clear introductory instructional book to the very difficult language of Sanskrit.
		Sanskrit Home Page - a collection of instructional material that can help you to learn Sanskrit, including Sanskrit songs, short-stories, a glossary, word games, commonly used Dandkrit sentences and more
	www.wannalearn.com /Academic_Subjects/World_Languages/Sanskrit (557 words)

	Science in India: History of mathematics: Indian Mathematicians and Astronomers,
		Between the 7th C and the 11th C, Indian numerals developed into their modern form, and along with the symbols denoting various mathematical functions (such as plus, minus, square root etc) eventually became the foundation stones of modern mathematical notation.
		A particularly important development in the history of Indian science that was to have a profound impact on all mathematical treatises that followed was the pioneering work by Panini (6th C BC) in the field of Sanskrit grammar and linguistics.
		Records of the Indian origin of many proofs, concepts and formulations were obscured in the later centuries, but the enormous contributions of Indian mathematics was generously acknowledged by several important Arabic and Persian scholars, especially in Spain.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm (4603 words)

	vol9p33b.htm
		If we are going to accept Hindi, it is not on account of the excellence of the language, it is not on account of its being the richest language or on account of its being, as it has been claimed for Sanskrit, the mother of other languages and things like that.
		Hindi, because you have agreed to adopt the Hindi language in the Hindi script, you better adopt the Hindi numerals also.
		The numerals are being used for purposes of accounts, for purposes of statistics and other things.
	parliamentofindia.nic.in /ls/debates/vol9p33b.htm (15820 words)

	languages.html
		The Hindi character set does not include many of the three consonant conjuncts commonly used in Sanskrit.
		The numerals are however only the Roman numerals.
		The implemented character set is close to that of Hindi.
	people.musc.edu /~krishnan/text/languages.html (529 words)

	Numerals - SE Asian Readings of Characters
		Chinese linguistic tradition derives from an Indic tradition due to the early need for transcribing the names and appelations of Gods and terms from Sanskrit.
		In the FuZhou dialect, all -t and -p endings have gone to -k, (1, 7, 8, 10), a velar plosive, which demonstrates the gradual movement of the occlusive ending from being articulated at the lips (bilabial -p) to the teeth ridge (alveolar -t) and backwards to the palate (velar -k), an observation made by others.
		Ryug (6) and ryeong (0), both with r- initials in the romanisation does not appear as a retroflex in the IPA transcription, therefore it may be due to the romanisation.
	www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk /chinese/cjkvnum.htm (5331 words)

	by-date.htm
		[Miyamoto92] Miyamoto, Tadao (1992) Truncation of Sanskrit and Pali Loanwords in Thai.
		[Dhirawit91] Lagsanaging, Dhirawit (1991) The Syntax and Semantics of Anaphors in Thai.
		[Prapa90] Sookgasem, Prapa (1990) Morphology, Syntax and Semantics of Auxiliaries in Thai.
	crcl.th.net /bib/by-date.htm (12353 words)

	India: Languages and Scripts
		Harwan terracotta with Kharoshthi numerals: 20, 20, 1 = 41
		The Relation between Sanskrit and Indian Conceptions of Time
		Scripts: North Indian, South Indian, South East Asian
	www.angelfire.com /co/malaiya/scripts.html (223 words)

	Amazing Science
		Between the 7th C and the 11th C, Indian numerals developed into their modern form, and along with the symbols denoting various mathematical functions (such as plus, minus, square root etc) eventually became the foundation stones of modern mathematical notation.
		Nor was it developed by the Arabs, despite the fact that this numeral system is commonly called the Arabic numerals in Europe, where this system was first introduced by the Arabs in the thirteenth century.
		He claimed that the Brahmi numerals developed out of using letters or syllables as numerals.
	www.hinduism.co.za /amazing.htm (14239 words)

	Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient India
		The Europeans were at first resistant to this system, being attached to the far less logical Roman numeral system (notably the Romans never propounded the idea of zero), but their eventual adoption of this system arguably led to the scientific revolution that began to sweep Europe beginning by the middle of the second millennium.
		The new notation came to be known as that of al-Khwarizmi, or more carelessly, algorismi; ultimately the scheme of numeration making use of the Hindu numerals came to be called simply algorism or algorithm, a word that, originally derived from the name al-Khwarizmi, now means, more generally, any peculiar rule of procedure or operation.
		Al-Khwarizmi wrote Al'Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning that described the Indian place-value system of numerals based on numerals 1 through 9 and 0.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0802/214.html (3675 words)

	Encyclopedia: Khmer alphabet
		Khmer numerals are the numerals used in the Khmer language of Cambodia.
		Khmer numerals are very similar to Thai numerals, but have their own Khmer names.
		Before this the Khmer used a southern indic script (Sanskrit) for several hundred years.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Khmer-alphabet (1542 words)

	Amazing Science
		Thus the Sanskrit system is obviously superior to that of the Arabs (for whom the thousand was the limit), or the Greeks and Chinese (whose limit was ten thousand) and even to our own system (where the names thousand, million etc. continue to act as auxillary bases).
		Nor was it developed by the Arabs, despite the fact that this numeral system is commonly called the Arabic numerals in Europe, where this system was first introduced by the Arabs in the thirteenth century.
		It is interesting to note that the word "Sanskrit" means "complete" or "perfect" and it was thought of as the divine language, or language of the gods.
	www.hinduism.co.za /amazing.htm (14239 words)

	Amazing Science
		There are ten scholars mentioned by Panini and we must assume from the context that these ten have all contributed to the study of Sanskrit grammar.
		He claimed that the Brahmi numerals developed out of using letters or syllables as numerals.
		Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology.
	www.hinduism.org.za /amazing.htm (14239 words)

	Language in India
		The declension of Sanskrit nominal bases (NB) (nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals) is done according to the end-characters of the bases.
		Of the general classes of nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals, the correspondence of the first two is so close that they are treated as one category.
		According to him, there is no agreement among scholars as to the number and order of Sanskrit declension.
	www.languageinindia.com /nov2003/jhasubanta.html (4805 words)

	Indian numerals - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Below is a list of the Indian numerals in their Devanagari form, the corresponding European (Indo-Arabic) equivalents, and their Sanskrit pronunciation.
		As it was from the Arabs that the Europeans learnt this system, the Europeans called them Arabic numerals; ironically, to this day the Arabs refer to their numerals as Indian numerals.
		It is thus evident that the words for each number in the Sanskrit language very closely approximate the Greek and Latin words for the same numbers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_numerals (470 words)

	IndiaStar book-review: Vedic Glossary on Indus Seals by N.Jha
		Jha also charts the evolutionary stages of the five point numeral system, shown on the reverse side of several seal, into Greco-Roman numerals.
		(Nevertheless, many Western publications continue to call the everyday numerals Arabic, even though Arab historians have always acknowledged the numerals' Hindu origins.)
		It's long been established that the Greek language is far closer to Sanskrit than it is to any Semitic language; now, it's likely the Greek script derived from the old-Brahmi.
	www.indiastar.com /jha.htm (1074 words)

	Khmer language Online Research :: Information about Khmer language
		Khmer numerals, where were inherited from Indian numerals, are used more widely than Arabic numerals.
		Sanskrit and Pali have had considerable influence on the language, through the vehicles of Buddhism and Hinduism.
		Khmer is somewhat unusual among its neighboring languages (Thai, Laotian and Vietnamese language) in that it is not a Tonal language.
	www.in-northcarolina.com /search/Khmer_language.html (746 words)

	texhax89.112
		Here is the extract: Date of information: 25 December 1987 The font: In November 1987, Frans Velthuis completed version 1.0 of a Devanagari METAfont for TeX. He has written METAFONT code for all the aksharas necessary for Hindi, and most of those for Sanskrit too, although in the latter case some viramas are used.
		Also included are the Devanagari numerals, anusvara, virama, danda, candrabindu, visarga, avagraha, full stop and superscript abbreviation circle.
		Frans intends to produce a special Sanskrit version of his font in the future.
	www.math.utah.edu /pub/tex/pub/texhax/texhax89.112 (1957 words)

	Amazing Science
		It is interesting to note that the word "Sanskrit" means "complete" or "perfect" and it was thought of as the divine language, or language of the gods.
		He claimed that the Brahmi numerals developed out of using letters or syllables as numerals.
		First their discoveries are in use today as some of the most important aspects of their field; and are validated by modern technological machines.
	www.hinduism.co.za /amazing.htm (1957 words)

	vol9p34b.htm
		The Honourable Shri Purushottam Das Tadon: When you are adopting Hindi as the language, adopt also its numerals.
		The Honourable Shri Purushottam Das Tandon: I do not think that today in our Constitution it will be Possible for us to say that Sanskrit should take the place of Hindi.
		I think every Indian born in this country should learn Sanskrit.
	parliamentofindia.nic.in /ls/debates/vol9p34b.htm (11552 words)

	Science in India: History of mathematics: Indian Mathematicians and Astronomers,
		A particularly important development in the history of Indian science that was to have a profound impact on all mathematical treatises that followed was the pioneering work by Panini (6th C BC) in the field of Sanskrit grammar and linguistics.
		Between the 7th C and the 11th C, Indian numerals developed into their modern form, and along with the symbols denoting various mathematical functions (such as plus, minus, square root etc) eventually became the foundation stones of modern mathematical notation.
		Quotes from Liber abaci (Book of the Abacus) by Fibonacci (1170-1250): The nine Indian numerals are...with these nine and with the sign 0 which in Arabic is sifr, any desired number can be written.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm (4603 words)

	Apple Learning Interchange
		For instance, how would you multiply MCDLXXIV by XLII without converting first to Sanskrit (Arabic) numerals?
		How do you suppose the Romans did arithmetic with Roman Numerals?
		Use this resource to gather ideas on different activities to encourage cooperative learning.
	ali.apple.com /features/mid_math/examples.shtml (566 words)

	Amazing Science
		However, the concept of Zero is referred to as Shunya in the early Sanskrit texts of the 4th century BCE and clearly explained in Pingala’s Sutra of the 2nd century.
		As Ifrah has shown at length, there is little doubt that our place-value numeral system developed in India (2000:399-409), and this system is embedded in the Sanskrit language, several aspects of which make it a very logical language, well suited to scientific and mathematical reasoning.
		Nor did this system exhaust Indian ingenuity; as van Nooten has shown, Pingala, who lived circa the first century BCE, developed a system of binary enumeration convertible to decimal numerals, described in his Chandahzaastra.
	www.hinduism.co.za /amazing.htm (14803 words)

	Hindu-Arabic Numerals
		The so called West Arabic numerals are contemporary with the East Arabic numerals and likewise stem from Hindu figures and are forerunners of our Western figures.
		In the West Arabic numerals one dot indicates tens, 2 dots hundreds so it is not a complete place value system.
		The most important as well as the most widely used place - value symbols are those belonging to the Nagari script numerals 1 - 9, very similar to the Brahmi numerals.
	www.scit.wlv.ac.uk /university/scit/modules/mm2217/han.htm (688 words)

	Science in India: History of mathematics: Indian Mathematicians and Astronomers,
		A particularly important development in the history of Indian science that was to have a profound impact on all mathematical treatises that followed was the pioneering work by Panini (6th C BC) in the field of Sanskrit grammar and linguistics.
		Between the 7th C and the 11th C, Indian numerals developed into their modern form, and along with the symbols denoting various mathematical functions (such as plus, minus, square root etc) eventually became the foundation stones of modern mathematical notation.
		The science of astronomy was also spurred by the need to have accurate calendars and a better understanding of climate and rainfall patterns for timely sowing and choice of crops.
	india_resource.tripod.com /mathematics.htm (4603 words)

	The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett - comp. A. T. Barker
		NOTE: Files of each letter are named according to the letter number assigned by A. Barker in his first and second editions, given in Arabic numerals, as in ml-#.htm.
		In Letters No. 1, 4, 132, and 87, a phrase in Sanskrit or oriental characters occurs under the signatures.
		Occasionally a word will be found in small square brackets; this always indicates that the word is not in the original but is necessary to the comprehension of the passage.
	www.theosociety.org /pasadena/mahatma/ml-hp.htm (1344 words)

	Amazing Science
		Between the 7th C and the 11th C, Indian numerals developed into their modern form, and along with the symbols denoting various mathematical functions (such as plus, minus, square root etc) eventually became the foundation stones of modern mathematical notation.
		However, the concept of Zero is referred to as Shunya in the early Sanskrit texts of the 4th century BCE and clearly explained in Pingala’s Sutra of the 2nd century.
		Sage Kanad (circa 600 BCE) is recognized as the founder of atomic theory, and classified all the objects of creation into nine elements (earth, water, light or fire, wind, ether, time, space, mind and soul).
	www.hinduism.co.za /amazing.htm (1344 words)

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