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Topic: Sanskrit plays

	Asian drama - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Sanskrit drama is part of Sanskrit literature, the classical literature of India, which flourished from about 1500 BC to about AD 1100.
		The Sanskrit plays were performed in palaces and, as in all Asian drama, the performances were highly stylized in terms of gesture and costume, and music and dance played a significant part in them.
		Since Sanskrit is a literary language, it is used only by important characters; inferior characters speak in the vernacular known as Prakrit.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Asiandra.html (1645 words)

	Hindi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the devanagari script used for Sanskrit, whenever a consonant in a word-ending position is without a virāma (ie, freely standing in the orthography: प as opposed to प्), the short neutral vowel schwa (/ə/) is automatically associated with it—this is of course true for the consonant when in any other position in the word.
		Sanskrit /r/ is retroflex, but Hindi /r/ is the alveolar trill, as in Scottish English.
		The 'a' ending of many Sanskrit and Sanskrit borrowed gender-masculine words, due to Romanization, is highly confused by non-native speakers, because the short 'a' is dropped in Hindi.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hindi (8660 words)

	Asian drama: Sanskrit Drama — FactMonster.com
		Sanskrit drama is part of Sanskrit literature, the classical literature of India, which flourished from about 1500 B.C. to about A.D. The earliest extant critical work on Sanskrit drama is attributed to Bharata, the legendary formulator of the dramatic art in India.
		Few Sanskrit plays survive, perhaps due to the limited size of their exclusively aristocratic audience as well as to their antiquity.
		The Sanskrit plays were performed in palaces and, as in all Asian drama, the performances were highly stylized in terms of gesture and costume, and music and dance played a significant part in them.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/ent/A0856736.html (350 words)

	Asian drama. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Since Sanskrit is a literary language, it is used only by important characters; inferior characters speak in the vernacular known as Prakrit.
		Performances of No plays are highly stylized, and they move at an extremely slow pace, often stretching a text of two or three hundred lines into an hour-long stage play.
		The contemporary novelist Yukio Mishima wrote some No plays that, with their modern setting and pessimism, are far different in spirit from the originals.
	www.bartleby.com /65/as/Asiandra.html (1642 words)

	Sanskrit Literature - Kalidasa - Vedas - Mahabharat - Ramayana - Haryana Online - India
		One of the earliest Sanskrit plays, this is thought to have been composed by Shudraka in the 2nd cent BC.
		Katha-Saritsagara (An Ocean of Stories) by Somadeva; this was a poetic adaptation in Sanskrit of Brihat-katha, written in the 5th cent BC in the Paishachi dialect.
		Sanskrit continued to be used for largely Hindu religious and philosophical literature.
	www.haryana-online.com /Culture/sanskrit_literature.htm (2200 words)

	culture
		In the Vedas the lyric and legendary forms are in the service of prayer, or exposition of the ritual; in Sanskrit epics such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, didactic, lyric, and dramatic forms have been developed far beyond their earlier state for more purely literary, aesthetic, or moral purposes.
		In Sanskrit literature, moreover, with the exception of the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the authors are generally definite persons, more or less well known, whereas the writings of the Vedic period go back either to families of poets or to religious schools.
		Dancing played a considerable part in various religious ceremonies; at a later period the worship of Shiva and Vishnu, and especially of Vishnu's incarnation, the god Krishna, was accompanied by pantomimic dances.
	narasimhan.com /SK/Culture/Art/lit_sanskrit.htm (1447 words)

	Theater - MSN Encarta
		Plays were based upon officially approved models that dealt with problems of the new society under Communism.
		Dialogue was a mixture of verse and prose spoken in classical Sanskrit, the learned language spoken by gods, kings, generals, and sages; and Prakrit, the everyday dialects of Sanskrit used by women, children, servants, and people of low birth.
		Plays were then written in the language of the region, based on historical and mythological sources, and performed by actors of different castes, races, religions, and occupations.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553217_5/Theater.html (2520 words)

	Bhāsa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1912, the late Mahamahopadhyaya Ganapati Sastri came upon 13 Sanskrit plays in Trivandrum that were used in the Koodiyattam plays.
		The plays are generally short compared to later playwrights and most of them draw the theme from the Hindu epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana.Though he is firmly on the side of the heroes of the epic, Bhāsa treats their opponents with great sympathy.
		His most famous play Swapna-vasavadatta (Swapnavāsavadatta)(Vasavadatta in the dream) and Pratijna-Yaugandharayana (the vow of Yaugandharayana) are based on the legends that had grown around the King Udayana, a contemporary of the Buddha.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bhasa (713 words)

	The Origin of the Hindu Drama
		The fl-skinned aborigines of the Punjab were as ignorant of Vedic song and the polished Sanskrit in which it is embedded as the rude Anglo-Saxons were of the Chanson de Roland and the refined Norman tongue.
		So keen was the interest taken in the subject that the dire misfortunes of the Pândava brothers called forth many a sob and tear, whilst their happy return to Hastinapur was hailed with exclamations of joy and sighs of relief, the cottages within earshot being illuminated.
		Indeed, minor rôles were never composed in Sanskrit; the stately tongue would have sounded ludicrous on the homely lips of the vulgar who crowd and enliven the Indian stage.
	www.theatrehistory.com /asian/horrwitz02.html (2401 words)

	Koodiyattam -- A Masterpiece of Human Heritage
		According to legend the very first play was performed in the heaven when the gods, having defeated the demons, enacted their victory.
		Koodiyattam is derived from the Sanskrit word Kurd, meaning to "to play", and is considered to have been introduced in India by the Aryans.
		Sanskrit plays of the 7th or 8th century AD like Bhasa's Abhishekanatakam, Mahendra Vikraman Pallavan's Mathavilasam and Kulasekhara Varma's Subhadra Dhananjayan are among the most commonly enacted Sanskrit plays in Koodiyattam.
	www.ausafsayeed.com /koodiyattam.html (1094 words)

	Rama Kant Shukla - Sanskrit Writer: The South Asian Literary Recordings Project (Library of Congress New Delhi Office)
		Sanskrit - Sindhi - Sinhalese - Tamil - Telugu - Tibetan - Urdu
		Rama Kant Shukla was born at Khurja, Uttar Pradesh.
		Award, the Delhi Sanskrit Academy's Akhil Bharatiya Maulika Sanskrit Rachana Puraskara, the Sanskrit Samaradhaka Puraskara, and the Sanskrit Sahitya Seva Samman.
	www.loc.gov /acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/shukla.html (368 words)

	BhashaIndia.com :: Sanskrit
		Sanskrit is considered to be a key element in the Indo-Aryan language superfamily and holds the rank of a classical language, together with other languages such as Classical Greek, Latin, Persian, Arabic Hebrew, Chinese and Tamil.
		Sanskrit has, by definition, always been considered to have been a language chiefly employed for religious and scientific discourse and is assumed to have contrasted with the languages spoken by the people.
		It is assumed that Sanskrit made the transition from the state of a primary language to the form of a second language of religion and learning after this period, thus marking the initiation of the Classical Period in Sanskrit's history.
	www.bhashaindia.com /Patrons/LanguageTech/Sanskrit.aspx (2111 words)

	American Sanskrit Institute — Sanskrit and the Technological Age
		The dominance of Sanskrit is indicated by a wealth of literature of widely diverse genres including religious and philosophical; fiction (short story, fable, novels, and plays); scientific literature including linguistics, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine; as well as law and politics.
		Sanskrit is indeed a perfect language in the same sense as mathematics, but Sanskrit is also a perfect language in the sense that, like music, it has the power to uplift the heart.
		Sanskrit after all is the language of mantra — words of power that are subtly attuned to the unseen harmonies of the matrix of creation, the world as yet unformed.
	www.americansanskrit.com /read/a_techage.php (3542 words)

	Performance Tradition: Aesthetics and Practice: Lord Shiva, practice of drama, costume, make-up and scenic design, ...
		The playing area is a neutral, unlocalised space, easily manipulated by the actor and capable of serving the basic requirements of traditional theatre - multiplicity of locales and simultaneity of action.
		The Acts of Sanskrit drama conceived in self-complete units often with separate names for each Act, and the old and continuing tradition of performing Sanskrit plays Act wise, as in Kutiyattam, made a rigid time framework to contain the dramatic action rather meaningless.
		This is more true in the case of traditional performances placed in the mildest of the community life to mark the rites of passage, cycles of seasons, to commemorate the birth and death of heroes, and to celebrate ritual conflict between the gods and the demons.
	www.4to40.com /art/index.asp?id=42&category= (4169 words)

	[No title]
		Sanskrit is one of the ancient languages of India.
		The earliest surviving form of Sanskrit, the Rig Veda, dates back to 1000 B.C. Sanskrit plays an important role for the Indo-European studies, due to its antiquity and its well-preserved structure.
		As the proposed newsgroup is for discussions on the Sanskrit language and literature, I think that the name `sci.lang.sanskrit' is very appropriate and fitting the charter of the group proposed.
	www.faqs.org /ftp/usenet/news.announce.newgroups/sci/sci.lang.sanskrit (861 words)

	Indian literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Among the best known are the works of Kalidasa (writer of the famed Sanskrit play Shakuntala) and Tulsidas (who wrote an epic Hindi poem based on the Ramayana, called Raamcharitmaanas).
		His Shakuntala and Meghaduuta are the most famous Sanskrit plays.
		Kannada literature is the third oldest in Indian literature next to Sanskrit literature and Tamil literature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_literature (1905 words)

	Chembur.com
		Sanskrit scholarship began shaping the cultural ethos of the region and produced Sanskrit poets and dramatists of the likes of Adi Sankara whose treatise Soundarya Lahari, etc., represent the highest form of this tradition.
		In fact, in the 9th century A. D Kulasekhara Perumai composed the Sanskrit plays of Subhadra Dhananjayan and Tapati Samvaranam for kuttiyatam acting and brought about certain reforms in its presentation.
		Playing with the red tuft on his crown imagining it to be his hair he faces the crowd.
	www.chembur.com /rajan/chakyar.htm (1716 words)

	NYU Press
		The dramatists wrote plays about palaces full of dancing girls, and gardens where peacocks screeched at the approach of the monsoon and elephants trumpeted in the stables, eager for combat or mating.
		The greatest long poem in classical Sanskrit, by the greatest poet of the language, Kali·dasa’s The Birth of Kumára is not exactly a love story but a paradigm of inevitable union between male and female, played out on the immense scale of supreme divinity.
		Sanskrit Messenger poems evoke the pain of separated sweethearts through the formula of an estranged lover pleading with a messenger to take a message to his or her beloved.
	www.nyupress.org /claysanskrit.php (3126 words)

	Theatre - Glorious India - A journey through India
		As men and their doings have to be respected on the stage, so drama in Sanskrit is also known by the term roopaka which means portrayal.
		One of the earliest Indian dramatists was Bhasa whose plays have been inspired by the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
		Bhavabhuti lived around the 7th century A.D., when Sanskrit drama was on its decline, mainly due to the lack of royal patronage.
	www.gloriousindia.com /culture/theater.html (1183 words)

	Sanskrit drama - Information at Halfvalue.com
		One of the earliest known Sanskrit plays, this play is thought to have been composed by Shudraka in the 2nd century BC.
		The plays written by Bhaasa were only known to historians through the references of later writers, the manuscripts themselves being lost.
		Karnabhara is a critically acclaimed play and it is being subjected to lot of experimentation by the modern theatre groups in India.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Sanskrit_drama (1134 words)

	About Kutiyattam
		While the performing tradition of Sanskrit plays have ceased to exist elsewhere in India, the continuation of an unbroken tradition of theatre surviving in Kerala, the southernmost tip of India is historically interesting.
		At a time when Bhasa’s plays were not available to the rest of the world, the Chakyars had them in their possession, though they were known by the individual Acts of the plays, rather than in their full form as complete plays.
		Unlike the other characters in the play who base their histrionic action on the Sanskrit passage from the text of the play, the Vidushaka has his own Prakrit speech, and the freedom to speak in the regional language Malayalam.
	ignca.nic.in /kuti0001.htm (3127 words)

	Article-Great Sanskrit Plays, in Modern Translation
		The world in which the tales are set is one which placed a premium upon slickness and guile as aids to success.
		They represent some of the most important literary products in the history of Indian culture and religion, both because they played a critical role in the development of religious ideas in India and because they are our greate...
		What is more, they allow one to see how dharma and karma effected the lives of the characters (and by extension we the readers).
	www.minihttpserver.net /z_book/A_great_sanskrit_plays-0811200795.htm (503 words)

	The Hindu : Thesaurus of Sanskrit drama
		A complete bibliography of the plays, published in Indian and foreign languages, has been given as also bio-critical notices on the dramas by eminent scholars.
		Satyamurti, freedom fighter and Congress leader, used to act in Sanskrit plays staged by the Madras Samskrita Academy.
		The records of the Kanchi Kamakoti Math show that the playwright, Krishna Misra, was a contemporary of Sri Chandrasekharendra Sarasvati, the 49th pontiff of the Peetha.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/br/2002/07/02/stories/2002070200030300.htm (617 words)

	sanskrit theatre - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		Sanskrit plays opened with the nandi...peoples art and morality.
		When Sanskrit theatre declined and ceased to be a...ever-widening gulf between the classic Sanskrit of the theatre and the language of the people...
		Why was Sanskrit drama reinvented...stood the great tradition of Sanskrit theatre and its plays (like Kalidasas...freely appropriated from the Sanskrit theatre and jatra 6 in order to...
	www.questia.com /SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=sanskrit-theatre (1482 words)

	Hindi - Sanskrit - Hindustani - North India Online - India - Prakrit - Urdu
		It evolved from the Middle Indo-Aryan prakrit languages of the middle ages, and indirectly, from Sanskrit.
		Linguists think of Hindi and Urdu as the same language, the difference being that Hindi is written in Devanagari and draws vocabulary from Sanskrit, while Urdu is written in Arabic script and draws on Persian.
		The beginnings of Hindi literature go back to the Prakrits that are a part of the classical Sanskrit plays.
	www.north-india.in /culture/hindi.htm (601 words)

	Jayatu Sanskritam
		Several works in Sanskrit were written during Lichchhavi period, Malla period and Shah period.
		Jayatu Sanskritam has plans to establish Jayatu Sanskritam Award and honour Sanskrit scholars annually, to organise annual Sanskrit poetry symposium, to publish Sanskrit books and magazines, to write and enact Sanskrit plays and to prepare audio-visuals in Sanskrit.
		Jayatu Sanskritam has the programs that can be completed in a short time such as Sanskrit language training, training on religion, philosophy and culture.
	www.jayatusanskritam.org /programs.htm (230 words)

	Metatropo Yoga Computer Flashcards with Sanskrit audio.
		The program quizzes you on the English and Sanskrit names of many common yoga poses.
		The program also plays audio of the Sanskrit names to aid in pronunciation.
		The general shape of each yoga pose is shown in a drawing.
	www.metatropo.com /flashcards_yoga_poses_sanskrit_audio.shtml (162 words)

	Festivals and Plays of Sathya Sai Baba
		This play is performed by the children in the Sathya Sai School of Canada, in Toronto, Canada.
		The play takes place in the future, about 2070, and revolves around an elderly lady who went to the school as a child.
		The Kerala Youth presented a play in Kulwanth Auditorium in Prasanthi Nilayam.
	www.saicast.org /festivals.htm (1537 words)

	Guggul Extract-Guggul Lipid Guggul gum for lowering cholesterol
		Guggul plays a major role in the traditional herbal medicine of India.
		It is often combined with other herbs and used in the treatment of arthritis, skin diseases, pains in the nervous system, obesity, digestive problems, infections in the mouth, and menstrual problems.
		With such a close relation, many scientists believe that Guggul may have many of the same properties as Myrrh as even their ancient status is similar.
	www.guggul.net (506 words)

	Yakshagana - Cultural Magazine
		When, after the tenth century, the classical Sanskrit language splintered into vernaculars and took root in the form of regional languages, the Sanskrit drama, petrified for many centuries - was replaced by the growing folk theater.
		The musicians take their positions on the stage, tune their instruments, and play a melody; the dancers perform a few dance numbers; the cast sings a mangalacharana (a vernacular form of the classical invocation).
		The folk play is performed in a variety of arena stagings: round, parabolic, horizontal, square and multiple-set stages, with different types of gangways and "flower-paths." The techinique of arranging various scenes at the same time and place in Ramlila is very effective.
	www.yakshagana.com /re-mar02.htm (1234 words)

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