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Topic: Santali alphabet

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	Greatest Inventions-- The Alphabet
		Sanskrit is written in an alphabet of 53 letters, including the visarga mark for final aspiration and special letters for kš and jñ, though one of the long els is theoretical and not actually used.
		Latin alphabet to write all of its own words, but certain letters (such as K, X and W) are retained for the purpose of writing "foreign" words.
		Santali alphabet, an indigenous true alphabet of India, appears to be based on traditional symbols such as "danger" and "meeting place", as well as pictographs invented by its creator.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/alphabet.htm (2709 words)

	History of the alphabet - Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Georgian alphabet is of uncertain provenance, but appears to be part of the Persian-Aramaic (or perhaps the Greek) family.
		The Aramaic alphabet is also the most likely ancestor of the Brahmic alphabets of India, which spread to Tibet, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia along with the Hindu and Buddhist religions.
		The Hangul alphabet was invented in Korea in the 15
	www.lumrix.com /help/index.php/History_of_the_alphabet (1653 words)

	AISWACS.ORG
		Till that time it was a matter of great surprise as to how a homogenous group of people who jealously guard the flavour of earthly culture could afford to do without a script of their own.
		Santali is the most important of all the Munda group of languages.
		Since the Santals have no alphabet of their own, they have adopted the Roman Script, using certain diacritical marks to denote sounds differing from those which those letters have in English.
	www.aiswacs.org /Santal/langua.htm (2617 words)

	Santali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Santali language, spoken in Eastern India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan
		The Santali latin alphabet, invented in the 1890-ies by the Norwegian missionary Paul Olaf Bodding, and stilled used by most santals, especially the members of the Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church (NELC)
		The Santali alphabet, invented in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu to write the language by the same name.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Santali (131 words)

	Santali alphabet, pronunciation and language
		The Santali alphabet, which is also known as Ol Cemet', Ol Ciki or simply Ol, was created in the 1920s by Pandit Raghunath Murmu as part of his efforts to promote Santali culture.
		Until the invention of this alphabet, Santali was either not written at all, or was written with the Bengali or Oriya alphabets.
		The alphabet was designed for a southern dialect of Santali spoken in the Mayurbhanj district of the Indian state of Orissa.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/santali.htm (197 words)

	Modi - Indian Languages
		The Modi alphabet was invented during the 17th century to write the Marathi language of Maharashtra.
		It is a variant of the Devanagari alphabet.
		The Modi alphabet was used until 1950 when it was replaced by the Devanagari alphabet.
	www.gloriousindia.com /culture/modi.html (83 words)

	:: Munshigonj District \| Bangla Language ::
		It is flanked by various Austric languages like Santali, Mundari, Khasi and Sino-Tibetan languages like Kachhari, Boro, Garo, Tripuri etc, each of them encroaching at times on the Bangla-speaking areas.
		The Bangla alphabet The Bangla alphabet evolved from Kutila lipi, which in turn evolved from ancient Indian Brahmi.
		Nevertheless, the Bangla alphabet continues to be based on the scheme of the Sanskrit alphabet, consisting of 12 vowels and 30 consonants.
	www.munshigonj.com /BangladeshSection/BanglaLanguage.htm (3558 words)

	Ol Chiki script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Previously, Santali had been written with the Bengali alphabet, Oriya alphabet, or Latin alphabet, on the rare occasions it was written at all.
		But because Santali is not an Indo-Aryan language (like most other languages in the north of India), Indic scripts didn't have letters for all of Santali's phonemes, especially its stop consonants and vowels, which made writing the language accurately in an unmodified Indic script difficult.
		Linguist Norman Zide said "The shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or actions representing conventionalized form in the pictorial shape of the characters."[1] It is written from left to right.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Santali_alphabet (324 words)

	Planetary Gazetteer: Tamil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Tamilian alphabet offers two distinct T sounds, two Rs, three Ls and five different types of N. Grammar varies across three dimensions: caste (Brahmin vs. non-Brahmin), discourse status (political speeches as opposed to, say, gossiping with your neighbor) and region.
		In addition, verb forms specify the speaker's mental attitude toward his or her subject — sympathetic, disparaging, relieved that something bad is now over, and so on.
		Santali is the most prominent Munda language with about three million speakers.
	www.curiousnotions.com /home/gazetteer_tam.html (290 words)

	Southeast Asian languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The languages of the Munda subfamily are spoken in parts of N and central India and comprise more than 20 tongues, the most important of which is Santali.
		An alphabet based on Roman letters and adapted for Vietnamese, as by adding diacriticals, is generally used today in place of the traditional Chinese-type writing of the past.
		The classification of Vietnamese is still disputed; some regard it as a Mon-Khmer tongue, others as a Tai (or Thai) language (see Sino-Tibetan languages), and still others as a language unrelated to any other known tongue.
	www.bartleby.com /65/st/SthEAslang.html (529 words)

	Orkhon alphabet
		Because of a superficial resemblance to the Runic alphabet, the alphabet is also known as Orkhon or Turkic runes.
		The Orkhon alphabet is thought to have been derived from or inspired by a non-cursive version of the Sogdian script.
		By the 9th century AD, the Orkhon and Yenisei alphabets were replaced by the Uighur alphabet, which developed from the cursive version of the Sogdian script.
	omniglot.com /writing/orkhon.htm (301 words)

	::: Star Weekend Magazine ::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Those who don't have alphabets of their own are also divided over whether to adopt Roman or Bangla script when it comes to forging a written form of their own language," says Sikder.
		"As the community leaders are in favour of adopting Roman alphabets, which they believe will ready their children for higher education in English, the decision remains stalled," observes Sikder who is in favour of a linguistic policy that will dictate each community which alphabet to adopt.
		And he proposes that this policy will be adopted on the basis of two things; one is the linguistic consideration and the other is the sentiment of the majority.
	www.thedailystar.net /magazine/2006/02/03/cover.htm (3112 words)

	Santali fonts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Omniglot's page on Santali: "The Santali alphabet, which is also known as Ol Cemet, Ol Ciki or simply Ol, was created in the 1920s by Pandit Raghunath Murmu as part of his efforts to promote Santali culture.
		Designer of the Santali typeface ol-ciki-purno (2002), which can be downloaded here.
		Designer of the Santali typeface ol-ciki-raj (2002), which can be downloaded here.
	cg.scs.carleton.ca /~luc/santali.html (167 words)

	SEI: Unicode Scripts Research
		Displaced with the adoption of the Coptic alphabet in C6th.
		A newspaper was published during the 1980s printed in the Dongba script and the Latin alphabet in an attempt to increase the level of literacy among the Naxi people in their own language.
		Santali is also written with the Oriya, Bengali, Devangari and Latin alphabets.
	linguistics.berkeley.edu /sei/USR.html (7458 words)

	Sourashtra - Indian Languages
		The Sourashtra alphabet was developed towards the end of the 19th century and closely resembles the Tamil alphabet.
		Sourashtra has also been written with Telugu and Devanagari alphabets but is usually written with a slightly modified version of the Tamil alphabet.
		This is a syllabic alphabet in which all consonants have an inherent vowel.
	www.gloriousindia.com /culture/sourashtra.html (122 words)

	6-monthly report (WEST BENGAL) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For pre-school education centers we are using Santali based primers which consist of basic introduction to the Bengali alphabet with the help of Santali vocabulary, simple counting methods in both Santali and Bengali scripts, Santali rhymes, songs and folk tales for children along with pictorial illustrations.
		We have supplied Santali primers (1st and 2nd part) for 200 students, normal and colour pencils, exercise books, scales to each student and have provided some pedagogic material for every school.
		To lead the Santali people and their children away from the hazards livelihood based on stone quarry and crushing industry, an effective attention toward other viable traditional livelihood based on agriculture, forest, art and craft and other folk technologies is necessary.
	www.ashanet.org /projects/document-view.php?id=1549 (1639 words)

	2401
		Alphabet: cir-apper..uttu alphabetic letter peculiar to a language (Nan-.
		It is derived from the Sanskrit alphabet, but the letters are so mutilated that it is difficult in some cases to trace their origin.
		The vowels a, i, u appear in the alphabet, but except as initial letters they are omitted in practice.
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/sarasvati/dictionary/2401TO.HTM (11280 words)

	Santali alphabet - Toseeka Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Santali alphabet, which is also known as Ol Cemet', Ol Ciki or simply Ol,...
		The Santali latin alphabet, invented in the 1890-ies by the Norwegian missionary...
		The Santali alphabet, invented in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu to write the...
	www.toseeka.com /subject/Santali+alphabet (357 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Santali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Southeast Asian languages family of languages, sometimes also called Austroasiatic, spoken in SE Asia by about 80 million people.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Santali" at HighBeam.
		The anomaly of the verb 'give' explained by its high (formal and semantic) transitivity (1).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Santali (253 words)

	XTNS - Extended Namespaces
		alphabets which are used in thousands of languages around the world.
		For a sample list of languages in alphabetic order, click here.
		Adivasi Oriya, Duruwa, Ho (Orissa), Khondi (Kui), Koya, Oriya, Santali.
	www.xtns.net /code/scripts.htm (392 words)

	The Telegraph - North Bengal & Sikkim
		But the dictionary then was compiled in Bengali script instead of the International Phonetic Alphabet used in the second part.
		Of them, the 10 languages are those of the Boro, Rava, Toto, Garo, Dhimal, Kurukh, Kharia, Santali, Sadri and Rajbanshi.
		She added that the great tribal scholar Ganesh Devi had appreciated his work and taken the initiative to publish the dictionary from Baroda.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1030828/asp/siliguri/story_2306164.asp (320 words)

	Devanagari - Crystalinks
		'of the city') or Devana¯gari¯ ('divine Nagari') alphabet descended from the Brahmi script sometime around the 11th century AD.
		It was originally developed to write Sanksrit but was later adapted to write many other languages.
		This feature is common to most of the alphabets of South and South East Asia.
	www.crystalinks.com /devanagari.html (297 words)

	LITERARY CRITICISM: Novels Research Guide - UCF Libraries
		An extremely selective list of criticism in books and periodicals published from 1900 to 1957, with entries arranged alphabetically by novelist and then by by novel.
		In the print edition, arrangement is by authors, subjects, and some titles in one alphabet, with full titles of books indexed listed in the back of each volume.
		In the print version Part 1 is arranged first geographically (e.g., American literature), then chronologically by century (e.g., 1900-1999) with authors listed alphabetically; Part 2, commencing in 1981, is a subject index to Part 1.
	library.ucf.edu /Reference/Guides/NovelCriticism.asp (2552 words)

	USENIX ;login: - june 2000 - The Bookworm
		For example, under "European Alphabetic Scripts," there are descriptions for Runic and for Ogham.
		But I recognize that this is a work-in-progress, and that we won't require Pashto or Santali speakers to employ English when they get PCs.
		For those who do scholarly work, I suggest getting a Mac and the font diskettes/CDs from Lloyd Anderson at Ecological Linguistics or the Egyptian hieroglyphic fonts from Cleo Huggins (based on the Gardiner OUP fonts).
	www.usenix.org /publications/login/2000-6/bookworm.html (922 words)

	Production First Software Encyclopedia of Typography and Electronic Communication : L
		Letters are represented by characters and have two general categories: alphabetic (see letterform) and ideographic (see ideograph).
		Another factor contributing to the difficulty in using ligatures for non-Arabic alphabets, particularly Latin, is that some platforms do not provide a mechanism or feature which enables a ligature glyph to replace one or more base character glyphs independent of the operating system.
		A third factor contributing to the difficulty using ligatures with non-Arabic alphabets is the effect of some typesetting and page layout conventions, such as hyphenation, justification algorithms and track kerning.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/profirst/l.htm (4115 words)

	MUSIC Research Guide - UCF Libraries
		Contains nearly 1,300 alphabetical entries on performers, songwriters, record companies, influential radio and television programs, industry leaders, and prominent place names in country music.
		The main section is an alphabetical list of songs, giving for each the writer(s), date of introduction, and date of revival (if applicable).
		Composers are listed alphabetically, their works chronologically within each entry.
	www.library.ucf.edu /Reference/Guides/Music.asp (3309 words)

	[No title]
		Oslo; * %K Santali %A Bodding, Paul Olaf %D 1940 %T Santal riddles and Witchcraft among the Santals %C Oslo %I A. Broggers %p 210-326 pp.
		The selection of the Santal for this specific study is not only due to their numerical strength (54.35 percent of the population of West Bengal), but also because of their resilience and ability to insulate their language and culture from the influence of their neighbours.'' -- from XICAES Abstracts, vol.
		A few Santali words are compared to words of the Mon or Annamite group to show that the former borrowed from the latter.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/AA/AA-BIB/munda.union (16957 words)

	South Asian Media Net
		Dzongkha is the modern Bhutanese vernacular language derived from Old Tibetan through many centuries of separate evolution on Bhutanese soil.
		The revised and much expanded edition was published in a hardback edition on acid-free paper and comes with three audio compact disks in a multi-box (van Driem 1998a).
		The Dzongkha Development Commission in Thimphu also commissioned George van Driem to devise a phonological romanization of the national language for the rendering of Dzongkha in the Roman alphabet.
	www.southasianmedia.net /profile/bhutan/bhutan_languages.cfm (456 words)

	Sinhala - Language Directory
		At present the Sinhala alphabet has 56 characters.
		Sinhala became the official language of Sri Lanka in 1956.
		Bodding's Santali Dictionary - Online dictionary and basic pronunciation rules for Santali.
	language-directory.50webs.com /languages/sinhala.htm (423 words)

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