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Topic: Santhals

	publications
		Not to be relegated to the footnotes of history is the Santhal rebellion and its unsung heroes.
		Santhal Pargana region is inhabited by Santhal and Paharia tribes.
		Jadupata in the context of Santhal culture/Nilanjana Das.
	www.tribalzone.net /publications.htm (2778 words)

	Review: Santhal Worldview
		Briefly, the traditional Santhal culture is the prime extant example of a lifestyle that has proved its capacity to integrate with the natural and the supernatural world.
		The Santhal knowledge about the origin of animals on the earth is in line with the present day scientific opinion and they have vast experience of the use of animals for various requirements at every level.
		The Santhals use the term kaira darey to refer to banana plants, while the fruit is known as kaira.
	www.indianscience.org /reviews/t_rv_agraw_santhal.shtml (2557 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: Santhals: caught between a rock and a hard place
		The Santhals, victims of a major ethnic riot in May 1996, live in makeshift refugee camps, under the open skies along National Highway 31.
		The Santhals, who settled in these areas about a century ago after arriving from the Chhota Nagpur and Bastar areas, ran into trouble with the dominant Bodo tribals, who themselves are fighting for a separate homeland.
		In the initial days of the tension in 1996, the Santhals, who used to eke out their living by working in the paddy fields on daily wages, were mostly at the receiving end of the attacks from the Bodo militants, who were armed with sophisticated weapons.
	www.rediff.com /news/2000/jan/05assam.htm (863 words)

	Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) - Satar (Santhal)
		The ancestral stronghold of the dark-skinned, curly-haired and stoutly built Australoid Satars or Santhals is the Neplese Plain and the Santhal Pargana of West Bengal in India.
		After the birth of a child, the Santhal midwife of Daragin cuts the umbilical chord of the child with an arrow and buries it near the door.
		The Santhals who generally like to live in concentrated settlements of their own near rivers and forests are divided into 12 thars or groups.
	nefin.org.np /content/view/69/44 (909 words)

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		The surrounding plains are inhabited by the Santhal and Kol Tribes.
		The Santhals practice permanent cultivation and grow paddy as rice is their staple food.
		The Kols, though a distinct tribe, are akin to the Santhals and speak a similar language.
	www.dakshinayan.org /cheo.htm (654 words)

	The Hindu : Other States / Haryana News : Santhals to adopt scientific dairy farming
		Santhal tribe of Dumka district of Jharkhand, who were rearing cattle and buffaloes, as draft animals for the past many years, would soon adopt scientific dairy farming practices for using these animals for milk production.
		This tribal population in the district, which remained engaged in small-scale agriculture entrepreneurship, is being persuaded and educated by dairy extension experts to improve their socio-economic conditions by adopting scientific dairy farming.
		Dona Dusas Hasda (27), a tribal beneficiary of block Gopikandar of village Dhunda Pahari said that ``nearly 75 per cent of the Santhal families do not milk the cows and the calves are allowed to suckle the milk for their sturdy growth''.
	www.hindu.com /2004/05/06/stories/2004050608510300.htm (541 words)

	General Info about Sahibganj District, Jharkhand
		Santhals settled in the district migrating from Birbhum, Bankura, Hazaribag and Rohtas between 1790 to 1810.
		Disgruntled, thus the Santhals felt insecure and their discontent was sharpened as their co-tribesmen outside the clutches of mahajans and banias earned a handsome wages in the forests which were being cleared for the rail lines to be laid.
		The object of the Santhal uprising was the economic emancipation of the Santhals.
	sahibganj.nic.in /history.htm (1929 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Santhals are one of the oldest and the largest tribes with an estimated population of around 10 million.
		Santhals residing in different states of India are using the script of their respective state language to write Santhali, consequently losing their own linguistic identity given by the Roman script.
		A few Santhals have demanded that the West Bengal government should implement the Ol Chiki in the education curriculum of West Bengal as a means of self-affirmation and cultural identity for the Santhals.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art2661.txt (1187 words)

	Pakur District, Jharkhand - District Profile
		Though the Santhals were beaten but extraordinary courage and resolve exhibited by them during the rebellion left their impression on the British rulers.
		The Santhals come from Mongolian stock and were introduced in the area by the British mainly to contain violent opposition of the paharias.
		Santhal Women are gaining their new identity in the field of science, education, art and culture.
	pakur.nic.in /dist_profile.htm (3935 words)

	Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) - Satar (Santhal)
		The ancestral stronghold of the dark-skinned, curly-haired and stoutly built Australoid Satars or Santhals is the Neplese Plain and the Santhal Pargana of West Bengal in India.
		After the birth of a child, the Santhal midwife of Daragin cuts the umbilical chord of the child with an arrow and buries it near the door.
		The Santhals who generally like to live in concentrated settlements of their own near rivers and forests are divided into 12 thars or groups.
	www.nefin.org.np /mainsite/content/view/69/44 (909 words)

	[No title]
		Santhal tribe of Dumka district of Jharkhand, who were rearing cattle and buffaloes, as draft animals for the past many years, would soon adopt scientific dairy farming practices for using these animals for milk production.
		This tribal population in the district, which remained engaged in small-scale agriculture entrepreneurship, is being persuaded and educated by dairy extension experts to improve their socio-economic conditions by adopting scientific dairy farming.
		Dona Dusas Hasda (27), a tribal beneficiary of block Gopikandar of village Dhunda Pahari said that ``nearly 75 per cent of the Santhal families do not milk the cows and the calves are allowed to suckle the milk for their sturdy growth''.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004050608510300.htm&date=2004/05/06/&prd=th& (499 words)

	SANTHAL DREAMS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act was the outcome of this struggle, which dished out some sort of protection to the local people from ruthless colonial exploitation.
		The Santhal community is waking up to identify strategic issues to fulfill their dreams.
		Santhal and other Adivasi communities should get their traditional rights so that they are able to effectively govern themselves.
	www.goethals.org /santaldre.htm (690 words)

	For Santhals it's only darkness
		These Santhals are inhabitants of the Eastern and Northern Bengal, but a chunk of their population is also settled in Assam.
		A Santhal child can’t go far to study otherwise he or she is sure to be targetted by the Bodos.
		The Santhals have sent letters to the authorities requesting to send a government teacher to the camp for the benefit of the children.
	www.nenanews.com /OT%20Dec7-Dec21,98/oh8.htm (1085 words)

	UNHCR - U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2000 - India
		During 1997, most of the displaced Santhals and all of the displaced Bodos returned to their homes.
		However, the Assam state government prevented many Santhals from doing so, claiming that the land the Santhals had lived on was in a "national forest." Further Bodo attacks in May 1998 displaced another 25,000 Santhals, bringing the total displaced at the end of that year to some 80,000.
		The bodies of four of the Santhals, including a six-month-old baby, were later found in nearby woods.
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3ae6a8d02c.html (2637 words)

	UNHCR - U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - India
		That figure included 80,000 ethnic Santhals (and a small number of ethnic Nepalese) in Assam; from 3,500 to 60,000 Bengalis in Assam; more than 20,000 ethnic Paite, Kuki, and Naga in Manipur; 39,000 ethnic Reangs displaced from Mizoram into Tripura; 25,000 Bengalis in Tripura; and 3,000 ethnic Chakmas in Arunachal Pradesh.
		In Assam, the displaced Santhals, Bengalis, and ethnic Nepalis were largely displaced by Bodo (or Boro) insurgents seeking greater autonomy or independence.
		However, the Assam state government prevented some 40,000 Santhals from doing so, saying that the land they had lived on was "forest land" protected by law (Bodos living in the same forest areas were, however, able to return home).
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3ae6a8cd4.html (3441 words)

	TRIBES-bihar-webindia123
		With effect from 15th November 2000 after the new state Jharkand was formed, most of the tribal areas mainly in the forest tracks of Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal paragana have been separated from the former state of Bihar to Jharkand.
		The differences between the Santhals and the Sauria Pahariyas are significant as they are indicative of the differences between the Austric-speaking and the Dravidian-speaking people.
		The chief representatives of the Dravidian races inhabiting the tribal region are the Hos, the Santhals, the Oraons and the Mundas and they together constitute almost four-fifths of the total tribal population of the state.
	www.webindia123.com /bihar/people/tribes.htm (718 words)

	Print Article: Girl, 9, wed to dog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A nine-year-old Indian girl was married off to a stray dog in the eastern state of West Bengal to break an evil spell, it was reported today.
		The little girl Karnamoni had a tooth growing out of her upper gum, which is apparently considered a bad omen by the Santhal tribe to which she belongs, the Hindustan Times newspaper reported.
		The Santhals are a large tribe concentrated in the states of West Bengal and neighbouring Bihar and Jharkhand.
	www.smh.com.au /cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2003/06/19/1055828430709.html (214 words)

	MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Santhals make up a large majority of tea-workers in Assam, which has created a backlash among Bodos who resent the Santhal’s higher economic standing.
		In 1996, Bodos killed several hundred Santhals in what many sources have termed an “ethnic cleansing.” In response, several Santhal military outfits were formed to prevent further attacks from well armed Bodo groups such as the National Democratic Front of Bodoland.
		Although the BCF is mostly a protection outfit for Santhals, they are technically a separatist group as well, and have carried out several small attacks on police and government targets.
	206.112.75.132 /Group.jsp?groupID=3564 (503 words)

	Sol Star’s Blogs Page, Rediff iLand
		The tola closes to us in inhabited by Santhals and now yet another tola has sprung up which is inhabited by “Rai” people, probably members of the scheduled caste.
		While the average Santhal has started showing some interest in sending their children to school, by and large they think going to school is a waste of time.
		But when he saw a Santhal child studying on his own by the light of a lamp, he was so amazed and shocked that he had to come and see what inspired the child to do so.
	solstar.rediffiland.com /scripts/xanadu_diary_view.php?postId=1167383718 (1332 words)

	Chotanagpur - City in Bihar State, India
		Cheros (found in Palamu and Chaibasa religion) for instance, migrated from the sub-Himalayan tract and they bear the Dravadian physiognomy with light brown complexion, while most of the other tribes are dark skinned, short statured, curly haired and broad nosed people.
		Santhals are the most predominant and prosperous among the tribes of Bihar.
		Bokaro and Jamshedpur, famous for their steel plants; the scenic Topchhanchi lake, are all located in the vicinity of the region.
	www.gloriousindia.com /places/cities/chotanagpur.html (548 words)

	Life Inside Dhuras
		The Santhals are the most in number (18.4) followed by the Brahmin (16.8) and the Chhetry and the Thakuri (13.5%).
		Of the total workers covered by the survey, the Santhals occupy the highest position, 21.5% (male 20.4% and female 22.5%) followed by the Brahmin 16.5% (male 16.9% and female 16.1%) and the Chhetry and the Thakuri 13.3% (male 14.2% and female 12.5%).
		The literacy of the Santhals who are the most numerous in the tea plantation work force is the lowest, being 13.4% (21.7% males and 6.8% females).
	www.gefont.org /research/life/html/summary.htm (2126 words)

	Brisha Munda - the revolutionary hero (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There was an obvious retaliation by the Santhals who took up their last-ditch battle.The British Government reached the Santhal stronghold in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
		The santhal inhabitants were taken up by surprise when the British imposed their regulations on these independent peace-loving tribals.
		Birsa Munda (1875-1900) or Birsa Bhagwan as he is known among his followers was a revolutionary who led his men to rise against the imperial government and its policies.
	www.netguruindia.com /features/articles/munda.html (867 words)

	Primal Elements in the Santhal Musical Texts
		This observation, showing the embeddedness of the Santhal life in their sung-poetry, suggests that methodologically it would not be wrong if the sung-poetry of the Santhals, connected with cosmology, is studied as evidence of their thought and feeling.
		According to the Santhal myth the white foam referred to in the song is nothing but the froth from the mouth of Sin Sadom (Horse of the Day) on which the birds were told, by the Supreme Being, to alight.
		Further, as revealed through some Santhal songs, the sky, water and soil had their existence before the terrestrial space was created by the earthworm (Song 3 and 7), air was created by the Bird King to dry up the terrestrial space which was marshy in the beginning (Song 6).
	www.ignca.nic.in /ps_01014.htm (5282 words)

	Santhals' killers still free says SC/ST commission-Patna-Cities-NEWS-The Times of India (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It needs to be recalled that several Santhals were killed and their houses set ablaze at Kasmara by marauders belonging to the North Bihar Liberation Army, on August 11.
		The visiting team has said that the reason behind the killing was 35-40 year old land dispute which was aggravated afresh since last six months.
		The visiting team has said that district administration has not yet initiated action for settlement of the ongoing decade old land dispute between Santhal tillers and the local feudal elements.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=146166 (309 words)

	Details of Chandra Bhattacharjee
		Incidentally, I also got to closely study the rugged Santhals, who mainly worked as stone crushers, their earthen homes, the paintings on their walls, the earth colors, I imbibed the intimate feel of the earth.
		The tribals and santhals, who were my models in my art scroll/hoarding painting days have now transfigured into an imaginary figure with several definite traits - he/she is strong, no-nonsence and resilient and refuses to be defeated by circumstances and can look ahead and beyond the present milieu or dilemma.
		Their mental strength is reflected in their physical stature and once again to depict that I have borrowed heavily from the muscular, dark-complexioned, lean, rugged, big-boned looks of the tribals, who are my civilised savages.
	www.saffronart.com /moreinfo.asp?moreid=1&ArtistId=220 (1516 words)

	Muslims in Chirudih rally in favour of Soren (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Muslim leaders are linking the Chirudih incident with the movement for statehood and blaming the BJP for reopening the case after 29 years.
		It is the BJP which is trying to create a divide between Santhals and Muslims," said Furkunad Junaid of Chirudih village.
		One of the accused, Lokhendra Soren, had said in his dying statement, "It was Shibu Soren who instigated the mob and asked the mob to kill Muslims by terming them as trouble makers for Santhals".
	www.hvk.org /articles/0704/183.html (489 words)

	About District : Deoghar (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Santhal Pargana District was created in 1885 after partition of Bhagalpur and Birbhum.
		The Santhals were very sad and angry over this incident and the rebellion started, whose main victims were money lenders and landlords.
		To crush the Santhals, the British engaged its soldiers.
	www.indianngos.com /districts/deoghar_about.htm (1146 words)

	USCRI
		That figure included 80,000 ethnic Santhals (and a small number of ethnic Nepalese) in Assam; from 3,500 to 60,000 Bengalis in Assam; more than 20,000 ethnic Paite, Kuki, and Naga in Manipur; 39,000 ethnic Reangs displaced from Mizoram into Tripura; 25,000 Bengalis in Tripura; and 3,000 ethnic Chakmas in Arunachal Pradesh.
		In Assam, the displaced Santhals, Bengalis, and ethnic Nepalis were largely displaced by Bodo (or Boro) insurgents seeking greater autonomy or independence.
		However, the Assam state government prevented some 40,000 Santhals from doing so, saying that the land they had lived on was "forest land" protected by law (Bodos living in the same forest areas were, however, able to return home).
	www.refugees.org /countryreports.aspx?id=612 (3431 words)

	Christian Missionary Killing - Burning Shame (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Known for guarding their customs zealously, the Santhals were incensed by this cultural separation.
		About 100 m away, young Santhal boys and girls were celebrating their attainment of adolescence by dancing the traditional Dhangri to the beat of drums.
		With substantial support from Santhals, Kulhos and Bathurias, Singh has been steadily fomenting trouble in the Keonjhar-Mayurbhanj belt since 1996, when the first police case was lodged against him.
	www.sikhnet.com /Sikhnet/discussion.nsf/3d8d6eacce83bad8872564280070c2b3/83387ae5213bc686872569d400197b27!OpenDocument&Highlight=0 (2055 words)

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