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Topic: Saramaccan language

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Vocabulary
		It is the language of one of the major civilizations of the world and of one of the greatest literatures of all time.
		A sociocultural perspective: language arts framework, vocabulary activities and English language learners in a second grade mixed classroom.
		The language of science, the language of students: bridging the gap with engaged learning vocabulary strategies.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Vocabulary&StartAt=31 (805 words)

	Saramaccan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Saramaccan (autonym: Saamáka) is a creole language spoken by about 24,000 people near the Saramacca and upper Suriname Rivers in Suriname (formerly also known as Dutch Guyana), and 2,000 in French Guiana.
		Saramaccan is remarkable to linguists because of its unusual divergence from its source languages.
		The Saramaccan lexicon is largely drawn from Portuguese, English, Dutch, and Sub-Saharan African languages, especially Kongo and Gbe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saramaccan_language (516 words)

	Saramaccan language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Saramaccan (autonym: Saamáka) is a creole spoken by about 24,000 people near the Saramaccan and upper Suriname Rivers in Suriname, and 2,000 in French Guiana.
		The sources of Saramaccan vocabulary are English, Portuguese, Dutch, and Sub-Saharan African languages (20% of its vocabulary is African), especially Kongo and Gbe.
		Its phonology is closest to languages of Africa, and it has even developed tones, which are common in Africa.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Saramaccan (395 words)

	Qwika - similar:Papiamento
		Saramaccan is remarkable to linguists because of its unusual divergence...
		An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) is a language used (or to be used in the future) for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language.
		Language Portal A language is a method of communication and is a method used by human beings to describe their experiences.
	www.qwika.com /rels/Papiamento (1474 words)

	Wikinfo \| Language contact
		Thus, language contact is a very common phenomenon in human history, and the world's present vast linguistic diversity has developed in the presence of this constant contact.
		Romanian was influenced by the Slavic languages spoken by neighboring tribes in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, not only in vocabulary but also in phonology and morphology.
		Language contact can also lead to the development of new languages when people without a common language interact closely, developing a pidgin, which may eventually become a full-fledged language through the process of creolization.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Language_contact (888 words)

	The Ecology of Language, UIUC Oct 98
		Language change and language endangerment appear to be different facets of the same more general process, viz., language evolution in an always changing ecology in which every language and every structural feature coexists and competes with others and may be affected by the changing ecological factors (Mufwene 1998).
		For instance, the languages of European settlers in Zimbabwe and South Africa, viz., English in both and Afrikaans in the second, have not endangered the indigenous African languages.
		On endangered languages and the importance of linguistic diversity.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/mufw_ecol.html (3958 words)

	Creoles
		Tok Pisin is one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea.
		Sãotomense is the naational language of São Tomé Island.
		In the past, orthographies for creole languages were mostly developed by missionaries or Western educational groups who applied the orthographic traditions of their own languages to represent the sounds of the creole languages.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january2005/creoles.html (1544 words)

	abstracts3-2
		Saramaccan, an Atlantic creole whose lexifier languages are Portuguese and English, has a “split” prosodic system wherein the majority of its words are marked for pitch accent but an important minority are marked for tone.
		However, this complication of Saramaccan grammar does appear to be broadly consistent with the more general claim of McWhorter (1998) that creoles form an identifiable class of languages on typological, in addition to sociohistorical, grounds.
		These observations are then analysed in the light of a possible scenario of the formation of Saramaccan involving the partial relexification of an earlier form of Sranan (the English-lexifier creole of the coast of Suriname) with Portuguese and/or a Portuguese-based Creole.
	www.fl.ul.pt /revistas/jpl/abstracts3-2.htm (644 words)

	SULAIR: Reference Guide for Pidgin and Creole Languages
		Speakers of different languages at first evolved some form of auxiliary contact language, native to none of them, known as a Pidgin(1), and this language, suitably expanded, eventually became the native or Creole (2) language of the community that exists today.
		In general then, the term Creole is used to refer to any language which was once a Pidgin and which subsequently became a native language ; some scholars have extended the term to any language, ex-Pidgin or not, that has undergone massive structural change due to language contact.
		Some clearly Creole languages are classified as a Pidgin or "other" mixed languages, some are classified as dialects of their "target" languages (English, French, etc.,), and some are classed sometimes as a dialect and sometimes as a "mixed" language.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/pidgins/pidgin.html (2296 words)

	Closer To Truth - Dr. John McWhorter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		1) Creole languages: synchronic symptoms of creolization and language contact; implications of creole language typology for the characterization of the language faculty; the origin of plantation creole languages.
		Skeletons in the Closet: Anomalies in the Behavior of the Saramaccan Copula.
		The Diachrony of Predicate Negation in Saramaccan Creole: Synchronic and Typological Implications.
	www.closertotruth.com /participants/jmcwhorter (1416 words)

	DBNL . Jan Voorhoeve en U.M. Lichtveld, Creole drum
		The old slave language and culture continued to exist, but they were regarded as a mark of low social status and a sign of lack of proper schooling.
		Once the students had decided that there were no sensible arguments for the inferiority of the Creole language, they trained themselves to use it under all circumstances, even in their writing.
		It has been said that Creole might be a nice language to tell jokes in or to boss your maid around in but that it could not possibly be used as a vehicle for more refined speech and that Dutch should therefore be preferred.
	www.dbnl.org /tekst/voor007creo01_01/voor007creo01_01_0002.htm (5289 words)

	UNESCO/JLU - Caribbean Indigenous and Endangered Languages, The University of West Indies at Mona
		This is a language of an estimated 23,000 Saramaccan, the largest Maroon group in Suriname.
		Descendants of late 17th century runaway African slaves from plantations in Suriname, the Saramaccan Maroons speak a Creole language with a vocabulary which shows influence from English, Portuguese and West African languages.
		In those days it was common for the Caliponan to give misleading directions, which lead them to the riverbanks where they disposed the ships from their shipments (gold, wine, and slaves) and killed all of the crew-members.
	www.mona.uwi.edu /dllp/jlu/ciel/pages/saramaccan.htm (392 words)

	Lao language resources
		The official and dominant language is Lao, a tonal language of the Tai linguistic group.
		The minority languages of Laos are also written in the Lao alphabet, and officially it's the only alphabet to write them in Laos, but many speakers of Hmong...
		It is a tonal language of the Tai family, and is so closely related to the Isan language of the northeast region of Thailand that the two are often classed as one language.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Lao.html (1246 words)

	Salikoko Mufwene: Pidgin and Creole Languages
		Strictly speaking, PCs are new language varieties, which developed out of contacts between colonial nonstandard varieties of a European language and several non-European languages around the Atlantic and in the Indian and Pacific Oceans during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.
		The notion of `ecology' includes, among other things, the nature of the lexifier, structural features of the substrate languages, changes in the ethnolinguistic makeup of the populations that came in contact, the kinds of interactions between speakers of the lexifier and those of other languages, and rates and modes of population growth.
		For instance, Adolfo Coelho (1880±1886) partly anticipated Bickerton's (1984) `language bioprogram hypothesis' in stating that Creoles' owe their origin to the operation of psychological or physiological laws that are the same everywhere, and not to the influence of the former languages of the people among whom these dialects are found.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mufwene/pidginCreoleLanguage.html (3599 words)

	Untitled Document
		Saramaccan is spoken by the descendants of slaves who were brought from West Africa to Suriname in South America in the 16th and 17th centuries.
		A new language was created on the basis of the lexicons of English (the language of the early Surinamese colonists, and a lingua francain the slave trade) and Portuguese (the language used by the Sephardic Jewsih plantation owners).
		Saramaccan is a tone language, and has three degrees of vowel length.
	fc.hum.au.dk /~linwmg/Language_map/Saramaccanfacts.htm (366 words)

	John Benjamins: Contributions by Francis Byrne
		In Focus and Grammatical Relations in Creole Languages, Byrne, Francis and Donald Winford (eds.), 189 ff.
		In Focus and Grammatical Relations in Creole Languages, Byrne, Francis and Donald Winford (eds.), ix ff.
		In Development and Structures of Creole Languages, Byrne, Francis and Thom Huebner (eds.), 1 ff.
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_authorview.cgi?author=1587 (341 words)

	[No title]
		It is not clear where the language of the Kwinti fits since it has not been adequately described.
		Both Price and the Voegelins agree that Sranan and Ndjuka are, with little effort, mutually intelligible; while Saramaccan is the most distinct of the three languages and mutually unintelligible with Sranan.
		If his estimate of the derivations of the Saramaccan vocabulary is correct (i.e., 50 percent African, 20 percent Portuguese, 20 percent English, and 10 percent Dutch and Amerindian), then Saramaccan cannot be classified as an English-based creole.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7834 (1065 words)

	Language Log: Clitics on Broadway
		In creole studies, one is often warned of the dangers of oversimplifying a creole when describing it, out of a bias towards treating it as an abbreviation of the language that provided its words.
		But then even today, my main Saramaccan informant tends to make the same substitutions in his e-mails to me in Saramaccan, apparently out of a sense that the clitics are just "accidents," when in fact they are very precisely conditioned.
		But in real life, beyond the obscure realm of professional linguists' treatments of spoken English, a sense reigns that our language has a single set of pronouns glistening pristine, unaffected by the slings and arrows of outrageous phonetic erosion, as if the language was born yesterday.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000715.html (589 words)

	Blue Frog Travel - Suriname, Paramaribo, Tours, Trips, Stages, Vrijwilligersprojecten
		The fact that, in school, mostly the Saramaccan language was spoken instead of Dutch was something I had to get used to.
		Because the students now had a Dutch teacher who could not speak the Saramaccan language, they were forced to speak Dutch.
		Both the inhabitants and I made the effort to communicate with each other: a combination of the Dutch and Saramaccan language.
	www.etostravel.info /eng/suriname_experiences01.htm (1180 words)

	Lingala language resources
		...is a language that is given a unique legal status in the countries, states, and other territories...
		The word language is also used to refer to the whole phenomenon of...
		Lingala is a Bantu language spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) and a large part of the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), as well as to some degree in Angola and the Central African Republic.
	mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Lingala.html (1204 words)

	Archived Correspondence with Kerry and Scott
		Saramaccans have "grounds" or farms in the heart of the jungle usually several kilometers away from their homes.
		The Saramaccans are of two cultures of Maroons who have settled in the interior of Suriname.
		We are trained in the Saramacccan language and culture and in agriculutral and technical skills.
	www.globaltell.org /galson/archives.html (18229 words)

	Saramaccan Saramacca Saramaca Language
		They also have an overview of each language and country information where the language is spoken.
		Their links for a language are organized by categories such as general links and on-line resources for dictionaries, translators, phrasebooks, newspapers, magazines, and lessons.
		They have one of the most extensive collection of foreign language literature and study books (e.g., language courses, phrasebooks, dictionaries) of any bookstore in the United States.
	www.travelscience.com /framed_pages/main_frame/World_Links/Languages/Saramaccan.htm (342 words)

	Linguist List - Web Resource Listings
		Dictionary of The Spoken Taino Language: A tri-lingual Taino, Spanish and English dictionary of the Taino language.
		Dictionary of the Scots Language: The Dictionary of the Scots Language (DSL) comprises electronic editions of the two major historical dictionaries of the Scots language: the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST) and the Scottish National Dictionary (SND).
		Scottish Language Dictionaries: Scottish Language Dictionaries (SLD) aims in particular to develop Scottish lexicography, building on the achievements of the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST) and the Scottish National Dictionary Association (SNDA).
	linguistlist.org /sp/Dict.html (6099 words)

	Amazon.com: "Saramaccan Creole": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		Saramaccan Creole English (1914a), Atlantic Creole English (published posthumously by Gilbert 1985), and Lingua Franca (1909), as well as Negerhollands Creole Dutch...
		Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Suzanne Romaine
		when missionaries recorded the Saramaccan creole spoken in rain forest communities by descendants of slaves escaped from plantations in Surinam, the language still had consonants between...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Saramaccan-Creole (442 words)

	SCL HONORARY MEMBERS - MERVYN C. ALLEYNE
		He was one of the few Caribbean born participants in the second ever International Conference on Creole Languages held at Mona in April 1968, the proceedings of which were published in 1971 in Pidginization and Creolization of Languages edited by Dell Hymes.
		In addition to its detailed comparison of structural aspects of Sranan, Saramaccan, Jamaican, Guyanese, among others, this work reveals, not for the first time, his preoccupation with the Black experience as a whole, and with the autonomy of Black culture.
		A committed substratist, he considers it axiomatic that in change arising out of the kind of language contact that existed between African and European, “there will be transmissions or continuities from the native languages of the people undergoing linguistic change” (1980: 139), even if in some instances these are eventually discarded.
	www.scl-online.net /mcalleyne.html (628 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.2044: Syntax/Morphology: Good: 'Strong linearity...' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-23)
		The second case study is on a minimal-size restriction found in the Chechen core verb phrase.
		The final case study is on the order of verbs within serial verb phrases, with a focus on Saramaccan.
		The Bantu case study exemplifies morphosyntactic verbal templates, the Chechen case study exemplifies templates conditioned by special clitics, and the Saramaccan case study exemplifies a class of templatic syntactic phenomena often given the label ``constructions''.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/14/14-2044.html (271 words)

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